Hard Tooth Tissues Research Articles

СТРУКТУРА ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ ПАРОДОНТА У ПАЦИЕНТОВ ПСИХИАТРИЧЕСКОГО СТАЦИОНАРА В ВОЗРАСТНОМ АСПЕКТЕ

The literature provides information on the high prevalence of periodontal diseases and hard tooth tissues in patients in a psychiatric hospital. The relationship between periodontal microbiota and psychiatric pathology and the need to maintain oral health among this group of patients is discussed. The aim of the investigation was the study of the structure of periodontal diseases in patients of a psychiatric hospital, in various age groups. Material and methods of research. In the Republican Clinical Psychiatric Hospital named after V.N. Bekhterev (Kazan) in the period from 2014 to 2018, 200 patients (95 women and 105 men) aged 35 to 65 years (average age 56,26 ± 6,74) were examined. The questionnaire recorded the patient's age, sex, diagnosis of the underlying disease, dental formula, a standard periodontal diagram was filled in. The maximum depth of the periodontal pocket was determined by sequential measurements. The results of the study. In 100% of patients in a psychiatric hospital, periodontal tissue damage was detected, of which 86.5% in the form of chronic periodontitis. The maximum number of patients with periodontitis was detected in the age group of 51–60 years. The largest number of teeth removed in patients over 70 years of age. There was a direct strong correlation between age and the number of teeth removed (rp = 0.923; p < 0.001). The maximum depth of the periodontal pocket was also in the age group of 51–60 years and amounted to 4,25 ± 1,14 mm. A direct strong correlation of the depth of the periodontal pocket with the number of teeth removed was revealed. The deeper the patient has pathological pockets, the more teeth are removed (rp = 0.892). Conclusions. The results of the study suggest the need to develop training programs for patients and psychiatric hospital staff to improve the quality of life of patients and general health.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ДОЗ ЛУЧЕВОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА УРОВЕНЬ МИНЕРАЛИЗАЦИИ В РАЗНЫХ УЧАСТКАХ ТВЕРДЫХ ТКАНЕЙ ЗУБОВ МЕТОДОМ РАМАН-ФЛЮОРЕСЦЕНЦИИ

Subject. Changes in the mineralization of hard tissues of teeth under the influence of radiation factor. Objectives. To study the effect of radiation factor on the level of mineralization of hard dental tissues by Raman fluorescence. Methodology. The study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedic Dentistry and Orthodontics of the SUSMU. The study was conducted on clinically removed teeth. All teeth were divided into three groups depending on the amount of radiation exposure (2 Gy, 70 Gy, 110 Gy). The main research method was the study of raman fluorescence of tooth sections on the hardware and software complex "InSpectr" with diagnostic sensitivity for the integral concentration of aerobic-anaerobic microbial suspension up to 109 CFU/ml. Teeth were examined in three areas (neck, equator, cutting edge) before and after radiation exposure. Results. Raman fluorescence diagnostics of the tooth surface made it possible to visually see the difference in mineralization in digitized indicators. For example, according to the indicators before and after exposure to the radiation factor, it is clear that the mineralization indicators, regardless of the dose, had no significant differences. At the same time, there are significant differences in the level of mineralization in the area of different tooth settings (equator, cervical region, cutting edge). Conclusion. In different areas of the tooth surface, the level of mineralization of hard tissues differs. The smallest is observed in the area of the neck of the teeth (incisors, y = 145 ± 1.5, x = 963 cm-1, canines, y = 141 ± 1.1, x = 963 cm-1, premolars, y = 142 ± 1.8 , x = 963 cm-1, molars, y = 143 ± 1.3, x = 963 cm-1), middle, in the area of the cutting edge and occlusal surface (incisors, y = 374 ± 1.7, x = 963 cm-1, canines, y = 377 ± 1.3, x = 963 cm-1, premolars, y = 375 ± 1.2, x = 963 cm-1, molars, y = 375 ± 1.1, x = 963 cm-1), and maximum, in the equator region (incisors, y = 413 ± 1.1, x = 963 cm-1, canines, y = 414 ± 1.9, x = 963 cm-1, premolars, y = 415 ± 1.7, x = 963 cm-1, molars, y = 419 ± 1.6, x = 963 cm-1). The method of Raman-fluorescence diagnostics makes it possible to detect changes in mineralization due to the potential difference in the areas of hard tooth tissues in various areas (neck, equator, cutting edge) of all functional groups of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, molars) both before and after direct radiation exposure, direct radiation exposure does not significantly change the level of mineralization of hard dental tissues, regardless of the dose applied in all functional groups (incisors, canines, premolars, molars), in all areas of the teeth (equator, cutting edge, cervical region).

