Hard-decision Forward Error Correction Research Articles

47 Gbps 100 m ultra-high-speed free-space visible light tricolor laser communication system utilizing time domain hybrid Huffman coding

The escalating demand for greater transmission capacities in the forthcoming 6 G communication landscapes necessitates the investigation of upper segments of the electromagnetic spectrum by both academic institutions and the industrial sector. This effort aims to circumvent the impending spectrum resource limitations. Against this backdrop, laser diodes (LDs) emerge as a critical technology for high-speed visible light communication (VLC), owing to their significant modulation bandwidth potential. This paper details what we believe to be a novel visible light laser communication (VLLC) system powered by red/green/blue (RGB) tricolor laser diodes. It highlights a successful 100-meter free-space transmission achieved through a time domain hybrid huffman coding (TDHHC) technique. The system's performance review unveiled impressive data transmission rates for the red, green, and blue laser diodes channels at 16.852 Gbps, 14.442 Gbps, and 15.755 Gbps, respectively, culminating in a cumulative transmission rate of 47.049 Gbps while maintaining a bit error rate (BER) beneath the stringent threshold of 3.8E-3, mandated by 7% hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) standards. As far as we known, this marks the highest data rate documented in a long-distance tricolor VLLC system.

Efficient and reliable digital sub-band multiplexed nonlinear frequency division multiplexing system

Nonlinear frequency division multiplexing (NFDM) is a promising optical transmission system that avoids fiber nonlinear effects, but suffering from unsatisfied spectral efficiency due to the guard interval (GI) devoting to combat the cumulative chromatic dispersion (CD), whose contribution to efficiency declination is quadratic to the bandwidth. In this paper, we propose what we believe to be a novel digital sub-band multiplexed (DSBM) NFDM system that can diminish the minimal required guard interval and therefore realize considerable information rate without reliability degradation. Through numerical simulation, we show that root raised cosine (RRC) shaped subcarriers are more suitable than the commonly used orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) shaped ones in our DSBM-NFDM system. By multiplexing 15 sub-bands, we achieve a 129.7% improvement in effective information rate (EIR) compared to the single channel (SC) NFDM system with the same effective bandwidth. Meanwhile, we achieve a net information rate of 531.0 Gbps NFDM transmission over 960 km with SE of 3.86 bit/s/Hz, which is below the hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold. This work is the first to introduce the DSBM technique into NFDM system, and it can be considered as a novel subcarrier shaping scheme for NFDM that has potential to advance its practical implementation.

Enabling cost-effective wireless THz communication through semiconductor optical amplifier’s direct/cross gain modulation for seamless integration of hybrid fiber-coaxial connectivity

We propose a cost-effective THz wireless communication scheme for future femtocell networks that leverages either direct gain modulation (DGM) or cross gain modulation (XGM) of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) to convert coaxially or optically carried data into intensity-modulated THz waves, respectively. This architecture, based on an SOA and a uni-traveling-carrier photodiode (UTC-PD), has advantages over typical THz modulation schemes involving a resonant tunneling diode or an electro-optic modulator combined with a UTC-PD. Consequently, it facilitates the seamless convergence of hybrid fiber-coaxial networks to THz radio access networks with low cost, straightforward monolithic integration, and a more compact footprint. Furthermore, we experimentally verified the possibility of non-return-to-zero on–off keying wireless communication over 0.5 m in the 300 GHz band, achieving real-time transmission of 4 Gbit/s for coaxial access via an SOA’s DGM and 10 Gbit/s for fiber access via the SOA’s XGM. Notably, these data rates were attained by simple non-coherent THz intensity demodulation based on a Fermi-level managed barrier diode while meeting the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold (3.4×10−3). Finally, we conducted an analysis of the merits and drawbacks of the proposed THz communication scheme based on the combination of an SOA and a UTC-PD, discussed bottlenecks that hinder further rate improvement, and explored possibilities for optimization. In conclusion, this scheme is crucial for realizing future ultra-high-speed wireless networks that seamlessly connect to fiber-coaxial networks.

Secure transmission in a W-band RoF system based on delta-sigma modulation.

