Hani Terrace Research Articles

Effects of Farming Activities on the Temporal and Spatial Changes of Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotopes Present in Groundwater in the Hani Rice Terraces, Southwest China

Landform changes caused by human activities can directly affect the recharge of groundwater, and are reflected in the temporal and spatial changes in groundwater stable isotope composition. These changes are particularly evident in high-intensity farming areas. In this study, we tested and analyzed groundwater stable isotope samples at different elevations of rice terraces in a typical agricultural watershed of the Hani Terraces, a World Heritage Cultural Landscape in southwest China. Thus, we determined the characteristic variations and factors that influence the temporal and spatial effects on groundwater stable isotopes in the Hani Terraces, which are under the influence of high-intensity farming activities. The elevation gradients of δ18O and δ2H in groundwater are significantly increased due to farming activities. The values were 0.88‰ (100 m)−1 and −4.5‰ (100 m)−1, respectively, and they changed with time. The groundwater circulation cycle is approximately three months. We also used the special temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the groundwater isotopes as a way to evaluate the source and periodic changes of groundwater recharge. In addition, high-intensity rice farming activities, such as ploughing every year from October to January can increase the supply of terraced water to groundwater, thus ensuring the sustainability of rice cultivation in the terraces during the dry season. This demonstrates the role of human wisdom in the sustainable and benign transformation of surface cover and the regulation of groundwater circulation.

哈尼梯田生态系统土壤微生物量碳的影响因素

土壤微生物量碳（MBC，Microbial Biomass Carbon）是土壤微生物量的重要组成部分，也是土壤肥力变化的重要指标之一。哈尼梯田肥沃的土壤对哈尼梯田生态系统的维持与循环起到重要作用。以哈尼梯田水源区（乔木林、灌木林、荒草地）和梯田为研究对象，采用氯仿熏蒸法测定了4种不同土地利用类型0-20、20-40、40-60 cm 3个土层的土壤MBC，并分析了其与季节变化、地上植被及土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明：4种土地利用类型土壤MBC 3个土层皆以乔木林最高，其次是灌木林、荒草地、梯田，且4种土地利用类型土壤MBC含量都随土层深度的增加而减少，其中乔木林0-20 cm土层土壤MBC含量是40-60 cm土层的3.19倍。4种土地利用类型土壤MBC含量均具有明显的季节变化，总体呈夏季偏高冬季偏低的变化模式。相关分析表明，不同土地利用类型地上植被的多样性指数、盖度、优势种高度、枯落物层厚度与每一土层土壤MBC都具有很强的相互关系。土壤MBC与土壤有机碳和土壤孔隙度呈正相关性，与土壤容重呈负相关性。植被生长情况、土壤有机碳和孔隙度含量及季节变化是导致不同土地利用类型土壤微生物量碳差异的主要因素。;Soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC,Microbial Biomass Carbon) is an important component of soil microbial biomass and one of the important indicators of soil fertility changes. The fertile soil of the Hani terraces plays an important role in the maintenance and circulation of the Hani terrace ecosystem. Taking Hani terraced water source area (arbor forest, shrub forest, grassland) and terraced fields as research objects, four different land use types of 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm were determined by chloroform fumigation method. The soil MBC was analyzed and its relationship with seasonal changes, aboveground vegetation and soil physical and chemical properties was analyzed. The results showed that the three soil layers of the four types of land use type MBC were the highest in the arbor forest, followed by the shrub forest, grassland and terraced fields, and the soil MBC content of the four land use types decreased with the increase of the soil depth. The MBC content of 0-20 cm soil layer in arbor forest is 3.19 times that of 40-60 cm soil layer. The soil MBC content of the four land use types had obvious seasonal changes, and the overall pattern was high in summer and low in winter. The correlation analysis showed that the diversity index, coverage, dominant species height, litter layer thickness and the soil MBC of each soil layer had strong correlations with different land use types. The soil MBC was positively correlated with soil organic carbon and soil porosity, and negatively correlated with soil bulk density. The vegetation growth, soil organic carbon and porosity content and seasonal variation are the main factors leading to differences in soil microbial biomass carbon in different land use types.