Evaluating the effectiveness of coconut oil (Cocus nucifera) anti-bacterial benefits in caries prevention: A literature review

Background: Caries is the damage to the hard tooth tissue, which is enamel and dentine due to bacteria, with one of them being Streptococcus mutans. Caries is the most widespread non-infectious disease, with 2 billion people in the world suffering from permanent tooth caries and 514 million children suffering from primary tooth caries. The abundance of natural resources in Indonesia can be used as a way to prevent caries, such as using coconut oil which is known to have antibacterial benefits. Method: Analysis of several scientific findings and research with publication limitation over the last 5 years, recorded after January 1st, 2018. Results: Based on the results of analysis from several studies, coconut oil is proven to contain lauric acid which can be converted into monolaurin which is an active antibacterial agent. Monolaurin will cover the surface of the bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) and penetrate so that metabolism and cell permeability are disrupted and ultimately the cell lysis and cell death occurs. Studies show the effect of coconut oil on the incubation of bacteria that successfully inhibit colonization. Conclusion: It is proven that the content of coconut oil can effectively prevent the growth of the bacteria causing caries. Coconut oil has the potential to be an important step in preventing caries in the future.

The use of raman-fluorescent medical technologies to assess the effect of physical and chemical factors on the mineralization of hard tooth tissues in normal and noncarious lesions

BACKGROUND: Assessment of the rapid state of mineralization of hard tooth tissues in normal and in various carious and noncarious lesions based on objective in situ methods is an unsolved and urgent issue in dental science and practice.
 AIM: To substantiate the need for the clinical application in situ of express digital raman-fluorescent technology to increase the objectivity and effectiveness of assessing the degree of mineralization of hard tooth tissues in carious (initial form) and noncarious (wedge-shaped defect, pathological erasability) lesions under the influence of various physical and chemical factors on tissues.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey of 80 patients aged 25–50 years was conducted; the patients were divided into three groups: comparison and with carious and with noncarious (wedge-shaped defect, pathological erasability) lesions of hard dental tissues. In each group, changes in hygienic conditions and mineralization parameters of hard tooth tissues were assessed by the difference in the spectral intensity of raman-fluorescent measurements before and after controlled and/or uncontrolled hygienic treatment. Previously, under experimental conditions, the effects of various physical (mechanical processing, X-ray irradiation on the LNK-268 installation) and chemical (citric acid, hydroxylapatite (GAP) dry and moistened) factors on the hard tissues of the tooth were studied. Simultaneously, “locally” in real time, the mineralization parameters of the hard tissues of the tooth were recorded before and after hygienic treatment. In this study, we used an installation of the “InSpectrM” type in our modification.
 RESULTS: Experimental studies have shown the effectiveness and objectivity of the use of raman-fluorescence diagnostics to assess the hygienic condition and mineralization of hard dental tissues. The objectivity of the assessment of mineralization in a moistened state was investigated (dry GAP, 702 rel. units; wet GAP, 1520 rel. units), and the absence of the effect of radiation on the mineralization of hard tissues of the teeth (p 0.95) was revealed.
 Clinical observations showed that in patients with a wedge-shaped defect and increased erasability of hard tooth tissues, the hygienic condition is 5–10% worse than that in patients with intact tooth tissues and initial formation of caries. The main difference in the condition of hard tissues of teeth with noncarious lesions is a statistically significantly reduced (p 0.95) mineralization of hard tissues of the tooth, requiring remineralizing therapy immediately after hygienic treatment.
 CONCLUSION: In experimental and clinical conditions, the objectivity and effectiveness of the use of express raman-fluorescent technologies to assess the mineralization of hard tooth tissues when exposed to various physical and chemical factors in normal conditions, with carious (initial form) and noncarious (wedge-shaped defect, pathological erasability) lesions, are substantiated.

