Hardiness Scale Research Articles

Psychological Hardiness among Adolescents

The aim of present study was to know the difference between male and female adolescents on psychological hardiness among adolescents. The random sampling method was used in this study. The total sample consisted of 200 subjects out of which 100 were male adolescents and 100 were girls adolescents were from Kendriya Vidayalaya, Kankarbagh, Patna. Singh Psychological Hardiness Scale (SPHS) developed by Dr. Arun Kumar Singh (2007) used to measure psychological hardiness. The data were analysed using to ‘t’ test. The result showed that there is significant difference between male and female adolescents on psychological hardiness.

Organisation climate mediation of the relationship between hardiness, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction among military followers

This study examined influences of organisational climate on hardiness, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction in a military setting. Data were collected from 120 South African National Defence Force (SANDF) military personnel (female = 36%; officers = 90%; age range = 24–64 years). The defence force members completed a military hardiness scale, general self-efficacy scale, workplace climate questionnaire, and the generic job satisfaction scale. Regression analyses were computed to predict job satisfaction from hardiness and self-efficacy. This was followed by moderated multiple regression analysis to examine the influence of organisational climate on the relationship between job satisfaction from hardiness and self-efficacy. The results suggest high levels of hardiness (commitment) and organisational climate to predict 71% of the variance in job satisfaction. Personal hardiness (commitment) and organisational climate strongly influence job satisfaction among military followers.

Hubungan antara Hardiness dan Regulasi Emosi Pada Perawat Rumah Sakit Usada Insani Kota Tangerang

Emotional regulation is the ability to manage the emotions of the self, both positive and negative emotions. Hardiness is an ability that includes controls, challenges, and commitment to respond the pressures and negative effects of workload. This research aims to discover the correlation between hardiness and emotional regulation within nurses. The population in this research were 158 nurses from inpatient room of Usada Insani Hospital. Characteristics of subjects in this research are nurses with a minimum 1 year working period, female, and age between 20-40 years. This research uses simple random sampling technique which then obtained by 83 research subjects. Data collection was reached by Hardiness Scale with 32 items(α = 0,921) and 14 items of Emotion Regulation Scale (α = 0,801). Simple regression analysis showed a positive and significant relationship between hardiness and emotional regulation rxy = 0,533 (p <0.001). Hardiness contributes 28.4% to the varied trend of emotional regulation.

Psychological Hardiness and its Relationship to some Demographic Variables among Post-Basic Education Teachers in the Governorate of South Al-Batinah in the Sultanate of Oman

This study aimed to identify the level of psychological hardiness and its relationship to some demographic variables among post-basic education teachers in the Governorate of South Al-Batinah in the Sultanate of Oman. The sample of the study, which was chosen based on the stratification random method, consisted of 306 teachers; 178 males and 128 females. In order to achieve the aims of the study, a descriptive correlational approach was used, and the psychological hardiness scale was developed by the researchers and administered to the study sample after assessing its psychometric properties. The results of this study showed that the level of psychological hardiness among post-basic education teachers in the Governorate of South Al-Batinah was high as the mean score of psychological hardiness was 2.44/3. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level in psychological hardiness due to gender, major and teaching experience.

Psychological Hardiness and its Relationship to some Demographic Variables among Post-Basic Education Teachers in the Governorate of South Al-Batinah in the Sultanate of Oman

This study aimed to identify the level of psychological hardiness and its relationship to some demographic variables among post-basic education teachers in the Governorate of South Al-Batinah in the Sultanate of Oman. The sample of the study, which was chosen based on the stratification random method, consisted of 306 teachers; 178 males and 128 females. In order to achieve the aims of the study, a descriptive correlational approach was used, and the psychological hardiness scale was developed by the researchers and administered to the study sample after assessing its psychometric properties. The results of this study showed that the level of psychological hardiness among post-basic education teachers in the Governorate of South Al-Batinah was high as the mean score of psychological hardiness was 2.44/3. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level in psychological hardiness due to gender, major and teaching experience.

Hardiness and Optimism in Women with Breast Cancer.