Diverse biological sources of core and intact polar isoprenoid GDGTs in terrace soils from southwest of China: Implications for their use as environmental proxies

Archaea are important participants in soil biogeochemical cycles. Their membrane lipids are usually composed of isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (iGDGTs), which are ubiquitous in the environments and widely applied as biomarkers for archaeal biogeochemical processes and palaeothermometry. However, the biological sources of iGDGTs and environmental factors controlling their distribution in soils are elusive. We examined the archaeal lipid composition and community structure along an altitudinal soil transect in the Hani terrace wetlands in Southwest of China by combining organic geochemical and high-throughput sequencing approaches. The results show that monoglycosyl -iGDGTs (1G-iGDGTs) are the dominating intact polar lipids (IPLs) and possible precursor of core-iGDGTs preserved in soils. iGDGTs from Hani soils may come from several archaeal lineages based on their significant positive correlations in both core lipids and IPLs. Thaumarchaeota Group I.1b most likely contribute to crenarchaeol and its regio-isomer in non-paddy soils, while Bathyarchaeota, Methanobacteria and Methanomicrobia may predominantly contribute to GDGT-0 in water-saturated paddy soils. Our results indicate that the paleotemperature proxy TEX86 in soils can be affected by changes in archaeal community structure in addition to environmental variables such as soil water content and pH, but not independently by temperature. In addition, the lower TEX86 in humid soils may be partly attributed to the insufficient peak separation of iGDGTs with cyclopentyl moieties, which contain abnormally high abundances of shoulder peaks that may be contributed by anaerobic Archaea. This study sheds light on the increasing role of microbial community structure in affecting the fidelity of TEX86 in terrestrial environment, which should be taken into consideration when applying it to paleo-soil temperature studies.

Status and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in the rice-fish coculture environ-ment of Honghe Hani Terrace in Yunnan Province

Status and ecological risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in the rice-fish coculture environ-ment of Honghe Hani Terrace in Yunnan Province

An Analysis on Crops Choice and Its Driving Factors in Agricultural Heritage Systems—A Case of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System

The Honghe Hani Rice Terraces System (HHRTS) is one of the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) sites approved by Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 2010. In recent years, with the development of modern agriculture and tourism, cultivation practices for high yield and uniform variety cropping, has threatened the stability of the system of forest-village-paddy-rivers in the Hani terraces. From the viewpoint of farming behavior, we carried out our surveys to learn about the local rural households’ planting situations and the factors that influence their planting choices. A Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) was used for gaining information in Yuanyang County, Yunnan Province. Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) were used to test the theoretical result at the individual rural household level. Then, this paper summarized the status quo of crop cultivation structures and analyzed their driving factors in HHRTS. The results showed as follows: ① In the 41.23 hm2 available farmland referred in survey, the crops grown, ordered by total cultivated area, are hybrid rice, corn, and fruit, which rank as the top three for all crops. As the regional traditional crop, the cultivated area of red rice is only 12.04% of total available farmland referred to in the survey. ② According to the actual plantation, the rural household is divided into two categories and marked as “the red-rice-plantation-oriented household (RR household)” and “the hybrid-rice-plantation-oriented household (HR household)”. The result of the SUR model showed that the driving factors to plant hybrid rice and red rice varied greatly with different categories of the rural household. ③ Consistent with the results of correlation analyses and factor analyses, significant driving factors of red rice planting included the ethnicity of the household, the average altitude of the farmland, and the labor productivity of red rice. Significant restraint factors included the total number of family members and the yield of red rice per unit area. Thereupon, in order to realize the dynamic protection of HHRTS, we established an encouragement mechanism for improving the proportion of red rice plantings in relation to aspects of the rural household, the community, and the local government.