RESTORATION OF CORONAL PART IN CHEWING TEETH WITH SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF HARD TISSUES BY POST AND CORE CROWN

The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of orthopedic treatment of hard dental tissues of chewing teeth destroyed below the level of the gums by a post and core crown using ashless modeling plastics.
 We examined 30 patients with severe destruction of the hard tissues of the crown portion of the teeth (IROPZ more than 80%) and concurrent periodontal diseases. A retrospective analysis revealed that teeth with deep subgingival defects restored by casts functioned as follows: for up to 1 year in 17 cases (14.2%), from 1 to 3 years in 36 cases (30.0%), from 3 to 5 years in 43 cases (35.8%), and for more than 5 years in 24 cases (20.0%).
 The results of a comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of tooth restoration with subgingival defects using ashless acrylic plastic "Modeplast" as a modeling material demonstrated the highest quality of such inserts, with most observed cases showing no signs of secondary caries. Complications, such as the dislodgement of metal inserts, were noted in 6.7% of cases, violation of marginal fit in 4.5%, and partial decementation of the structure in 8.3%. Incorrect positioning and suboptimal pin dimensions of the post and core crown occurred with approximately equal frequency: 3.5% and 3.2%, respectively. Destruction of the hard tissues of the tooth and caries relapse during restoration with metal inserts were noted in 13.3% and 29.1% of cases, respectively. Typical complications leading to tooth extraction included tooth root fractures (13.3%).
 The developed method of manufacturing post and core crowns using ashless acrylic plastic "Modeplast" at the modeling stage enables to gently remove tooth tissues and atraumatic fit of the post to the gums, prevents the accumulation of dental plaque and does not have a destructive effect on periodontal tissues.

NEW INVESTIGATION OF TOOTH ENAMEL’S NANOSTRUCTURE VIA CAMERALESS T-RAY IMAGING TECHNIQUE

The fascinating functions of biominerals such as tooth enamel are presumed to be caused by the spatial and volumic organization of nanoscale building blocks of biominerals. Tooth biominerals, primarily hydroxyapatite, organize themselves in a very precise and hierarchical manner within the different tooth tissues, viz., enamel, dentin, and cementum. This organization is crucial for the tooth's strength, hardness, and overall function. Biominerals organization involves self-assembly, interfacial organization, and others. Here, we report results obtained from the new nonionizing, cameraless T-ray imaging, accessing the sub-surfaces, allowing a new insight into the surface and sub-surface nanostructures across a depth profile of a few millimeters. The cameraless T-ray imaging demonstrates a great potential in nondestructive bioimaging for different kinds of tissue samples including the hard tooth tissue presented herein.

Optimization of the condition of organs and tissue of the oral during the retention period of orthodontic treatment

Relevance. The retention period is the most important stage during which the structural and functional state of the organs and tissues of the mouth must be fully restored after long-term orthodontic treatment. An increase in the time spent by orthodontic equipment in the oral cavity associated with the use of retention devices also increases the risk of developing complications from the hard tissues of teeth and periodontal tissue, while the problem of preventing these complications is not fully addressed.Purpose. Based on a multi-level study of the condition of the organs and tissues of the mouth, to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of modern domestic means of intraoral hygiene in the retention period of orthodontic treatment.Materials and methods. 84 patients aged 18 to 45 years during the retention period of orthodontic treatment were examined. The control group consisted of 32 people using usual hygiene products. Patients of the second group (28 people) were prescribed anti-inflammatory hygiene products for the first 7 days after removal of the equipment; then using a combination of anti-inflammatory and remineralizing intraoral agents based on hydroxyapatite. In the third group (24 people), a rinse aid based on benzydamine (0.15%) and chlorhexidine (0.05%) was prescribed for the first 7 days after removal of the equipment; then use your usual hygiene products and any means to remineralize the enamel at night. The condition of periodontal tissues was assessed using the PMA index and the CPITN index. Enamel caries resistance was determined using the TER test. The desensitivity effect was studied using the dental sensitivity index of L.Yu. Orekhova - S.B. Ulitovsky. Examinations of patients were carried out on the day of removal of fixed orthodontic equipment, after 7 days, after a month and after 3 months from the start of the study.Results. The dynamics of changes in the CPITN index in the second group were 9.1% after 7 days of use, 35.6% after a month of study and 46.2% after 3 months from the start of observation. The dynamics of changes in the PMA index were 13.6% after 7 days of use, 39.7% after a month of study and 47.7% after 3 months from the start of observation. Remineralizing efficiency in the second group improved by 13.1% after 7 days, after a month of use to 36.1%, and after 3 months it increased to 57.4%. In patients of the second group, the desensitizing effectiveness was 27%, after 1 month -47%, after three months -56%.Conclusions. The data obtained allow us to recommend proven oral care products during the retention period of orthodontic treatment for the purpose of primary and secondary prevention of diseases of the hard tissues of teeth and periodontal tissue after removal of fixed orthodontic equipment (brackets).