In this Letter, a delta-sigma modulation (DSM) encryption technique in a W-band RoF system is proposed. By performing DSM with different over-sample ratios (OSRs) on the OFDM signal based on the controlled keys generated by the chaotic system at the transmitter and performing constellation masking to disturb the transmitting signal for encryption, a high-order QAM-OFDM-DSM encrypted signal is achieved. In order to further improve the security of the system, bit bidirectional diffusion scrambling is used to resist chosen-plaintext attacks. After experimental verification, under the same transmission power, the encrypted DSM signal can achieve better security than single OSR of DSM signals through a 50-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF) and a 3-m wireless channel, with the gain of sensitivity increased by ∼1 dBm. From the reliability of the system, the encrypted signal of the proposed scheme can be recovered, which meets a hard decision-forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3.

Joint signal-to-signal beat interference mitigation for the field recovery of symmetric carrier-assisted differential detection with low carrier-to-signal power ratio

As a combination of direct detection and coherent detection technologies, self-coherent detection has the advantages of low cost and optical field recovery ability. However, most of the self-coherent detection techniques are limited to single sideband (SSB) signals. Recently, carrier-assisted differential detection (CADD) has been proposed to realize complex-valued double sideband (DSB) signals, but it requires a high carrier-to-signal power ratio (CSPR) to mitigate the signal-to-signal beat interference (SSBI). Later, a more cost-effective symmetric CADD (S-CADD) has been proposed while the required CSPR is still high. In order to alleviate the high requirements of CSPR, we propose a scheme based on the joint of digital pre-distortion (DPD) at transmitter and clipping at receiver to further improve the S-CADD system performance. This joint processing can not only solve the problem of non-uniform distribution of subcarrier signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) caused by non-ideal transfer function, but also the error propagation problem caused by enhanced SSBI under low CSPR. After the validation of the 64 Gbaud 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal transmitted over 80 km standard single mode fiber (SSMF), the CSPR required by the proposed scheme to reach the 20% soft decision-forward error correction (SD-FEC) and 7% hard decision-forward error correction (HD-FEC) can be reduced by 1.3 dB and 2.8 dB, respectively, with a comparison of the conventional S-CADD. The results show the potential of the proposed scheme in the short-reach optical transmissions.

Photonic-assisted high-order vector millimeter-wave signal generation enabled by DSM.

We propose an optical dual-single-sideband (dual-SSB) modulated 16384-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) photonic vector millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal generation scheme based on delta-sigma modulation (DSM). With the aid of the DSM, the severe nonlinear distortion of envelope detection for high-order QAM modulation signals in wireless communication can be effectively resolved. For the validation of our proposed scheme, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of a 40 GHz 16384-QAM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) photonic vector mm-wave signal and transmission over a 25-km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF), and a 1-m wireless link with the bit error ratio (BER) reaches the hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3.

Dual high-order QAM-modulated mm-wave signal transmission in the Q-band enabled by simple IM/DD architecture and bandpass delta-sigma modulation.

The intensity-modulation (IM)/direct-detection (DD) systems have been proven effective and low-cost due to their simple system architecture. However, the Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) of the IM/DD systems only reserves its driving signal intensity. Therefore, the IM/DD systems are generally unable to transmit vector signals and have a restricted spectrum efficiency and channel capacity. Similarly, the radio-over-fiber (RoF) transmission systems based on IM/DD are limited by their simple architecture and generally cannot transmit high-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signals, which hinders the improvement of their spectrum efficiency. To address the challenges, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, scheme to simultaneously transmit the dual independent high-order QAM-modulated millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signals in the RoF system with a simple IM/DD architecture, enabled by precoding-based optical carrier suppression (OCS) modulation and bandpass delta-sigma modulation (BP-DSM). The dual independent signals can carry different information, which increases channel capacity and improves spectrum efficiency and system flexibility. Based on our proposed scheme, we experimentally demonstrate the dual 512-QAM mm-wave signal transmission in the Q-band (33-50 GHz) under three different scenarios: 1) dual single-carrier (SC) signal transmission, 2) dual orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) signal transmission, and 3) hybrid SC and OFDM signal transmission. We achieve high-fidelity transmission of dual 512-QAM vector signals over a 5 km single-mode fiber (SMF) and a 1-m single-input single-output (SISO) wireless link operating in the Q-band, with the bit error rates (BERs) of all three scenarios below the hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time dual high-order QAM-modulated mm-wave signal transmission has been achieved in a RoF system with a simple IM/DD architecture.