生态功能改善目标导向的哈尼梯田生态补偿标准

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 生态功能改善目标导向的哈尼梯田生态补偿标准 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201512082456 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国人民大学环境学院,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金资助项目（41201586）；中国工程院重点咨询项目（2013-XZ-22） Ecological compensation standard for the Hani Rice Terrace System: an eco-functional-oriented improvement Author: Affiliation: Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,,,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:稻田生产对生态环境的影响具有两面性，为使稻田生产提供不同组合或更高水平的环境服务，需要补偿农户因转变操作方式而损失的收益。以云南省红河哈尼族彝族自治州哈尼稻作梯田系统为例，基于稻田生态系统特点以及农户个人的主观经济决策特征，从农户的微观经济决策的视角，探讨稻田生态系统服务供给机会成本的空间分布；再从区域的宏观经济行为的视角，探讨补偿标准与农户愿意提供的生态环境效益的关系。从而，以稻田生态功能改善为导向，以新增生态环境效益为目标，耦合农户的受偿意愿与机会成本，实现了从生态功能改善需求（新增生态效益）来确定动态的补偿标准的可能。计算发现，当生态功能改善的目标定为新增生态系统服务80.77×104元hm-2 a-1时，补偿的标准应为3000元/hm2时；当生态功能改善的目标定为新增219.49×104元hm-2 a-1时，补偿的标准应为9000元/hm2时。 Abstract:Agricultural land does not only provide food and fiber, which is important for food security for human beings, but also provides various non-market commodities for export or public use. However, there are also numerous negative impacts of paddy production on the environment. Thus, to encourage farmers to engage in ecological or organic agriculture to provide more ecosystem services, it is necessary to pay farmers for their losses when they alter their cultivation practices. However, most current standards of ecological compensation for paddy cultivation are calculated by separate factors, such as the cost of ecosystem conservation, value of ecosystem services, or willingness to accept eco-compensation. As such, a standard is difficult to achieve for all the stakeholders and there is a lack of operability due to neglected factors. Thus, this study was conducted in the Hani Terrace, which was designated as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) in 2010 and World Heritage in 2013, and we calculated the standard of paddy eco-compensation based on the subjective decision-making characteristics of individuals and paddy ecosystem characteristics. This study is based on the opportunity cost that ecosystem services supply with a goal of determining the supply curve for ecosystem services. First, through observation and sample testing, we compared the differences in the value of ecosystem services supplied by two production modes:conventional mono-cropping (use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides) and fish cultivation in rice fields (using half amount of fertilizers and no pesticides). Second, from the perspective of the microeconomic decision-making of individual farmers, we investigated the space distribution of opportunity costs for supplying paddy ecosystem services. Third, from the perspective of the macroeconomic behaviors of farmers, we investigated the relationship between the compensation standard and the eco-environment benefits willingly provided by the farmers. Finally, we combined famer willingness and the opportunity cost of ecosystem services, and the capacity of the majority to build an ecological-restoration oriented eco-compensation standard for the paddy system. The results indicated that the proportion of farmers converting their mode of production increased with the increase in the compensation payment. When the compensation payment amounted to 3000 yuan/hm2, the conversion ratio of cultivation practices reached 35.74%, the added value of ecosystem services was 80.77×104 yuan hm-2 a-1, and the required compensation funds was 91.04×104 yuan/a. When the compensation payment was as high as 9000 yuan/hm2, almost all farmers (97.12%) were willing to convert their mode of production; the added value of ecosystem services was 219.49×104 yuan hm-2 a-1 and the required compensation funds were 273.13×104 yuan/a. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Traditional culture as an important power for maintaining agricultural landscapes in cultural heritage sites: A case study of the Hani terraces

Abstract Rural landscape changes have attracted wide interest from related researchers. Economic factors driving land use changes in rural areas have been studied frequently. Up to now, however, the importance of culture in enhancing the resistance of landscapes to external shocks has not been given attention. In this paper, the key aim is to identify the importance of culture in maintaining agricultural landscapes through analyzing the employment of farmers and taking Hani rice terraces in Southwest China as a case. We employ a questionnaire survey method in this research. The results show that: most farmers in the Hani terraced areas are part-time farmers who are engaged in non-farm jobs in the cities near their hometowns during the slack farming season; Local non-farm work provides the convenience of returning home and avoids difficult employment in distant cities; most people plan to continue farming and support landscape conservation, but do not want the next generation to farm. We found that, in agricultural heritage sites, culture maintains the stability of traditional landscapes through its pull and resistance. The pull drives Hani people to stay in or near their hometown and to persist in farming in the terraces according to well-established land use ways. The resistance makes people hold on to stagnant thinking, poor scientific knowledge, etc. and not adapt to non-local society.