Utilization of Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan-Bay Leaf Oil (Syzygium Polyanthum W.) as Antibacterial for Streptococcus Mutants

Dental caries is a disease that can damage hard tooth tissue caused by the activity of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Streptococcus mutans bacteria are the leading cause of dental caries disease. Efforts to prevent dental caries can be made using toothpaste, but toothpaste cannot reach areas that are difficult to reach with a toothbrush. Another method that can be used is mouthwash. This study was developed with the active ingredient compound HAp-chitosan-bay leaf oil in mouthwash to have an antimicrobial effect to prevent dental caries. This study aimed to determine the chemical physics characteristics and antibacterial activity of mouthwash preparations based on hydroxyapatite-chitosan-bay leaf oil. In this study, the active ingredients hydroxyapatite-chitosan-bay leaf oil was used with variations in the concentration of bay leaf oil, namely 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 %. FT-IR characterization showed the presence of OH, N-H, CH, C=O, C=C, C-O, and PO43- functional groups. The pH test on the mouthwash showed compliance with the quality standard for mouthwash pH, which has a pH range of 5-7. The homogeneity test results in the mouthwash preparation showed no sediment or separation. Antibacterial activity testing showed that the HAp-chitosan-bay leaf oil mouthwash preparation inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The inhibition zone in the strong category with an average of 12.75 mm was shown in the HAp-chitosan-bay leaf oil mouthwash preparation formulation with a concentration of 2.5% bay leaf oil with the addition of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).

POSS hybrid bioactive glass dental composite resin materials: Synthesis and analysis

IntroductionThis study create a dental composite by hybirding polyhedral oligo-sesquioxide nano monomers and bioactive glass BG 45S5. MethodsMake an experimental composite resin material with a 60 % filler content overall by substituting 20 % of the filler with BG 45S5. The experimental resins are grouped and named P0, P2, P4, P6 and P8 based on the reactive nanomonomer methacrylic acid-based multifaceted oligomeric sesquisiloxane (POSS) added by 2 %–8 % in the resin matrix portion of each group. Utilize a universal testing machine to analyze and compare the mechanical properties of these, then perform Fourier infrared spectrum analysis, double bond conversion analysis, and scanning electron microscope analysis. Based on this, after soaking the experimental materials artificial saliva solution or lactic acid solution for a while, the pH changes of the solution, the release of Ca2+ and PO43− ions, and the precipitation of apatite on the resin material's surface were tested and analyzed. Cell viability tests were used to assess sample cell viability and quantify the cytotoxicity of biological cells. The independent sample t-test was used to examine the group comparisons, and a difference was considered statistically significant at P<0.05. ResultsOutstanding mechanical and the double bond conversion are demonstrated by the nanocomposites when the POSS concentration hits 4 wt%. Agglomeration will cause the performance to deteriorate if the concentration beyond this threshold. In the P4 group, the double bond conversion, CS, and FS rose by a large margin, respectively, in comparison to the blank control group P0. Thankfully, the data demonstrate that adding POSS increases adhesive ability when compared to the blank group P0, however, there is no discernible difference between the other experimental groups. The acid neutralization capacity of the P4 group is essentially the same as that of the control group (P0). Ca2+ and PO43− ions are released in significant amounts following treatment with lactic acid solution, although this tendency is clearly less pronounced in artificial saliva. SEM and EDX data indicate that when the experimental resin is soaked in lactic acid solution and artificial saliva, apatite precipitation will happen on its surface. The results of the cell viability test indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the experimental groups, and the viability of the cells increased after 24hours and 48 hours. ConclusionsPOSS was included into the composite resin along with 20% bioactive glass as a filler. When the proportion of POSS is less than 4%, the indices of composite resin materials rise in a dose-dependent way. When this value is surpassed, performance begins to deteriorate. The inclusion of POSS has no influence on the biological activity of the composites, which means that the hybrid composite resin is capable of acid neutralization, ion release, and apatite precipitation. Clinical SignificanceThe experimental composite resin can be used as an intelligent material in clinical treatment. It has the clinical application potential of preventing demineralization of tooth hard tissue, promoting remineralization, and improving edge sealing through apatite precipitation.

