Hard Struggle Research Articles

The experience of foreignness in The Double Book by Dimitris Hatzis

Dimitris Hatzis’ novel, The Double Book (1976), a work of migrant literature, is an interweave of paradigmatic stories of Greeks who emigrate and reshape their identity, after leaving behind their life in their native land. The experience of foreignness is experienced both by characters in the book who consciously choose to uproot themselves from their homeland and struggle to adapt to the unfamiliar cultural environments of foreign lands, while battling against nostalgia, alienation and loneliness, and also by others who are forced to leave their provincial birthplace and end up feeling alien to themselves. The present study attempts to view these stories as the axes of a modern narrative about the “romeiko” and its lost generations, which presents different but equally painful experiences of expatriation and the aspects of the hard struggle for survival in an unwelcoming land. Taking into account postmodern theoretical approaches to migrant writing which describe it as “writing between the two” (“écriture de l’entre-deux”), it examines both the nostalgic recollections of a fragmented individual and collective memory of the recent or distant past, linked to the longing to return, and the ideological and ontological problems created by experiencing “déterritorialisation” and a sense of not belonging (“désappartenance”). The study also contemplates the marginal psychological states that arise during the process of acculturation, which are caused by difficulties in communication or by the subjective and national identity crisis of the immigrants. Nevertheless, hope of an interdependent multi-ethnic world emerges at the end of the novel, and gives rise to a humanist reflection on the need to form intercultural consciences and open “rhizomatic identities” (“identités rhizomatiques”) in contemporary multicultural communities.

Peran Operasi Militer Dalam Mendukung Upaya Diplomasi dalam Pembebasan Irian Barat

The reconquest of West Irian by the Dutch colonialists was a very tiring and hard struggle. The Dutch had a hidden intention to separate West Irian from Indonesian territory. The Dutch government violated the agreements of the Round Table Conference, the Teak Circle Agreement, and International Law. The Indonesian side carried out military operations on Gurita, Rajawali, Djatayu, and finally the Djayawidjaya military operation to retake West Irian. The purpose of this research is to provide an overview and analysis regarding the attitudes and strategies of the two parties in the West Irian conflict from the aspects of political/diplomatic, military and economic strategy. The writing method uses descriptive analysis method, by analyzing the facts that occurred in the struggle to seize West Irian from Dutch rule, supported by literature studies, literature, national and international scientific journals, theoretical and juridical. The results of the research show that there is a relationship and cooperation between activities in the field of politics/diplomacy and the military sector, because in essence the two fields have the same goal and help each other. To get maximum results, politics/diplomacy needs to be supported by military force, and vice versa military power needs political/diplomatic support to ask for huge costs in winning war goals. The war strategy in the future does not only rely on politics/diplomacy and the role of the military alone, but must involve all other components of national defense and be implemented in its entirety.Keywords: Connection; Cooperation; Politics/Diplomacy; Military.

Modernizing the tradition: Mengaji among children of urban Muslim families in Indonesia

Muslims believe that the Qur’an is the main source of Islamic values, and teaching it to children early is important. The tradition of mengaji, or learning the Qur’an, has been impacted by globalization and modernization. Still, new methods such as online learning and fun-learning techniques have emerged to make the tradition more innovative and creative for children. This article discusses how modernization changes the way of learning activities in reading al-Quran for children (mengaji) in urban areas. Their tradition of going to the TPA/TPQ (Taman Pendidikan Al-Qur’an) shifted to the modern way. It taught Muslims to live alongside digital technology and an internet connection following current conditions. Following the new opportunity to learn Qur’an intensively for children, private Islamic institutions attract some urban muslim families to teach their children Qur’anic reading, such as Binar Qur’an institution. The analysis is conducted by descriptive qualitative research, which is stated by the respondents verbally and in real behavior. The data is obtained through reduction data, explaining data, and drawing a conclusion. Research shows that the impact of modernization forces people to educate their children on Qur’anic reading. It shows that the situation helps the Muslim family to be modern regarding Islamic education. Moreover, the hard struggle of parents to preserve their children in the Islamic path of society is by busying their children with positive activities such as mengaji to fulfill their growth with the Islamic nuance and to produce a better Muslim generation in the future.