The Analysis of Landscape Spatial Pattern of Hakka Terrace Case of Shangbao Terraced Field in Chongyi County of Jiangxi

This paper took Shangbao terraced field in Chongyi County as the research object. With the DEM data of Chongyi County and Google Earth images as data sources, this paper obtained Shangbao terraced landscape by vectorization and calculated the landscape metrics through Fragstats 4.2, then analyzed landscape granularity effect and the landscape changes in different elevations, finally we made a comparation between Shangbao terraced field and Hani terrace field in Yuanyang County. The results indicated that: 1) Shangbao terraced field has high Landscape fragmentation, the patch shape is more irregular and the landscape has high aggregation; 2) Terraced field landscape metrics change significantly with the scales change, the landscape metrics are strongly scale-dependent; 3) The terraced field gradient is obvious, terraced field mainly distribute in the range of altitude between 500 m and 800 m, terraced field landscape fragmentation is highest at altitude more than 1000 m, the patch shape is most irregular in the range of altitude between 800 m and 1000 m, aggregation is highest in the range of altitude between 300 m and 500 m; 4) The landscape fragmentation of Shangbao terraced field is higher than Hani terraced field, and the landscape aggregation is slightly higher than Hani terraced field, and the patch shape is relatively regular than Hani terraced field.

Study on the Construction of Tourism Marketing System of Hani Terrace in Yuanyang

Terraced landscape of Yuanyang Hani is extremely rare at home and abroad. Since the 1980s, there have been great concerns about Yuanyang Hani Terrace. Although tourists and tourism revenue have increased quantitatively, there are only a few researches of tourism Market and Marketing Strategies about Yuanyang Hani Terrace. Based on the investigation of the characteristics of Hani terrace tourism market, the study builds Yuanyang Hani terrace tourism marketing system, which includes the overall marketing target, marketing organization, marketing strategy and marketing control, etc. Moreover, the system is of great importance for promoting the overall and healthy development of local tourism.