Features of temporary teeth hard tissues affecting caries resistance

Aim. Features of microscopic structure of enamel and dentin of intact temporary teeth, which are the cause of their reduced caries resistance. Materials and methods. Current information in the electronic databases Google Scholar and PubMed was examined through a systematic literature review. Articles with content related to the prevalence of dental caries in temporary teeth and the relationship between caries and tooth hard tissue structure were selected and included. Results. A total of 327 publications were reviewed. After analyzing the literature according to the inclusion criteria, the final number was 52. Conclusions. Based on the analyzed data, the structure of the hard tissues of temporary teeth is a predisposing factor for the occurrence and development of dental caries. Decreased thickness of enamel and dentin, increased concentration of organic matrix in them due to incomplete mineralization, microporosity of enamel, abnormal development of dentin layers, increased number of hypomineralized and irregular areas, underdevelopment of pulp, impaired function of odontoblasts, increased adhesion of microorganisms to the enamel surface – all these features contribute to the rapid and progressive development of caries in temporary teeth.

Enamel and dentin of human teeth. Fatigue strength

The article provides a brief overview of the studies regarding changes in the structure and composition of teeth after eruption. The factors of degenerative changes in tooth structures and their relationship with non-carious lesions have been analyzed. The study makes emphasis on the tooth durability and the factors influencing tissue fatigue, explaining increased tissue wear due to local factors. Understanding mechanisms of metabolism of teeth hard tissues is the key to the stability of restorative treatments and occurrence of non-carious tooth lesions. The evolution of views on this problem is noteworthy. The literature review reveals the initial predominance of mechanical actions, abrasion, and mineralization. It is later complemented by a detailed analysis of the influence of destructive stresses and deformation due to mechanical factors. All the leading works of the 2000s are dedicated to analyzing the ultrastructural features of enamel that affect its mechanical characteristics and can explain both the characteristics of the shape and intensity of mechanical tooth wear during the functioning of the stomatognathic system, as well as the durability of the performed restorations. The literature review covers 74 sources over the past 15 years.

Stimulation of Osteogenic Activity of Autologous Teeth Hard Tissues as Bone Augmentation Material.

The issue of bone volume loss is playing an increasing role in bone tissue engineering. Research has focused on studying the preparation and use of different types of human or xenogenic materials and their osteogenic properties. An alternative source for this purpose could be autologous extracted teeth. The simple preparation protocol, minimal immune response, and rapid organizing of the newly formed bone with optimal mechanical properties predispose autologous hard teeth tissues (HTTs) as a promising material suitable in the indication of augmentation of maxillary and mandible defects, comparable to other high-end augmentation materials. The aim of this study was to experimentally evaluate the osteogenic potential of ground native autologous HTTs prepared by different demineralization procedures, aimed at potentiating the osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties of their organic components. The results indicate that the most effective preparation process for HTT stimulation is the application of Cleanser for 10 min followed by exposure to 0.6 N HCl for 5 min with a wash in phosphate-buffered saline solution.

Frontiers and advances in dental caries research

Dental caries is a prevalent infectious disease caused by microbial metabolism, affecting the hard tissues of teeth. According to data from the Fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological Survey, there is a gradual increase in caries prevalence in China, particularly among children and elderly individuals. As an etiological factor for dental lesions, caries not only impact oral health but also exhibit significant associations with various systemic diseases, suggesting that systemic diseases may serve as potential risk factors of caries development. To effectively implement the plan of national oral health action, researchers investigate the pathogenesis of caries actively while concurrently develop innovative preventive and treatment strategies based on advanced concepts and technologies, aiming to comprehensively enhance China's oral health status. Therefore, this article provides insights into the pathogenesis of caries, its correlation with systemic diseases, as well as cutting-edge research advancements pertaining to novel preventive measures for caries.