Zhu De's fighting spirit into the ideological and political education path of college students

Zhu De is a revolutionary of the older generation of the Communist Party of China, his military life, reflecting the communist character of hard struggle. The scientific connotation of Zhu De's fighting spirit includes the oath of iron and blood, the heroic struggle for the communist ideal, the fearlessness of fighting in the front line, the simplicity like Tian Jia weng, the persistence of hard work and plain simplicity and the comfort of fighting, and the optimism of life. Carrying forward Zhu De's fighting spirit is conducive to reshaping the fighting power of contemporary college students to cope with the challenges of The Times. Therefore, colleges and universities can integrate Zhu De's struggle spirit into classroom teaching, so that college students know the struggle process, Zhu De's struggle spirit into the frustration education, let college students learn from the struggle, Zhu De's struggle spirit into practical education, so that college students carry forward the spirit of struggle.

Gender Issues in the Kazakh Literature of the Early 20th Century

Women’s rights and fate have always been a significant issue. In the article, the author reviews the gender issues in human history and analyzes the literary theoretical and historical aspects of the problem of women in Kazakh society of the early 20th century with the help of Kazakh intellectuals’ works which were written to solve the problems of women, and literary works and journalistic articles of that time. The Kazakh people valued the role of women, therefore, paid a lot of attention on the upbringing, behavior of a girl and planned her general life. There were times when a Kazakh woman rode a horse, fought the enemy and ruled the country wisely. But over time, the issue of women in Kazakh society has become more complicated. At the beginning of the 20th century, Alash intellectuals, who understood the importance of gender issues in Kazakh society, wrote special articles and works of art to influence people’s consciousness. It was disseminated to the public through the media. The first novel in Kazakh literature was dedicated to the issue of women. Women’s civil rights and their place in society began to find a positive solution in the early 20th century with the intervention of Alash activists. In the research article we analyzed M. Dulatuly’s «Bakytsyz Zhamal» (Poor Zhamal), Zh. Aimauytov’s «Akbilek» novels, also M. Auezov, M. Zhumabayev, N. Kulzhanova’s journalistic articles. In this article, the author examines the origins of the struggle for women’s equality in the early 20th century, and the specific actions of Kazakh intellectuals to protect women’s civil rights. The study is based on historical data and literary and journalistic works. The results of the hard struggle is proven by the works written in that period.

Struggle for a Better Life in Paulo Coelho’s Novel Eleven Minutes

This article aims at discerning struggles accomplished by the novel’s central female character Maria for transforming her mediocre life into a better one. Her notion of making a better life, as she trusts, is through earning a substantial amount of money after working the assigned tasks decently and convivially regardless the nature of the tasks. Her journey from her nation Brazil to an alien nation Switzerland indicates her resilient determination for a hard struggle for the betterment of her life. Her encounters with ups and downs, and cheers and tears during her chores in diverse fields make her realize the reality of life through her perception of the essence of true love, fake love, body and soul. This article is grounded on a qualitative analytical research in which the primary data that are qualitative or nominal in nature are taken from the novel under study, whereas the secondary data are extracted from other related books and journal articles. Its conclusion based on Maria’s journey, deeds and hardship suggests that life is full of struggles; and it is quite necessary to move up the stairs of hardship to raise the level of life. Money, though it is not an end, is one of the momentous means of transforming a lowly life into a better one to some extent.

The Contemporary Meaning and Implementation Strategy of Integrating 100 Years of Party History into Ideological and Political Education System of Colleges and Universities

Since entering the new era, the Party and the State have paid special attention to the reform of teaching and education for human development in colleges and universities, and ideological and political education, as an important guarantee for cultivating innovative and composite talents in colleges and universities, is of great significance to the physical and mental health development of college students. Throughout the hundred years of Party history in China, it is not difficult to find that it is closely related to ideological and political education, and Party history education is becoming an important content of ideological and political education for college students. The hundred-year Party history contains the original mission of Chinese Communists, the revolutionary spirit of hard struggle and defiance of power, and reflects the general trend of historical development and progress of the times, which has laid the theoretical foundation and provided resource materials for universities to carry out ideological and political education work innovatively.