Background:Hardiness and optimism are two general health promoting factors, which enable the individuals to remain both psychologically and physically healthy despite encountering negative life events. But there is lack of knowledge about the current state of these constructs and their relationship in breast cancer patients in an Iranian context.Materials and Methods:This was a descriptive study which was completed in Sayyed-AL-Shohda Hospital affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, in 2015. Two hundred and ten women with breast cancer were conveniently selected to complete the personal/demographic/illness questionnaire, Hardiness Scale, and Life Orientation Test. Data were analyzed by t-test, analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation with a significance level of p < 0.05.Results:The mean (SD) age and duration of illness were 46.73 (10.12) years and 29.48 (19.70) months, respectively. Most patients were married (86.23%), without university education (92.61%) and unemployed (85.69%). Most patients received chemotherapy as their main treatment (39.43%). Also, 61.42 and 58.10% of patients had high hardiness and optimism, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the score of hardiness and optimism (r = 0.22, p ≤ 0.01).Conclusions:The results showed that most of the breast cancer patients had moderate to high hardiness and optimism, so healthcare providers can use these personality properties in their care planning to improve coping strategies. Also, the findings of this study can assist healthcare team in order to pay more attention to coping strategies in cancer patients during their treatment and also considering the relationship of these issues in their evaluations.

Rumination and Academic Hardiness as Predicators of Suicidal Ideation among Nigerian Adolescents

Suicidal ideation is a common problem among adolescents and as such it has become an issue of concern among scholars throughout the whole world. There are many risk factors of suicidal ideation among adolescents. It is based on this fact that this study aimed at looking at rumination and academic as predictors of suicidal ideation among adolescents in Lagos State, Nigeria. Adolescents in the public secondary school educational sector in Lagos State, Nigeria constituted the population of this study. A cross-sectional survey design was adopted in the study, convenient sampling technique was used to select the secondary schools used and the adolescents were accidentally sampled. Only individuals who are adolescents (11-19 years) participated in the research-they are 600 in number (comprising male and female adolescents). Copies of questionnaire were the instruments used in this study; they include Hopelessness Depression Symptom Questionnaire-Suicidality subscale (HDSQSS) developed by Metalsky and Joiner, Ruminative Responses Scale developed by Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow and Revised Academic Hardiness Scale developed by Benishek et al. Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using multiple regression analysis. The first and second hypotheses which stated that Rumination will significantly predict suicidal ideation among Nigerian adolescents (β=0.239, p<0.01) and academic hardiness will significantly predict suicidal ideation among Nigerian adolescents (β=-0.097, p<0.05), respectively were confirmed and accepted. Also the third hypothesis which stated that rumination and academic hardiness will jointly predict suicidal ideation among Nigerian adolescents [F(2,545)=18.68, p<0.01] was also confirmed and accepted. Based on the result of the research, various recommendations were given to adolescents, parents, guardians and teachers

Self-Care Performance of Middle-Aged Stroke Patients in Korea.

The incidence rate of middle-aged ischemic stroke patients has been increasing. Because of their high risk of recurrence, it is important for them to adhere to their self-care performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate predictors of self-care performance among middle-aged ischemic stroke patients. A descriptive correlational and cross-sectional survey design was used. About 140 participants who had been diagnosed with ischemic stroke within a year and visited neurological outpatients were investigated. Participants answered self-report questionnaires, the Secondary Stroke Prevention Knowledge Scale, the Health-Related Hardiness Scale, and the Subjective Self-Care Performance Scale. Hardiness, secondary-stroke-prevention knowledge, age, and stroke-diagnosis duration had statistically significant influences on self-care performance; hardiness had the largest effect. This study highlighted hardiness as the major predictor of self-care performance. To improve middle-aged ischemic stroke patients' self-care performance, nurses need an integrated approach that considers a patient's age, diagnosis duration, secondary-stroke-prevention knowledge, and, especially, hardiness.