Порівняльна клінічна характеристика застосування цифрових і аналогових відбитків на якість непрямих реставрацій у пацієнтів із дефектами твердих тканин жувальних зубів у різні терміни спостереження

Introduction. Diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth are recognized as one of the most common dental diseases. These are mainly dental caries, congenital defects, fractures, fluorosis or acid erosion. Production of indirect restorations, which require taking impressions of the jaws, is one of the most common methods of restoring the hard tissues of the tooth when they are significantly destroyed. In today’s era of growing interest in digital dentistry, researchers are still undecided as to whether a digital impression provides the same accuracy as a conventional impression for making indirect restorations. Goal. To conduct a comparative characterization of the use of digital and analog impressions on the quality of indirect restorations in patients with defects of the hard tissues of chewing teeth at different follow-up periods. Research material and methods. The research involved 58 patients aged 25-60 years who applied to the Department of Stomatology of the P. L. Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine for the purpose of orthopedic treatment of 79 defects of the hard tissues of the lateral teeth with destruction of 50-60% of their occlusal surface. In the course of orthopedic rehabilitation, patients were made indirect restorations - ceramic inlays using E. MAX Press material (Ivoclar Vivadent, Liechtenstein, Germany). The research group was further divided into 2 subgroups depending on the method of obtaining the impression. Subgroup A included patients who underwent digital scanning of a one-stage two-phase silicone impression, and subgroup B included patients who underwent impression removal using an intraoral digital impression system (TRIOS®, 3shape). The degree of destruction of the occlusal surface of chewing teeth and the choice of indirect restoration was carried out using the index of destruction of the occlusal surface of chewing teeth for I and II class according to Black (IROPZ). The clinical quality of indirect restorations was evaluated 1 week after the installation of the restoration and at long-term periods (12, 24, 36 months) using visual-instrumental control and according to the recommendations of the revised FDI criteria for the evaluation of direct and indirect dental restorations (2023). The presence of inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues was determined using the gingivitis index, the presence of dental plaque was determined using the OHI-S index (Green-Vermillion, 1964), the gingival sulcus bleeding index (SVI) was determined according to the Miihlemann and Son method before indirect restorations, during 1 week, 12 month and 24 month visits after cementation. Conclusion. Dental restorations made using digital impressions showed similar marginal discrepancy as restorations made using traditional impression methods (P&gt;0.05). Lateral masticatory restorations fabricated by intraoral scanning using CAD/ CAM technology have acceptable results in terms of periodontal tissue condition, color, contour, marginal adaptation, and occlusion. Although both direct and indirect digitization have been shown to be equally effective, digital impressions have shown advantages in patient acceptance of the procedure. They take less time for both the doctor and the patient and facilitate the digital workflow. No significant difference was found between conventional and digital displays in the accuracy of the 3D data sets. Key words: defects of hard dental tissues, indirect restorations, digital and traditional impression, inflammatory changes in periodontal tissues, marginal adaptation.

INDICATORS OF COLLAGEN METABOLISM, CONTENT OF MICRO- AND MACRO ELEMENTS AS BIOMARKERS FOR PREDICTING CHANGES IN DENTAL STATUS IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED FETAL MACROSOMIA

Diseases that manifest in adult life are largely "pre-programmed" already in utero. Fetal macrosomia defined as a body weight at birth of 4.000 grams or more is a condition associated with a range of immediate and long-term consequences. Objective. This study is focused on determining the indicators of collagen metabolism and the exchange of micro- and macroelements in the blood serum of experimental animals born macrosomic. The aim is to establish if any of prognostic markers for the emergence of dental disorders can be found. Material and Methods. Rats of Wistar Albino Glaxo population born with induced macrosomia were used as the test animals. The markers for connective tissue metabolism (free and bound oxyproline) as well as levels of calcium, potassium, copper, magnesium, and zinc were analyzed in the serum of 104 rats in total. The animals were divided into groups immediately after birth according to their weight-height parameters and were sacrificed on the 1st, 90th, 180th, 360th, and 540th day after their birth. Research Results. In the blood serum of animals born macrosomic but with a relative insufficiency of body weight (a weight-height index was lower than that in the control group), as well as in animals with «harmonious intrauterine development» (a weight-height index was comparable with that in the control group), a decrease in copper concentrations by 5–20% and decrease in magnesium levels by 20–40% were registered. Also, reduction by factor 1.4 of the bound fraction of oxyproline and an increase of no more than by factor 1.7 of its free fraction were found. Such biochemical changes precede the formation of periodontal disease. In animals born with "intrauterine obesity" (a weight-height index was higher than that in the control group) and who had the highest intensity of caries among all animals, biochemical changes emerged at an earlier stages of the monitored lifespan. In the serum of such animals, a decrease in magnesium levels by 13–38%, a decrease in zinc by 4–12%, and an increase of up to 11% in copper levels were found. A reduction in the bound fraction of hydroxyproline by factor 1.2–1.4 and an increase in its free fraction by factor 1.4–2.6 were also observed. According to the performed correlation analysis, the significance of the relationship (degree of correlation or anticorrelation and their reliability) between the studied indicators and caries was proven to increase for older animals. Conclusion: In animals born macrosomic, mineral metabolism as well as significant changes of in the organic component in their connective tissue leading to alterations in the bone tissue of the periodontium and the hard tooth tissues. Biochemical changes in the blood serum of rats precede the development of periodontal tissue diseases and carious lesions in ontogeny and depend on the weight-height parameters of the animals at birth.