The founding of first Russian Open-air Museum of Architecture in Kolomenskoye: The hard struggle of P.D.Baranovskiy

This article considers the founding and first years of existence of museum in Kolomenskoye. The history of the museum in 1923–1930 is traced basing on a rich archive material from archive of Kolomenskoye museum-reserve, Central state archive of Moscow region and Department of Written sources of State Historic Museum. In this article, the condition of architectural monuments in Kolomenskoye during first years after the revolution and their use by different organizations is described in detail. The administrative struggle of Petr Dmitrievich Baranovskiy for transfer of monuments of former tsar’s estate of 16th–19th centuries to museum is in focus. The author considers difficult issue of museum — church relations at that period and their influence on the attitude of Kolomenskoye dwellers and dwellers of another nearest villages to the museum. The article also touches upon the problem of museum’s security and its existence in conditions of hard criminal situation of first post-revolutionary years. The article indirectly considers the issues of the formation of museum staff and restauration of the monuments. Above the frames of this article are the issues of the formation of the museum’s collection and biographies of its first employees, including the biography of P.D.Baranovskiy, about whom many works have already been written. The actuality of the theme of founding of the museum in Kolomenskoye is due to the forthcoming one hundred anniversary of the museum. At this moment, there are no researches in scientific literature, which could give a holistic view of the founding of the first open-air museum of architectural monuments in Russia in former summer residence of Russian tsars.

Research on the Innovative Path of Strengthening the Study and Education of Party History in Colleges and Universities in the New Era

To solidly carry out the study and education of party history is to educate, guide and encourage party members to inherit the revolutionary tradition, inherit the red gene, and carry forward the revolutionary spirit, so as to always maintain the upward spirit of hard struggle, and show new achievements in the new journey towards the goal of the second century. Colleges and universities are the cradle of talent training and socialist successors. The foundation of standing is to implement the fundamental task of building morality and cultivating people, and the implementation of the fundamental task of building morality and cultivating people is inseparable from educating people with the history of the party. Therefore, in the process of party history learning and education, colleges and universities should organically combine the development of party history learning and education with the implementation of building morality and cultivating people, focus on the spiritual essence and core essence of party history learning and education, and innovate the new path of party history learning and education with the times, in order to promote the depth and focus of party history learning and education, and improve the effect of party history education.

Heroic pastoral and its national-style reception IN THE CANTATA “YELLOW RIVER” BY XIAN XINGHAI

Heroic pastoral and its national-style reception IN THE CANTATA “YELLOW RIVER” BY XIAN XINGHAI

‘Here Comes the Period of Hard and Long-lasting Diplomatic Struggles’: Polish Diplomacy and the Concept of the Western Pact, 1936-1937

ABSTRACT The German government decided to remilitarise the Rhineland on 7 March 1936, which meant violating the treaties of Versailles and Locarno. Existing literature says much about negotiations that started in spring 1936 on the so-called Western pact – sometimes called the ‘new Locarno’. However, these studies do not focus on the western Powers’ policies. The attitude of the Polish government was also important because Poland was an important French ally in East-Central Europe. This analysis explores whether Polish diplomacy tried to be active in negotiations concerning the Western pact. What were strategic Polish aims in connexion with a ‘new Locarno?’ What were the tactics of Polish diplomacy? And, finally, what did Warsaw achieve during the negotiations that started in March 1936? The answers to these questions determined Warsaw’s role in the failure of the Western pact negotiations.

A Study on the Historical Experience of Cadre Education of the Communist Party of China during the Anti Japanese War

During the Anti Japanese War, the CPC's cadre education thought reached an unprecedented height. In the long-term practice of revolution and construction, the Communist Party of China has a profound and unique understanding of cadre education, and has found a way of cadre education with its own characteristics. Throughout the basic experience of the party's cadre education during the Anti Japanese War, we can see that the CPC attached great importance to and supported it; the party's systematic education management and implementation organization; adhering to the school running policy of proceeding from reality and the teaching principle of integrating theory with practice; and maintaining the excellent quality of self-reliance and hard struggle. Summing up and studying the experience of cadre education during the Anti Japanese war is of great realistic and practical significance for the party to carry out large-scale cadre education and training.