Influence of Hardiness on Achievement Motivation of Adolescents

The present study examined the influence of hardiness and achievement motivation of adolescents. The sample comprised 400 adolescents of senior secondary schools (Boys and Girls section) of Aligarh Muslim University and Aligarh Public School, Aligarh (U.P.). There were 200 adolescents from science stream (100 boys and 100 girls) and 200 adolescents from social science stream (100 boys and 100 girls). Sample was further divided on the basis of scores obtained on hardiness scale as low hardy and high hardy. Low hardy subjects score ranges from 84 to 98 and the high hardy subjects score ranges from 111 to 134. The short version of Hardiness Scale (HS) developed by Kobasa and Maddi (1982) and achievement motivation scale (AMS) was constructed and standardized by Shah Beena (1986) used in the present study. Results revealed that main effect of hardiness was found statistically significant on achievement motivation of adolescent’s i.e., achievement motivation level of high hardy adolescents were found much better than low hardy adolescents. Further, gender also has significant effect on achievement motivation, i.e., boys scored higher than girls which imply that they have different levels of competence. Adolescents of both streams (Science and Social sciences) did not differ on their achievement motivation.

Psychological Sporting Talent and Indicators of Mental Health at Young Male and Female Handball Players // Psihološki talent i obilježja mentalnog zdravlja kod rukometaša i rukometašica

The main goal of the research is to determine gender differences in the subscales within Multidimensional Scale of Sports’ Psychological Talents (MSSPT): Mental Energy Scale (MES), Modified Big Five Inventory (MBFI), Modified Short Hardiness Scale (MSHS), Modified Athletic Engagement Scale (MAES), Modified Athletic Identity Scale (MAIS), Psychological Skills Inventory for Sports (MPSIS) and Modified Optimism Scale (OS)-R. The samples of 105 male (M) and 54 female (F) handball players were examined (age range 12-16 years), members of the teams Prvo plinarsko društvo, Metalac (Zagreb) and Zamet (Rijeka) (M); Zamet (Rijeka) and Samobor (F), in the beginning of 2015. The results revealed that six statistically significant gender differences are found: enthusiasm and motivation (higher means for females), extraversion, resilience, self-confidence and concentration (higher means for males). The results provide the information about possible differentiated approach of the coaches when working with male and female handball players.

DEVLET VE ÖZEL BANKA ÇALIŞANLARININ PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIK DÜZEYLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRMALI OLARAK ANALİZİ

Psychological resilience is an ability to bounce back from adversities, set backs or difficulties in face of stressful life events. Psychological resilience has developed with indivual’s experiences, has given power of cope with new problems more easily after overcoming problems. The purpose of this research psychological resilience levels of empyoyees working in private and publicbanks is examined in terms of the their gender, marital status, seniority, working and learning situations. Because of reducing stess’s negative effects of psychological resilience in organizations such as bank that employees work under intense stress it is important to determine which demographic factors are associated with its. Personal information form and Psychological Hardiness Scale were used in collecting research data. In this research sampling is not done. It was struggled to reach all of the main audience. Data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 21 statistics package programme. In results of research it is seen a significant correlation between psychological resilience and demographic factors. Ultimately the probable results that stated relations may bring are discussed in the organizational context.

Rater Reliability of the Hardy Classification for Pituitary Adenomas in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Era.

Objectives The Hardy classification is used to classify pituitary tumors for clinical and research purposes. The scale was developed using lateral skull radiographs and encephalograms, and its reliability has not been evaluated in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) era. Design Fifty preoperative MRI scans of biopsy-proven pituitary adenomas using the sellar invasion and suprasellar extension components of the Hardy scale were reviewed. Setting This study was a cohort study set at a single institution. Participants There were six independent raters. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures of this study were interrater reliability, intrarater reliability, and percent agreement. Results Overall interrater reliability of both Hardy subscales on MRI was strong. However, reliability of the intermediate scores was weak, and percent agreement among raters was poor (12-16%) using the full scales. Dichotomizing the scale into clinically useful groups maintained strong interrater reliability for the sellar invasion scale and increased the percent agreement for both scales. Conclusion This study raises important questions about the reliability of the original Hardy classification. Editing the measure to a clinically relevant dichotomous scale simplifies the rating process and may be useful for preoperative tumor characterization in the MRI era. Future research studies should use the dichotomized Hardy scale (sellar invasion Grades 0-III versus Grade IV, suprasellar extension Types 0-C versus Type D).