Оцінка якості гігієнічного догляду за порожниною рота у дітей з вродженими незрощеннями губи та піднебіння у процесі ортодонтичного лікування

Introduction. Systematic monitoring of the of oral hygiene and professional hygiene with the use of modern, individually selected basic and additional hygiene products and items during orthodontic treatment is a mandatory component of the comprehensive rehabilitation of children with congenital cleft lip and palate (CLP). The aim: to evaluate the quality of individual oral hygiene care of children with congenital unilateral cleft lip and palate in the course of orthodontic treatment in the period of transitional dentition. Materials and methods. The determination of the hygienic condition of the oral cavity in the course of orthodontic treatment was done using the «Differentiated index for determining the indicator of individual oral hygiene, adjusted to take into account the different quality of hygiene on the upper and lower dental rows (DIOH). Results and their discussion. Prevention of diseases of hard tissues of teeth and periodontal tissues in children is important from birth and is especially necessary in the course of orthodontic treatment using removable and fixed orthodontic designs. Children with CLP have an increased risk of developing dental caries for a variety of reasons. Differential examination of the state of dental hygiene on the upper and lower jaws allows giving more targeted recommendations regarding oral hygiene, i.e. personify them. Conclusions. The use of hygiene indices, in particular those that reflect the difference between the level of hygiene on the jaw where the orthodontic appliance is placed and where it is absent, is appropriate for assessing the state of oral hygiene in children with dentognathic anomalies and providing recommendations for its improvement. Key words: congenital unilateral cleft lip and palate, hygiene index, prevention, diseases of hard tissues of teeth and periodontal tissues.

MODERN SCIENTIFIC TRENDS IN THE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF DENTAL CARIES

Background. Dental caries remains the most common disease of humanity today. The results of scientific research and clinical observations show that dental caries is most often treated surgically. The most effective way to reduce caries incidence is through primary prevention. Objective. The purpose of the study is to determine the current state of the problem of treatment and prevention of dental caries, to outline promising directions for solving this problem. Methods. In order to find out the main world trends in the treatment and prevention of dental caries, we studied the English-language papers of authors from Portugal, the USA, Saudi Arabia, Korea, Brazil, China, Argentina, the United Kingdom, Cote d'Ivoire, Italy, Ireland, Germany, France, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, Turkey, Belgium, Poland and Croatia published in 2019–2023, including literature reviews that tracked the fundamental data of previous years. The analysis of literary sources made it possible to determine that world scientists have made significant achievements with methodological and methodical conclusions, conducted a comparative assessment and proposed new ways to solve the problem in modern conditions. Results. The issue of modern scientific trends in the treatment and prevention of dental caries are presented in this paper. It was established that the main methods of primary prevention in dentistry were the use of sealants for pits and fissures, local professional use of fluoride preparations, use of fluorine-containing toothpaste, chlorhexidine mouthwash at home, use of xylitol, recommendations for regular visits to the dentist, adherence to a non-cariogenic diet and oral hygiene habits. An analysis of various treatment approaches for dental caries is presented. An evaluation of the proposed treatment methods was carried out in the aspect of a critical approach to preventive removal of hard tooth tissues. The main prospective directions for improvement of treatment and preventive measures are outlined. Conclusions. Dentistry should begin with the identification and elimination of cariesogenic factors, preventive measures should be dominant. With the elimination of carious disease, the need for related specialties will significantly decrease