Half-spectrum OFDM to quadruple the spectral efficiency of underwater wireless optical communication with digital power division multiplexing.

Improving the spectrum efficiency (SE) is an effective method to further enhance the data rate of bandwidth-limited underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) systems. Non-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (NOFDM) with a compression factor of 0.5 can save half of the bandwidth without introducing any inter-carrier-interference (ICI) only if the total number of subcarriers is large enough, and we termed it as half-spectrum OFDM (HS-OFDM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported work on a closed-form HS-OFDM signal in the discrete domain from the perspective of a correlation matrix. Due to the special mathematical property, no extra complex decoding algorithm is required at the HS-OFDM receiver, making it as simple as the conventional OFDM receiver. Compared with traditional OFDM, HS-OFDM can realize the same data rate, but with a larger signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) margin. To fully use the SNR resource of the communication system, we further propose a digital power division multiplexed HS-OFDM (DPDM-HS-OFDM) scheme to quadruple the SE of conventional OFDM for the bandwidth-starved UWOCs. The experimental results show that HS-OFDM can improve the receiver sensitivity by around 4dB as opposed to conventional 4QAM-OFDM with the same data rate and SE. With the help of the DPDM-HS-OFDM scheme, the data rate of multi-user UWOC can reach up to 4.5Gbps under the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) limit of a bit error rate (BER) of 3.8×10-3. Although there is some performance degradation in comparison with single-user HS-OFDM, the BER performance of multi-user DPDM-HS-OFDM is still superior to that of conventional single-user 4QAM-OFDM. Both single-user HS-OFDM and multi-user DPDM-HS-OFDM successfully achieve 2Gbps/75m data transmission, indicating that the DPDM-HS-OFDM scheme is of great importance in bandwidth-limited UWOC systems and has guiding significance to underwater wireless optical multiple access.

Delta-sigma modulation supporting the 4194304QAM dual polarization signal at the W-band transmission over a 4.6 km wireless distance.

In this Letter, we propose a dual-polarized coherent millimeter-wave system based on differential delta-sigma modulation (D-DSM) intended for long-distance wireless transmission in the W-band. The proposed system can transmit polarization-division-multiplexed (PDM) D-DSM signals with modulation orders up to 4194304QAM over a wireless channel for 4.6 km at a signal baud rate of 20 G. After 4.6 km of wireless transmission, we successfully achieve a bit error rate (BER) lower than the hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) of 3.8 × 10-3 for 34.51 Gbit/s PDM-524288QAM and a BER lower than the soft-decision forward error correction (SD-FEC) of 4.2 × 10-2 for 32.23 Gbit/s PDM-4194304QAM.

SC and OFDM hybrid coherent optical transmission scheme based on 1-bit bandpass delta-sigma modulation.

High-order quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can effectively improve the capacity and spectral efficiency of coherent optical transmission systems. However, as the modulation order increases, the signal becomes less tolerant to noise and nonlinear effects during transmission, and the implementation cost also increases. We propose a single carrier (SC) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) hybrid coherent optical transmission scheme based on a 1-bit bandpass (BP) delta-sigma modulation (DSM). The driving I-channel and Q-channel signals for the optical in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator carry SC-modulated and OFDM-modulated transmitter data, respectively. Optical quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) modulation is realized by the 1-bit DSM quantizer and I/Q modulator, which can effectively suppress quantization noise and reduce the complexity of digital signal processing (DSP) and the performance requirements of optoelectronic devices. In addition, the hybrid transmission of SC and OFDM can balance the advantages of both to meet the variable channel conditions and complex application scenarios. High-fidelity transmission of SC 512QAM and OFDM 512QAM hybrid signals, in the form of a 60 Gbaud optical QPSK signal, over 60 km single-mode fiber-28 (SMF-28) is verified by offline experiments, and the bit error rates (BERs) of both SC 512QAM and OFDM 512QAM are below the hard-decision forward-error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8e-3.