Impact of nursing students’ profile on burnout syndrome and hardiness personality

Objective: The stressful college environment may cause Burnout Syndrome in nursing students, but few of them present stress resistance and do not show Burnout signs. Investigations that simultaneously assess these groups are limited. So, we assessed the impact of nursing students’ profile (biosocial and academic features) on the occurrence of Burnout Syndrome and Hardiness Personality.Methods: Cross-sectional, analytic and quantitative study. We applied a biosocial and academic form, the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Hardiness Scale in 570 Brazilian nursing students. Logistic and linear regression analysis were used to assess the impact of biosocial and academic features on Burnout and Hardiness. The Ethics Research Committee at the University approved this project under protocol No. 0380.0.243.000-10.Results: Interest of keeping enrolled in course, sedentary lifestyle, semester and number of disciplines taken by students significantly contributed to increase the Burnout scores. Age, absence of children, living with family, dissatisfaction with nursing course and the unemployment significantly increased Hardiness scores. The variable “academic load” contributed to both phenomena.Conclusions: While biosocial features strength the hardy components in nursing students, protecting them from negative stress outcomes, nursing training characteristics seem negatively impact on student’s health. Thus, identifying the factors that contribute to stress resistance and those that may increase the risk of Burnout, will support interventions that to promote Hardy personality and prevent Burnout in academic environment.

Mediation effect of social support on the association between hardiness and immune response.

The objective of the present study was to examine the mediation effect of social support on the association between hardiness and immune response. 200 people living with HIV within the age range of 19 to 54 years from different district of Chhattisgarh state were selected on the basis of purposive sampling technique as participants of the study. The Correlational research design was employed. The immune response was measured by CD4 T- lymphocyte counts. Hardiness was measured by psychological hardiness scale (Singh, 2008). Social support was measured by Social Support Scale (Pandey and Shrivastava, 2016). Mediation effect was worked out by structural equation model (SEM). Significance of mediation was examined by bootstrap. The result of the study indicated that total effect of hardiness on immune response reduced when social support was included in model. Bootstrap confirmed the mediation effect. The hypothetical mediation model showed statistical good model fit, indicating significant positive effect of social support on immune response. It is concluded that there is sufficient empirical and statistical evidence of the mediation effect of social support on the association between hardiness and immune response. The theoretical and practical issues have been discussed.

Personality Hardiness of Secondary School Teachers in Relation to Work Related Stress

This paper is an attempt to find out the relationship of personality hardiness with work related stress among secondary school teachers in the state of Punjab. Personality Hardiness Scale For Teachers (Kaur & Kaur, 2012) and Self-constructed and standardised Work Related Stress Scale For School Teachers were employed on a sample of 500 (250 male and 250 female) secondary school teachers randomly selected from Ludhiana, Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar and Gurdaspur districts of Punjab. The study reveals a negative and significant relationship between personality hardiness and work related stress among secondary school teachers.

Relationship Between Hardiness and Addiction Potential in Medical Students

Background: Hardiness as one of the personality traits is an important factor in predisposing risky behaviors including addiction. Objectives: This research examines the relationship between hardiness and addiction potential and identifies socio-economic determinants of hardiness and tendency to addiction among medical students in Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, 577 medical students selected based on the convenience sampling method were examined. They were selected from five faculties of Qazvin University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected on hardiness scale, addiction potential scale and demographic variables. Data analysis included descriptive and inferential statistics powered by SPSS (v. 22). Results: Research results showed that there was a negative relationship between hardiness and addiction potential (r = -227, P < 0.001). Males had a higher level of hardiness (P < 0.05) and lower addiction potential than females (P < 0.01). Respondents who had an addicted person in their family showed a lower addiction potential than those who did not have an addicted family member (P < 0.01). Being in a family with cold relationships was associated with higher levels of hardiness; they showed less addiction potential compared to persons who enjoyed a warm family with friendly relationships (P < 0.01), but lower levels of hardiness. Conclusions: Hardiness had a significant negative relationship with tendency to addiction. Regarding demographic factors that were found to be the predictors of hardiness and addiction potential, a consistent pattern was observed in which those who had high tendency for addition were low in hardiness. This is not surprising since hardiness is a shield that provides a defense mechanism for coping behavior when a person is faced with negative life events or adverse life conditions. Based on the results, individuals high in hardiness are perhaps less likely to resort to drugs. However, further researches are recommended on this subject.