Мініінвазивні методи відновлення зубів в терапевтичній стоматології

Abstract. Photopolymer composite materials have unprecedented adhesion to hard tooth tissues and correspond to the optical properties of enamel and dentin. Due to these characteristics, photopolymers are widely used in aesthetic dentistry. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the results of the step-by-step acquisition by the dentist of the manual skills of using photopolymer materials. Methods of working with dental materials on models and in the oral cavity were used. The results showed that the technique of working with modern photopolymers requires excellent manual skills, mastering them and their improvement continues constantly with the appearance of new, more advanced tools and methods of treatment in dentistry. One of the effective ways of mastering innovative work methods is the production of temporary restorations from various materials. Conclusions. During the training stages of the dentist, in cases of remote temporary filling, a mini-invasive effect can be used, since it practically does not lead to the risk of damage to the tooth and involves the manufacture of an aesthetic restoration in the future in accordance with the protocol for the treatment of permanent teeth. Key words: photopolymer materials, minimally invasive treatment, manual skills, aesthetic restoration, adhesion.

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF DENTAL HEALTH IN MEDICAL STUDENTS

Students are a significant part of young people who are characterized by an active lifestyle, an enhanced psycho-emotional state, an increased academic load, often leading to deteriorated health. The state of dental health of students and the need for specialized care are of particular interest. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive assessment of dental students' dental status and determination of the need for specialized care. Material and methods. 50 dental students (19 men and 31 women) of Kazan universities aged 18–33 years were examined. A clinical dental examination of students was conducted, the results of which were recorded in a purposely designed "Dental examination card of a student". Study results. 4 students (8%) with intact hard tooth tissues were identified. The proportion of students who need oral cavity sanitation was 50%, 36% of them need endodontic treatment. The intensity of caries according to the CFE index in girls was 5.34±0.2 points, in boys – 6.01±0.7 points. Gum condition according to index (GI) of H. Loe and S. Silness = 1.4+0.11 points. In the course of assessing the severity of functional disorders on the part of the masticatory apparatus, an express method was used – the Hamburg examination (2000), which revealed the percentage (60%) of dysfunctions on the part of the ­temporomandibular joint. Violations in occlusal ratios of varying severity were detected in a quarter of the examined. The percentage of examined patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction was 60%, the ratio of frontal teeth in the sagittal plane – disocclusion – 26%, reverse incisal disocclusion was 2%, deep incisal occlusion – 20%. Conclusions. The results of the survey revealed the need of students in dental (including orthodontic) curation.

Symmetry of pathological processes in the oral cavity

The human dentition is characterized by bilateral symmetry, inextricably linked with the equivalent functional load falling on the right and left sides of the row. Some articles of domestic and foreign authors contain conclusions that testify to the symmetry of the carious process in the oral cavity. However, these data are collected on different populations, an incomplete set of teeth and using a limited range of diagnostic methods. The aim of this work was to determine the distribution of a symmetrical carious process in a population of Russian patients of different ages using a wide range of diagnostic tools. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, 403 patients were examined: 167 men and 236 women. The mean age was 27.37±12.09. In addition to the examination, patients were prescribed an orthopantomogram, and, according to indications, a cone-beam computed tomography. Results. After examination and analysis of orthopantomography images, symmetrical caries was found in 386 patients. In 17 examined patients, symmetrical caries was not detected, and therefore patients were additionally prescribed cone-beam CT. Ultimately, signs of a symmetrical carious lesion were detected in all 100% of patients. Discussion. Our results confirm the data of other researchers on the presence of the symmetry phenomenon in the development of carious processes. Conclusions: 1) When a carious process occurs and develops, in 100% of cases there are signs of damage to the hard tissues of both symmetrical teeth. 2) The use of cone beam computed tomography makes it possible to finally confirm the symmetry of the carious process, and this method should be included in the mandatory standard for diagnosing caries in dental institutions. 3) Asymmetry of the carious process can occur only in cases of unilateral/asymmetrical traumatic or other lesions in the maxillofacial region in history. 4) Microorganisms should not be considered the causes of a symmetrical carious lesion, since they realize their pathogenic effects already in altered tooth tissues, in violation of the integrity of the enamel, pulp trophism, etc.