Discrete wavelet transform assisted convolutional neural network equalizer for PAM VLC system.

With the deepening of research and the further differentiation of damage types, and to compensate for both linear and nonlinear damage in visible light communication systems (VLCs), we propose a novel discrete wavelet transform-assisted convolutional neural network (DWTCNN) equalizer that combines the advantages of wavelet transform and deep learning methods. More specifically, wavelet transform is used in DWTCNN to decompose the signal into diverse coefficient series and employ an adaptive soft-threshold method to eliminate redundant information in the signal. The coefficients are then reconstructed to achieve complete signal compensation. The experimental results show that the proposed DWTCNN equalizer can significantly reduce nonlinear impairment and improve system performance with the bit error rate (BER) under the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) limit of 3.8 × 10-3. We also experimentally compared DWTCNN with the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and entity extraction neural network (EXNN) equalizer, the Q factor has been improved by 0.76 and 0.53 dB, and the operating ranges of the direct current (DC) bias have increased by 4.76% and 23.5%, respectively.

Pairwise Tomlinson-Harashima precoding for multiple-lane IM-DD transmissions.

As for the photonic interconnection based on the multiple-lane intensity modulation direct detection (IM-DD) transmission, both intra-channel inter-symbol-interference (ISI) originating from bandwidth constraint, and inter-channel performance discrepancy emerging from inter-channel component differences are the major bottleneck for the throughput enhancement. Here, we propose a pairwise Tomlinson-Harshima precoding (P-THP) scheme, in order to simultaneously deal with both intra-channel ISI and inter-channel performance discrepancy. The effective function of the proposed P-THP scheme is experimentally evaluated by transmitting 4-channel 81-GBaud PAM4 signals over 2 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Compared with the conventional scheme with only applying THP on individual wavelength channel, the required optical received power (ROP) under the back-to-back (B2B) transmission can be reduced by 0.75∼1 dB with the help of proposed P-THP in different experimental component configurations, at the 7% hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of BER = 3.8 × 10-3. After the 2 km SSMF transmission, only the use of proposed P-THP can guarantee to reach the designated HD-FEC threshold, leading to a net rate of >600 Gbit/s.

Dual vector millimeter-wave signal generation based on optical carrier suppression modulation and direct detection with one photodetector.

We propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, scheme for dual vector millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal generation and transmission, based on optical carrier suppression (OCS) modulation, precoding, and direct detection by a single-ended photodiode (PD). At the transmitter side, two independent vector radio frequency (RF) signals with precoding, generated via digital signal processing (DSP), are used to drive an in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) modulator operating at the optical OCS modulation mode to simultaneously generate two independent frequency-doubling optical vector mm-wave signals, which can reduce the bandwidth requirement of transmitter's components and enhance spectral efficiency. With the aid of the single-ended PD and subsequent DSP at the receiver side, two independent frequency-doubling vector mm-wave signals can be separated and demodulated without data error. Based on our proposed scheme, we experimentally demonstrate the generation, transmission, and detection of 2-Gbaud 30-GHz quadrature-phase-shift-keying (QPSK) and 2-Gbaud 46-GHz QPSK signals over 10-km single-mode fiber-28 (SMF-28) and 1-m wireless transmission. The results indicate that the bit-error ratio (BER) of the dual vector mm-wave signals can each reach the hard-decision forward-error-correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10-3.

Adaptive-memory-length look-up table (LUT)-based digital pre-distortion for IM/DD underwater wireless optical communications.

A digital pre-distortion (DPD) scheme based on an adaptive-memory-length look-up table (AML-LUT) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in a four-level pulse amplitude modulation (4-PAM) underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) system. By implementing adaptive memory length for each pattern in the AML-LUT-based DPD, the size of the AML-LUT can be significantly reduced without sacrificing performance compared to both the full-size LUT and the multi-symbol simplified look-up table (MSS-LUT)-based DPDs. The performance of the proposed AML-LUT-based DPD is experimentally evaluated for a 625 Mbit/s 4-PAM UOWC over 1 m transmission length. Experimental results show that compared with the full-size LUT with a memory length of 7 (LUT-7)-based DPD, the proposed AML-LUT-based DPD (i) incurs a marginal power penalty of 0.5 dB at both the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) and KP4-FEC threshold limits, while simultaneously reducing the implementation complexity (i.e., the LUT size) by 93%; (ii) achieves comparable transmission performance compared to the MSS-LUT-based DPD, while reducing the implementation complexity by 89%; and (iii) shows great potential for high-speed, low-complexity and memory-efficient intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) UOWC and short-reach optical interconnects.