Hardiness differentiates military trainees on behavioural persistence and physical performance

Hardiness is a personality trait that drafts courage and motivation during adversity. Research showed that hardiness differentiates elite athletes from their lower rank competitors. In the domain of sport psychology, hardiness also strongly predicts physical performance. Because the military occupation requires resilience and excellence in physical performance, researchers investigated hardiness and behavioural persistence during training. However, in those studies, hardiness’ impact was weak. Besides, military researchers seldom addressed hardiness’ effect on physical performance. We investigated the influence of hardiness on behavioural persistence and physical performance during the military basic training. Participants were 233 trainees involved in a 22-week long basic training. They completed hardiness measures at the beginning of the training and then, two months later, we registered who stayed involved and who had dropped out. The remaining trainees participated in a self-defence exercise and their trainers evaluated their performance. Our analysis indicated that hardiness significantly predicted behavioural persistence: the trainees still involved in the training after two months scored significantly higher on the hardiness scale than those who dropped out (EXP(B) = 1.08; p < .05). Our results however confirm that hardiness has a weak direct effect on persistence of military trainees. During the self-defence exercise, hardiness positively predicted physical performance ( = 9.87; p < .05). We discuss the possible relation of hardiness with other major persistence predictors in the military, such as health, health practices, and social support. Our study is the first to indicate a strong relationship between hardiness and soldiers’ physical performance.

Multidimensionality vs. unitary of academic hardiness: An under explored issue…?

The purpose of the study was to examine the hypothesis that academic hardiness may be represented as a multi-dimensional trait with separate measures for commitment, control and challenge. The “Revised Academic Hardiness Scale” and the “Undergraduates Stressors Questionnaire” were distributed to 850 undergraduates attending a Social Science Department. The study suggests that academic hardiness researchers should examine the components-academic hardiness attitudes (commitment, control and challenge) separately. Results also reveal commitments' differentiation from control and challenge. Control and challenge seem to reduce the detrimental effects of the stressors, while commitment seems to comprise with the stressors as a unified entity. The findings are discussed in the context of the recent literature.

Relationship between Self-Esteem and Psychological Hardiness in Adolescents: A Relation Design

Introduction: Self-esteem is highly important in terms of mental health and personality balance. Psychological hardiness is a general orientation toward self and the surrounding world. Purpose: This study has been done with the aim of investigating the relationship of self-esteem and psychological Hardiness in Adolescents. Method: This study with causal-comparative framework was done in domain of descriptive studies. Therefore eighty (N=70) persons from residents of region 2 and region 5 of Tehran city (ages of 18-35 with average age of 22.7) were selected by multiphasic cluster sampling. The method of data collection was through survey and to this aim two questionnaires of Psychological Hardiness (response rate=0.90) and self-esteem scale (response rate=0.91) were used. The data were analyzed by Pearson parametric correlation test and F-test. Moreover the qualitative data resulting from demographic evaluations were codified and analyzed by analysis instrument of qualitative data i.e. Atlas.ti-5.2. Findings: the findings resulted from data analysis represented that there is significant relationship between spiritual intelligence and marital satisfaction (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: the findings of this research can be relevant to mainstream research and is hoped to help find new windows of discovery and development.

The Role of Psychological Hardiness and Marital Satisfaction in Predicting Posttraumatic Growth in a Sample of Women With Breast Cancer in Isfahan.

BackgroundPosttraumatic growth (PTG) refers to positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. PTG in cancer survivors is related to several psychosocial factors such as psychological hardiness and marital satisfaction.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the prediction of posttraumatic growth based on psychological hardiness and marital satisfaction.Patients and MethodsA total of 120 women with breast cancer were recruited from several hospitals in Isfahan using convenience sampling. Participants completed the research questionnaires including the posttraumatic growth inventory (PTGI), the Ahvaz psychological hardiness scale and the Enrich’s marital satisfaction scale (EMS). Statistical analysis including means, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression analysis were carried out using SPSS software (version 16).ResultsResults indicated that the majority of patients with cancer experienced posttraumatic growth. Findings also showed that psychological hardiness, marital satisfaction and longer time since diagnosis of cancer significantly predicted posttraumatic growth.ConclusionsThis study highlights the significant role of psychological hardiness and marital support in personal growth of breast cancer survivors.