The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia) by Zheng Yisheng, Qiu Shaohua and Li Chenyuan

Reviewed by: The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia) by Zheng Yisheng, Qiu Shaohua and Li Chenyuan Pan Nengmei Zheng Yisheng, Qiu Shaohua and Li Chenyuan. The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia). Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 2019. 431 pages. Appendix. Notes. References. Index. ¥138. The Chinese in Metal Village Indonesia (Warga Tionghoadari kampong Metal Indonesia), authored by Dr. Zheng Yisheng and his team, is an ethnographical piece [End Page 137] documenting the history, life and culture of the Chinese in Indonesia. It focuses on a Chinese settlement named "Metal Village" on the outskirts of Medan, Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The book is a record of the compelled migration of local Chinese from Ache to the tobacco huts on the outskirts of Medan after the outbreak of the anti-Chinese massacres in 1965, and the progress of a prosperous village by the local Chinese in a swamp over a 50-year period. The authors of this book convey a message that Metal Village serves as the microcosm of the overseas Chinese society in Indonesia. The book comprises eight chapters. Chapter one is a brief introduction of Metal Village. As the word "metal" means the same in both English and Indonesian, the local Chinese hoped that the village would be as resilient as metal, hence the name "Metal". The village, founded in the 1970s, has over 2,000 villagers, the majority of which are overseas Chinese. Persecuted during the anti-Chinese massacres in 1965, they moved to this place from Ache, a province in northwest Sumatra Island. Chapters two and three illustrate the migration history of Chinese families in Ache who underwent riots from 1965 to 1998. In 1970, when the municipal government of Medan dismissed refugee camps, fugitive Chinese were allowed to establish settlements in Medan. One of the six Chinese settlements founded was the antecedent of Metal Village. Chapter four describes the hard struggle of Metal Village's founders to rebuild their homes, the unity of Chinese villagers to protect their homeland during the riot in May, 1998, and their actions to help refugees in tsunami-stricken Ache in 2004. This chapter also describes in detail the disputes over the ownership of the land of Metal Village. Chapter five focuses on the economy of Metal Village. The authors analyze the role that social capital and trade relations play. Chapter six and seven mainly document the customs related to funeral and wedding ceremonies as well as the religion of the Chinese villagers. The last chapter discusses the culture of Chinese villages and their relations with other ethnic groups. Chinese villagers of Metal Village are ideal research objects. They are highly representative of all Indonesian Chinese as they have undergone a series of ethical conflicts after the independence of Indonesia (e.g., "Small Business Event", "930 Event", "Flag Raising Event", "41 Teenagers Event", "May Storm"), and witnessed the transitions in the Indonesian Chinese society. They are people of industry and integrity, of charity and harmony. They inherit Chinese culture by maintaining cultural characteristics including customs related to funeral and wedding ceremonies as well as religion. They endeavour to revive Chinese education and improve relations with other ethnic groups, and they are enthusiastic about business rather than politics. They are, in short, typical of Indonesian Chinese. The authors see Metal Village as a microcosm of the overseas Chinese society in Indonesia via the description of the history and status quo of the Chinese villagers. [End Page 138] This book is laudable for its adoption of the research approach and disciplinary outlook of anthropology. The authors conducted in-depth interviews with 200 reporters, acquired a great amount of valuable data, complemented the lacunae in the literature available and provided rare raw materials for other researchers during their visits to Metal Village in 2015, 2017 and 2018. Guided by the holistic approach of anthropology, the book's thorough coverage on the life of Chinese villagers makes it an in-depth work that helps people acquire overall understanding of Metal Village and the society of Indonesian Chinese. Moreover, the authors propose some enlightening ideas in this book. For example, they believe that the integration of home and...