Gradient-descent noise whitening techniques for short-reach IM-DD optical interconnects with severe bandwidth limitation.

Bandwidth limitation in optoelectrical components and the chromatic dispersion-induced power fading phenomenon cause severe inter-symbol interference (ISI) in high-speed intensity modulation and direct detection (IM-DD) optical interconnects. While the equalizer implemented in the receiver's digital signal processing procedure can mitigate ISI, it also inevitably enhances the noise located in the decayed frequency region, known as equalization-enhanced colored noise (EECN). Additionally, the nonlinear impairments of the modulator and photodetector also deteriorate the performance of the IM-DD system, especially for high-order modulation formats. In this work, we propose a gradient-descent noise whitening (GD-NW) algorithm to address EECN and extend it by introducing nonlinear kernels to simultaneously mitigate EECN and nonlinear impairments. The proposed algorithms are compared with conventional counterparts in terms of the achievable baud rate and the receiver optical power sensitivity. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we validate the principles of the proposed algorithms by successfully transmitting 360-GBd on-off-keying (OOK) and 180-GBd 4-level pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM-4) signals in the back-to-back case under a 62-GHz brick-wall bandwidth limitation. 280-GBd OOK and 150-GBd PAM-4 transmissions are also demonstrated over 1-km standard single-mode fiber with a bit error rate below 7% hard-decision forward error correction aided by the proposed approach.

11.2 Gbps 100-meter free-space visible light laser communication utilizing bidirectional reservoir computing equalizer.

In this paper, we introduce an innovative post-equalization technique leveraging bidirectional reservoir computing (BiRC), and apply it to waveform-to-symbol level equalization for visible light laser communication for the first time. This strategy is more resistant to nonlinearities compared to traditional equalizers like least mean square (LMS) equalizer, while requiring less training time and fewer parameters than neural network (NN) -based equalizers. Through this approach, we successfully conduct a 100-meter transmission of a 32-amplitude phase shift keying (32APSK) signal using a green laser operating at a wavelength of 520 nm. Remarkably, our system achieves a high data rate of 11.2 Gbps, all while maintaining a satisfying bit error rate (BER) below the 7% hard decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) threshold of 3.8E-3.

High-speed reach-extended IM-DD system with low-complexity DSP for 6G fronthaul [Invited

With the rising traffic demand from the metaverse, holographic communications, and so on, in beyond-5G (B5G)/6G cloud radio access networks (C-RANs), fronthaul (FH) networks that transport radio information between antennas and distributed/central units will become increasingly demanding. Optical technologies are indispensable in supporting 6G FH deployment, which needs to be high-speed and power/cost-effective simultaneously; low latency is also crucial. This work is extended from our invited paper at OFC2023. While the conference version focused on the wired-wireless conversion/converging side [e.g., using digital signal processing (DSP)-enhanced radio-over-fiber (RoF) techniques] of FH, this work contributes to the complementary side, i.e., optical transmission techniques. Considering 6G capacity and cost requirements, beyond-200-Gb/s/λ optics based on intensity-modulation direct-detection (IM-DD) PAM4 and low-complexity DSP are targeted, which transparently support digital RoF techniques like analog-to-digital-compression (ADX)-RoF (split Option 8) or Delta-sigma RoF, and other functional split options. On the other hand, while the reach of 5G FH may be around 10 km, in 6G FH routing and/or rural connectivity cases, distance can be extended to 20 km or even 40 km. In these scenarios, fiber dispersion in the C-band and even edge wavelengths of the O-band pose a significant challenge for the reach extension of 200G IM-DD systems. We validate through extensive experiments the efficient FH reach extension and dispersion mitigation based on a low-complexity optoelectronic feedforward equalization (OE-FFE) technique. We experimentally verify 224 Gb/s single-wavelength and dense WDM transmissions over up to 41 km distances in the challenging C-band with lean digital equalizers and hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC), which are among the first demonstrations to our knowledge. Even with split Option 8 and extended reach, the FH systems support up to a 10 Tb/s Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI)-equivalent rate and >300Gb/s peak wireless data rate. The presented systems can be useful for high-capacity, reach-extended FH scenarios toward 6G.