UV-B辐射增强对元阳哈尼梯田稻田CH4排放规律的影响

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 UV-B辐射增强对元阳哈尼梯田稻田CH4排放规律的影响 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201305080981 作者: 作者单位: 云南农业大学资源与环境学院 云南昆明 650201,云南农业大学资源与环境学院 云南昆明 650201,云南农业大学资源与环境学院 云南昆明 650201,云南农业大学资源与环境学院 云南昆明 650201,云南农业大学资源与环境学院 云南昆明 650201 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(31060083, 41205113). Effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on CH4 emission from paddy field in Yuanyang Hani Terraces Author: Affiliation: College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University,College of Resources and Environment,Yunnan Agricultural University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:在大田条件下,原位种植传统水稻品种白脚老粳,采用静态箱-气相色谱法研究了UV-B(ultraviolet-B)辐射增强(7.5 kJ m-2 d-1)对元阳哈尼梯田海拔1600 m处稻田CH4排放量的影响,同时观测UV-B辐射增强对水稻生长的影响。结果表明:(1)UV-B辐射增强显著降低了水稻植株分蘖末期、拔节孕穗期、抽穗扬花期、成熟期地上部和地下部生物量(P<0.05)。(2)UV-B 辐射改变了稻田CH4的季节和日排放(成熟期)规律:对照组在拔节孕穗期出现1 个排放峰,处理组在拔节孕穗期和成熟期出现2 个排放峰;与对照相比,UV-B辐射增强改变了水稻成熟期CH4日排放第2个峰值出现的时间。(3)处理组CH4的季节排放通量与箱内温度的季节变化有显著的正相关性(R=0.789,P<0.05)。(4)UV-B辐射增强在分蘖末期、拔节孕穗期、成熟期都极显著提高了CH4的累计排放量(P<0.01),分别提高了47.2%,293.8%和74.4%。总之,UV-B辐射增强促进了元阳哈尼梯田传统水稻田CH4的排放。 Abstract:The destruction of ozonosphere and the global warming have been widely concerned by governments and peoples all over the world. Increase of UV-B (ultraviolet-B) radiation on Earth's surface due to ozone layer depletion can decrease the growth and alter the chemical composition of litter fall of plant, and consequently change the microbial community composition, structure and activity in soil. Methane is an important greenhouse gas and has a global warming potential of 25 compared to CO2 over a 100-year period. Its rank is second only to CO2 in the atmosphere and its concentration in the Earth's atmosphere in 2010 was 1.808×10-6 μL/L, up from 0.7×10-6 μL/L in 1750. In addition to abiogenic production of methane, there are biogenic methane as well. Biogenic methane produced by the process of methanogenesis usually occurred under highly anaerobic conditions, for example, in the guts of humans and other animals, especially ruminants, and in landfill, artificial and natural wetlands, etc. As a kind of wetland, flooded paddy can generate a lot of methane during plant growth and are considered to be one of the major anthropogenic sources of methane, especially the year-round flooded paddy field. Up to now, quite a few researches demonstrated that methane can be largely produced from plant tissues under the influence of UV (ultraviolet) radiation due to the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species). ROS was suggested to be a potential free-radical mechanism which can produce CH4 from plant polysaccharides under aerobic condition. Though the significant effects of UV-B radiation on methane emission from rice paddy field have been studied, the effects of UV-B radiation on the methane emission from year-round flooded paddy field are rarely studied. In this paper, Yuanyang Hani Terraces which is a typical year-round flooded paddy field in Yunnan, Southwestern China, was chosen to investigate the dynamics of methane emission under enhanced UV-B radiation.Field experiment was conducted to investigate methane emission as affected by enhanced UV-B radiation (7.5 kJ m-2 d-1) in Yuanyang Hani Terraces where planted the rice traditional cultivar named Baijiaolaojing at the altitude of 1600 m. The CH4 emission flux was measured by static chamber-gas chromatograph method with an interval of 10 days during the rice growing season. The results showed that: (1) The straw weight and root weight decreased significantly under enhanced UV-B radiation at different stages including late tillering stage, jointing to booting stage, heading to flowering stage and mature stage (P<0.05). (2) The seasonal and daily patterns of CH4 emission were changed by the enhanced UV-B radiation. Only one emission peak during the whole growing season was observed at jointing to booting stage under the control, while two peaks were observed under enhanced UV-B radiation at jointing to booting stage and mature stage, respectively. Of the daily CH4 emission, the second emission peak under enhanced UV-B radiation appeared in advance, compared with the control at mature stage. (3) There was a significant positive correlation between CH4 seasonal emission flux and the temperature in chamber as a result of enhanced UV-B radiation (R=0.789, P<0.05). (4) The total amount of CH4 emission were increased by 47.2%, 293.8% and 74.4% significantly as compared with that of control at late tillering stage, jointing to booting stage and mature stage, respectively (P<0.01). The results suggest that enhanced UV-B radiation can stimulate CH4 emission from rice paddy field cultivated with traditional rice cultivar. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Standards of ecological compensation for traditional eco-agriculture: Taking rice-fish system in Hani terrace as an example

Traditional eco-agriculture provides many ecosystem services which are important for the local environment; especially in mountain areas. In order to encourage the farmers to engage in eco-agriculture; it is necessary to establish an eco-compensation mechanism for them.As the compensation standard is one of key issues in establishing eco-compensation mechanism; this paper calculated the standard based on the farmers’ willingness to accept (WTA) and the input-output analysis of eco-compensation. We took the traditional rice-fish eco-agriculture as the research object; conducting field surveys in Hani Terrace of Honghe County. Through the questionnairesin 2011; we obtained the farmers’ willingness to accept government compensation and market compensation. Then; the research evaluated the output of eco-compensation; the economic value of rice-fish paddy ecosystem services. Finally; under different market compensation standards; we compared the input and output of government compensation. The results show that; in 2011 the government should to pay farmers 7462 yuan·ha–1·a-1to meet their willingness; but the output (ecological benefit) was only 7393yuan·ha–1·a-1. However; when the rice price increases 1 yuan·kg-1because of the limited use of chemicals in the next year; the government just has to pay farmers 4062 yuan·ha–1·a-1and the surplus will be 3331 yuan·ha–1·a-1.