Research on Integrating Red Resources into the CPC History Education for Middle School Students—Taking Bazhong Sichuan Province as an Example

Party history education is one of the important contents of middle school ideological and political lessons, which is of great significance to the healthy growth of middle school students. The red resource is suitable to the spiritual connotation of the party history education of middle school students, and it is the natural carrier and important support of the education. It is very important to integrate the red resources into the education of party history of middle school students, which helps them to establish the correct view of the three and lofty ideals and beliefs, to form a noble moral view and the spirit of hard struggle, and to cultivate a strong love of national conditions and collectivism. In the process of integrating red resources into the party history education of middle school students, we should play the function of the main channel and integrate them into the middle school classroom teaching. It should give play to the function of large class and integrate into students' social practice. We should give full play to the function of the new platform and integrate it into the red network platform, so as to enhance the effectiveness of party history education for middle school students. This paper takes Sichuan Bazhong red resources as an example to discuss.

Perjuangan Ken Arok Menjadi Raja Kerajaan Singosari Tahun 1222-1227

One who has blue blood is identical to being a ruler. The highest satisfaction is when his desire is achieved perfectly. This has influenced Ken Arok who felt his desire should be realized as a king in the land of Java. After living in the wrong path by becoming a villain, until finally his meeting with a Brahmin whose Lohgawe made his life brighter.In writing this scientific work, the writer uses historical research methods. In historical research methods, many researchers use reference sources in the form of relevant journals and book sources that support in writing these scientific articles. The result of this discussion is that after going through the hard struggle of being a villain, being a person who was driven out of his residence, but luck continued to follow Ken Arok. His mission to become king, began by killing Tunggul Ametung with Mpu Gandring's Keris and married Ken Dedes. Subsequently defeated the Kingdom of Kediri and founded the Singosari Kingdom with the title Sri Rajasa Bhatara Sang Amurwabumi.

The dictator – A specific figure of modern Latin American novels

heroic pages of her own. Latin America is an area encompassing countries historically ruled by the Spanish and the Portuguese under their colonization time throughout the centuries.After hard struggles to gain independence, the region continued to face many new challenges and difficulties in which violence and military dictatorship were the most common situation dominating Latin American politics in the 19th and 20th centuries. Since then, the topic of dictatorship has been written in novels in that region. Márquez has stated in an interview that, the fact that brutality ran from one end of the continent to the other made the history shaped by brutality. Writing about this topic, modern Latin American writers have "entered" the deepest into the reality of their continent, wherever they are, no matter what narrative method they use. This helps modern Latin American literature express its own literary themes, not being mixed with other literatures. In Vietnam, over the past 50 years, a lot of Latin American novels have been translated and well received by Vietnamese academic and popular readers. Such authors as A. Asturias, L. Borges, Carpentier of the Latin American Vanguardia, Márquez, Llosa of the Latin American Boom have become familiar names to Vietnamese readers. Understanding the image of the dictator – an important image of the tradition and identity of Latin American literature will give a better understanding about this literature.

Rewolucje Mieczysława Szczuki

The article presents Mieczysław Szczuka, a visual artist, graphic designer and architect from Warsaw. His activities at the turn of the 20th century greatly contributed to the emergence of New Arts: he was a pioneer of constructivism in Poland, he created the first Polish photomontages, he argued in favour of giving the arts back to the proletariat. His radical, extremely leftist views made him a loner in his hard struggle for a revolution in the arts (and, in the long run, also in the society).

My own experience of COVID-19

England has seen its worst days; past few months have been full of multiple challenges and hard struggle for the people of United Kingdom. No rules in the beginning of the current pandemic to few restrictions like social distancing and eventually implementation of a complete lockdown. To one’s surprise, the restrictions were not very strictly followed in the beginning. I have the vivid memories of the fear surrounding us all by the daily reports from Italy.