Digital backpropagation based on binary logarithmic step size distribution for fibre non‐linearity compensation

AbstractCapacity crunch has become critical in recent years as commercial communication systems approach their theoretical data rate limits. This work presents a low‐complexity digital backpropagation (DBP) implementation approach based on step size distribution that uses a binary logarithmic step size method to achieve high data rate optical transmission. The proposed scheme shows performance improvements (∆Q) of 2.36, 1.19, and 0.71 dB over linear compensation, constant step size (CSS) DBP, and logarithmic step size DBP techniques in a 2400 km 112 Gbit/s DP‐16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) system, respectively. At 13 dBm, a high performance (Q) of 10.9 dB (BER = 2.25 × 10−4) is achieved, above the 3.80 × 10−3 hard‐decision forward error correction (HD‐FEC) limit, using the proposed scheme. Also, the allowable transmission distance is extended by 960 km at the HD‐FEC limit over the linear compensation technique. The optimization achieves a 38% saving in the number of DBP calculation steps compared to the CSS DBP, which considerably reduces the computational cost since a few steps are required for effective non‐linearity compensation.

Simultaneously enhancing capacity and security in free-space optical chaotic communication utilizing orbital angular momentum

Optical chaotic signals emitted from an external-cavity feedback or injected laser diode enable small-signal information concealment in a noise-like carrier for secure optical communications. Due to the chaotic bandwidth limitation resulting from intrinsic relaxation oscillation frequency of lasers, multiplexing of optical chaotic signal, such as wavelength division multiplexing in fiber, is a typical candidate for high-capacity secure applications. However, to our best knowledge, the utilization of the spatial dimension of optical chaos for free-space secure communication has not yet been reported. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a free-space all-optical chaotic communication system that simultaneously enhances transmission capacity and security by orbital angular momentum (OAM) multiplexing. Optical chaotic signals with two different OAM modes totally carrying 20 Gbps on–off keying signals are secretly transmitted over a 2 m free-space link, where the channel crosstalk of OAM modes is less than −20 dB, with the mode spacing no less than 3. The receiver can extract valid information only when capturing approximately 92.5% of the OAM beam and correctly demodulating the corresponding mode. Bit error rate below the 7% hard-decision forward error correction threshold of 3.8×10−3 can be achieved for the intended recipient. Moreover, a simulated weak turbulence is introduced to comprehensively analyze the influence on the system performance, including channel crosstalk, chaotic synchronization, and transmission performance. Our work may inspire structured light application in optical chaos and pave a new way for developing future high-capacity free-space chaotic secure communication systems.

Multimode Fabry-Perot laser as a reservoir computing and extreme learning machine photonic accelerator

In this work, we introduce Fabry–Perot lasers as neuromoprhic nodes in the context of time-delayed reservoir computing and extreme learning machine (ELM) for the processing of temporal signals and the high-speed classification of images. By exploiting the multi-wavelength emission capabilities of the Fabry–Perot lasers, additional processing nodes can be introduced, thus raising the computational power without sacrificing processing speed. An experimental validation of this concept using a Fabry–Perot ELM is presented targeting a time depedent task such as channel equalization for a 50 km 28 Gbaud ‘PAM-4’ transmission, offering hard-decision forward error correction compatible performance. Additionally, the Fabry–Perot neuromorphic concept has been further strengthened by modifying the data entry technique by parallelelly assigning different samples of the input signal to different modes so as to significantly reduce speed penalty. Numerical simulations revealed that this alternative data insertion technique can offer a reduction of the processing delay and physical footprint by 75% compared to the conventional approach assigning the same symbols to all Fairy–Perot modes. Moreover, by using a similar data processing scheme in ‘MNIST’ image classification task we were able to numerically achieve a processing speed of 255.1 Mimages s−1 and a classification accuracy up to 95.95%.