Identifying Landscape Pattern Metrics for the Hani Terrace in Yunnan, China

Abstract: This study seeks to isolate a select group of landscape metrics particularly well-suited for describing the Hani Terrace in southwest of China. We examined the response of 47 landscape metrics to a large range of imagery grain sizes. Based on a correlation analysis, the original 47 metrics were placed into 21 groups such that all metrics within a group were strongly correlated with each other with a value of more than 0.9, and were represented by a single descriptor. Using these cross-sectional metrics in the context of principal components analysis, we found that five factors explained almost 93% of the total variation in the landscape pattern. The highest loadings for these five factors were the Splitting index (SPLIT), Patch area distribution (AREA_CV), Shannon's diversity index (SHDI), Euclidean nearest neighbor distance distribution (ENN_AM), and Total core area (TCA), respectively. Considering the real landscape, we added the Patch fractal dimension distribution (FRAC_MN) as the sixth land...

Forest diversity and community dynamics along an altitudinal gradient of Ailaoshan Mountain (Yuanyang, Yunnan Province, China)

Abstract In order to evaluate forest community diversity, the quantity of forest community succession along an altitudinal gradient from 1690 to 2016 m above sea level, the understanding of relationships between diversity and community dynamics, and data from sampling plots of forest communities were studied. Forest communities were mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forests on the southern slope of the Ailaoshan Mountain in Yuanyang County (near the Hani terraces) in Yunnan Province, China. The results showed that (1) the mean species richness, ecological dominance, and evenness (E) were 9.16, 0.31, and 0.27, respectively. The mean Shannon-Wiener Index and Coverage Weighted Foliage-Height Diversity Index were 0.84 and 0.41, respectively. (2) The mean live aboveground biomass (AGS) was 99.23 Mg/ha and the mean Composition Index (CI) was 182.17. Species diversity (including E, richness, and Shannon-Wiener Index), live AGS, and CI could be predicted by the mid-domain effect (MDE), which displayed a u...

Enlightenment from ancient Chinese urban and rural stormwater management practices

Hundreds of years ago, the ancient Chinese implemented several outstanding projects to cope with the changing climate and violent floods. Some of these projects are still in use today. These projects evolved from the experience and knowledge accumulated through the long coexistence of people with nature. The concepts behind these ancient stormwater management practices, such as low-impact development and sustainable drainage systems, are similar to the technology applied in modern stormwater management. This paper presents the cases of the Hani Terrace in Yunnan and the Fushou drainage system of Ganzhou in Jiangxi. The ancient Chinese knowledge behind these cases is seen in the design concepts and the features of these projects. These features help us to understand better their applications in the contemporary environment. In today's more complex environment, integrating traditional and advanced philosophy with modern technologies is extremely useful in building urban and rural stormwater management systems in China.

Landscape pattern and sustainability of a 1300-year-old agricultural landscape in subtropical mountain areas, Southwestern China

The Hani terrace landscape located in the mountainous areas of Southwestern China has a history of 1300 years and is a classic example of human–environment harmony. This study investigates the spatial distribution and pattern characteristics of land cover in the landscape using geographical information system and remote-sensing techniques. With the synthetic consideration of both physical and cultural factors, the ecological stability of the landscape was discussed. The results showed that ‘terrace’ and ‘forest’ are dominant in the landscape accounting for 43.80% and 44.90% of the total area, respectively. A clear vertical land-cover distribution of ‘higher forest–middle village–lower terrace–lowest river’ can be found on steep slopes. The local climate and its variation with elevation are essential for the stable local water cycle, and the spatial layout of the landscape elements allows for effective material and energy flow within the landscape. Moreover, the obligatory forest and water resource conservation due to the unique history and culture of Hani adds a social layer of protection. The sustainable development of the Hani landscape is expected to provide valuable insights for the present land and environmental management.