Fabricating Value between Mint and Studio

Fabricating Value between Mint and Studio Maggie M. Cao (bio) in 1903, a cache of forged paintings was discovered during an investigation of an otherwise insignificant civil lawsuit. Although the group of canvases included imitations of works by such American greats as Winslow Homer and George Inness, it was the falsification of the name Ralph A. Blakelock that most captivated the public. Blakelock, the New York Times explained, was "a victim of incurable dementia, brought on by privation suffered in his struggle for recognition. His pictures once disposed of for a mere song, now fetch high prices, while his wife and several children are having a hard struggle for existence" (1903, 9). Adding insult to injury, the New York Tribune reported that among the forgeries apprehended were paintings by the artist's daughter, Marian Blakelock, which "have had 'R.A.' substituted … in the signature in order that they may seem to be genuine works" (1903, 9). This exposé was just the first of many discoveries of fraudulent Blakelocks that would surface time and again in the press until the artist's death in 1919. The forgeries became so rampant that they eventually prompted an investigation by the New York district attorney. Now largely forgotten, the name Ralph Blakelock was once legendary. Arguably the most famous artist in America during the first two decades of the twentieth century, Blakelock was, according to the print media, as "well known as Rembrandt and Da Vinci" (Atlanta Constitution 1919, 12O). The painter was so respected that when he died, it was reported that even President Woodrow Wilson sent his regrets for not being able to pay his respects in person (New York Times 1919, 11). Blakelock's signature works were nocturnes—dusky or moonlit [End Page 837] scenes executed with a dramatic palette of rich hues and shimmering brushwork. The best of these rose in value during the first years of the twentieth century to become the most expensive paintings by a living American artist ever sold. Brook by Moonlight (Fig. 1), for example, auctioned in 1916 for a record-breaking $20,000, which no doubt invigorated the already active counterfeiting attempts within the art world's criminal underground (Davidson 1996, 195–211). Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Ralph Albert Blakelock, Brook by Moonlight, before 1891. Oil on canvas. Toledo Museum of Art, gift of Mr. and Mrs. Edward Drummond Libbey, 1916.4 [End Page 838] As perhaps the most counterfeited artist in American history, Ralph Blakelock has much to teach us about the history of cons and scams. He was a target for such crimes not because his paintings were necessarily worthy of Rembrandt or Leonardo as his fans proclaimed, but because of the public intrigue surrounding the rapidly changing monetary value of his work and its attendant implications. The case of Ralph Blakelock's brief celebrity is revealing of a period-specific fascination with the trustworthiness of representation, both artistic and monetary. Indeed, it would be impossible even to tell Blakelock's story without consideration of economic contexts—both the ways in which markets determined his fate and the ways in which the artist himself was obsessed with matters of money. Blakelock's tale of cons and scams offers a window into the intersection of artistic and economic duplicity that has long been with us. Blakelock's career as a landscape painter began in New York City in the mid-1860s. As a young man, he traveled to the American West in attempts to replicate the success of expeditionary painters who were making huge sums on their grand views of distant places. Unable to cash in on frontier pictures, Blakelock began painting eerie nocturnes, sometimes Western themed, but they received little attention from critics, leaving the artist with few buyers during his most productive years. In 1899, penniless and desperate with a large family to support, Blakelock suffered an emotional breakdown and committed himself to the Middletown Homeopathic Hospital in upstate New York, where he lived for the next 17 years. While confined, his reputation took a dramatic turn. He was branded the "American Van Gogh" (a shorthand for mad genius), and the National Academy of Design inaugurated...

La cuestión catalana en la Segunda República

A base de informes diplomáticos húngaros, el artículo intenta analizar la cuestión de la autonomía catalana que fue uno de los desafíos para resolver para los políticos de la segunda república española. En principio, todos los partidos republicanos aceptaron el derecho de las naciones menores a la autonomía, pero en cuanto a su contenido ya eran divididos. Para Manuel Azaña la cuestión de la autonomía no era un tema legal, sino un medio para resolver una cuestión política muy importante. Pero hubo posiciones muy diferentes dentro de la coalición gubernamental, que iban desde partidarios de la unidad hasta posiciones federalistas. Aún más, las fuerzas políticas catalanas también eran divididas. El Estatuto catalán, adoptado en septiembre de 1932, fue una solución de compromiso resultado de una dura lucha. En consecuencia, los nacionalistas catalanes tenían que estar satisfechos con el estado de una región autónoma dentro del estado español en lugar del estado autónomo catalán. Sin embargo, la lucha continuó entre el gobierno central y el gobierno catalán. El artículo intenta hacer ver cómo percibieron los diplomáticos húngaros este conflicto tan complejo.