Standards of payments for paddy ecosystem services: using Hani Terrace as case study

生态补偿标准的确定是生态补偿机制构建的关键问题之一.本文基于农户的受偿意愿以及政府对补偿资金的投入产出分析构建了稻田生态补偿标准的测算框架.其次,以云南哈尼梯田稻鱼共作的稻田系统为例,计算了哈尼梯田地区农户放弃一定程度化肥、农药施用的受偿意愿,并评估了不同化肥、农药限制施用条件下稻田所能供给的生态系统价值,最后基于政策有效性目标构建了哈尼梯田地区稻田生态补偿的动态标准.结果表明:在化肥、农药施用的不同限制条件下,农户的受偿意愿与限制标准呈显著正相关关系,接受政府直接补贴形式的补偿意愿为每年3 727～8 732元·hm-2,接受市场调控下稻米价格上涨的幅度为1.25～2.45元·kg-1.因此,以稻田养鱼减半化肥用量并不施用农药为例,初始时稻米价格未能提高,政府需要补偿农户7462元.hm-2,但生态环境收益仅为7 447元·hm-2;当稻米价格提高1元·kg-1时,政府只需要补偿农户7 112元·hm-2,此时政府的投入盈余335元·hm-2.

Effect of Cr(VI) on Fe(III) reduction in three paddy soils from the Hani terrace field at high altitude

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of Cr(VI) on Fe(III) reduction in typical paddy soils from the Hani terrace field at different high altitudes. Firstly, soils with and without autoclaving were used to evaluate abiotic and biotic contributions on Fe(III) reduction in different soils. The results showed biotic reaction mainly contributed to Fe(III) reduction in Bada soil. Both abiotic and biotic Fe(III) reductions were limited in Duoyishu soil, while Fe(III) reduction in Laohuzui soil was predominantly driven by abiotic reactions. The difference of Fe(III) reduction was related to organic matter and Fe availability in soils. In the presence of Cr(VI), Fe(III) reduction was evidently inhibited and delayed in all soils. Under anaerobic condition, adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) occurred simultaneously in soils. The presence of Cr(VI) can influence Fe(III) reduction in several ways, e.g., competition of Fe(III) and Cr(VI) reductions, preferred reduction of Cr(VI), retard of biotic Fe(III) reduction, and consumption of Fe(II) by Cr(VI), all of which may coexist in natural paddy soil. However, the extent of influence exerted by different interaction varies from each other in different soils, which is strongly associated with the soil characteristics.

Simulation of Eco-hydrological Process in Hani Terrace wetland

Hani terrace is a precious legacy which Hani people created from generation to generation; it has been in good running for over thousand years. It is a complete new attempt to reveal the good running mechanism of Hani terrace from the eco-hydrological process, which is to reveal the terrace's interactive influence relationship with local ecological effect from the core of its hydrological element. In this article, on the basis of eco-hydrology process, the paper initially constructs a rainfall interception model, evapotranspiration model, plant - soil moisture transmission model, groundwater model, and eco-hydro-chemistry process simulation model, finally finds out initially ecological effect of Hani terrace wetland based on all models.

Analysis and Study on Space Variation Laws of Rainfall of Yuanyang Hani Terrace

In order to analyze and research the space variation laws of rainfall of Yuanyang Hani terrace, monthly average rainfall in this area which was actually measured from 2001 to 2010 of the four typical meteorological sites, Kakou, Xiaoshuijing, Xinjie and 073, was spatial interpolated and its space mutation law was analyzed by using inverse distance weighted method, ordinary Kriging method, the most neighboring method, radial basis function method, and analyzed results of different interpolation methods through cross validation, drawn rainfall isoline maps by utilizing surfer software, spatial distribution of all kinds of interpolation and the actual observation data were compared. The results show that among several interpolation methods, results of Kriging interpolation method was close to variation laws of actual measured data mostly, and its interpolation effect was the best. Meanwhile, through the interpolation analysis, it showed that rainfall of Hani terrace took on strong spatial variability.

Study on Water Resource Vulnerability Evaluation of Hani Terrace Core Area in Yuanyang, Yunnan

Through the defining and perfection of water resource vulnerability concept, it establishes the water resource vulnerability evaluation index system and evaluates the water resource vulnerability of Hani Terrace core area in Yuanyang, Yunnan by adopting analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and synthetic index method and the results show that in seven years, the water resource of Hani Terrace core area in 2003, 2005, 2006 and 2007 is vulnerable relatively, the water resource in 2008 and 2009 is vulnerable moderately, the water resource in 2001 is invulnerable relatively and the water resource vulnerability order from high to low is 2003 > 2006 > 2005 > 2007 > 2008 > 2009 > 2001.