Hand Pump Research Articles

The Relationship between Psychological Stress with Breastfeeding Frequency and Breastmilk Volume during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Breastfeeding mothers have limited access to healthcare facilities during the pandemic, thus raising their risk of psychological stress. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between psychological stress with breastfeeding frequency and breastmilk volume. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 120 exclusively breastfeeding mothers. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was employed as a stress assessment indicator measuring tool. The measurement of breastmilk volume was performed using a manual breast pump two hours before or after the baby suckles to restore milk production. The frequency of breastfeeding was calculated by adding up the number of times the baby is breastfed in a day. The chi-square test was used in this study. It was found that 68 respondents (56.7%) reported experiencing mild to moderate stress. Stress levels were found to have a significant connection with breastfeeding frequency and breastmilk volume (p < 0.05). The respondents who experienced severe stress have a 2.63-times higher risk for breastfeeding <8 times/day and 33.2 times higher risk of producing breast milk <100cc than respondents who experienced mild-moderate stress. Concerns about the psychological stress of breastfeeding mothers highlight the critical need for good mental health and broader help from families during the pandemic.

Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Pump Technology Can Be Safely Used in the Inpatient Setting

BackgroundHybrid closed-loop (HCL) systems, also known as automated insulin delivery systems, are a rapidly growing technology in diabetes management. Because more patients are using these systems in the outpatient setting, it is important to also assess inpatient safety to determine whether HCL use can be continued when those patients become hospitalized. MethodsThe records of patients using HCL technology on admission to our hospital between June 1, 2020, and June 30, 2021, were analyzed. ResultsThe final analysis included 71 patients divided into 3 categories based on their pump use as an inpatient: (1) HCL users; (2) manual pump users; and (3) pump removed. All cohorts were similar in age, sex, race, hemoglobin A1C at admission, and in Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Group. Pairwise comparisons indicated that patient-stay mean glucose levels, frequency of patient-specific hyperglycemic measurements, and frequency of hypoglycemic events were similar between all groups. No adverse events, particularly occurrences of diabetic ketoacidosis, pump site complications or infection, or equipment malfunction, were reported. ConclusionThis preliminary case series review indicates that continued use of HCL technology in the hospital is safe. Moreover, glycemic control in HCL users was comparable with that in those using insulin pump with manual settings and those converted to basal-bolus insulin therapy.

First experience of using a vacuum bell in the treatment of pectus excavatum in children

BACKGROUND: To date, N.F. Filatov Childrens Hospital has great experience in the surgical correction of pectus excavatum in children. For 22 years, 1000 minimally invasive repair procedures of pectus excavatum were performed in the thoracic surgery department. Despite the satisfactory and excellent outcomes of the surgical correction of pectus excavatum, the search for alternative nonsurgical methods of treating this pathology continues. In world practice, a vacuum bell is used as a conservative treatment. However, its effectiveness and indications are still in question.
 AIM: To evaluate the first experience of using a vacuum bell in the treatment of pectus excavatum in children.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: A vacuum bell is a device consisting of sight glass, silicone ring, and manual pump, lifting chest wall deformities through a vacuum. The device is selected individually depending on the growth and shape of the ventral surface of the chest. According to instructions, the vacuum bell should be used a minimum of 1 h per day. All patients underwent a standardized assessment of the results of treatment every 36 months: measuring the depth of deformation, visual treatment control, analysis of photo documentation, and questionnaires.
 RESULTS: In the N.F. Filatov Childrens Hospital from 2015 to 2021, treatment results of 35 children using vacuum bell for 636 months were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups depending on the percentage of deformation correction. The first group included 23 (65.7%) patients, and the percentage of correction was 50%. The second group included 12 (34.3%) patients, and the percentage of correction was 50%. In these groups, the main differences in the age of treatment initiation, regularity of use, and time of daily use have influenced the results. In the first and second groups, the average ages were 8.7 2.69 and 13.7 3.56 years, and the average daily use times were 5.7 2.04 and 3.6 1.61 h/day, respectively.
 CONCLUSIONS: Vacuum bell therapy is an effective and safe method for correcting pectus excavatum in children, and in some cases, it can be an alternative to surgical treatments.

Residual heel volume during the pressure-driven discharge of complex fluids from consumer dispensing bottles

• Discharging complex fluids from consumer bottles results in the formation of a heel. • The effect of fluid rheology on heel formation in a commercial bottle was studied. • CFD was used to predict the heel in fluids with Carreau-model rheologies ( V H-CFD ). • Experimental methods were also used to quantify the heel ( V h-Weight and V H-PIV ). • V H-CFD , V H-Weight and V H-PIV were all found to be in good agreement with each other. The discharge of complex fluids from consumer bottles containing liquid soaps, creams, lotions, and others, typically results in heel formation, i.e., the ultimate residual amount of fluid left the container. Here, we investigated the fluid rheology effect on heel formation in a commercial hand pump bottle containing different complex fluids and including humectants, polymer solutions, and pastes. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate the flow of fluids whose rheology was based on the Carreau equation, resulting in the prediction of the heel volume. These results were validated using weight measurements to quantify the volume of fluid left in the container and, separately, with an imaging method based on the use of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). All these results were in good agreement. The effective yield stress σ 0 at a predefined level was found to be the critical parameter to predict the heel volume.

Assessment of Water Supply and Demand, a Case Study of Elfasher Rural Area-North Darfur State

This study was conducted in Elfasher Rural Area. The area is located within North Darfur State. The objectives of this study are to assess Water Supply and Demand Assessment in Rural of Elfasher and possible future scenarios; to provide and highlight the status of water resources in Elfasher Rural, and to give recommendations to take remedial actions and potential solutions for identified problems. The study includes the water supply situation in Elfasher Rural for different areas and evaluates the role of the community in the management part. The data collected from field visits and questionnaires were analyzed: It was found that the main problems in quality were the presence of Nitrate, hardness and bacteriological contamination in the hand pump. In the recommendations, some of them are conducting groundwater monitoring to test groundwater depletion. Promote surface water harvesting and aquifer artificial recharge. Taking immediate action to solve the problems that have been identified.

Insights and monitoring challenges regarding handwashing: A rural Bangladesh experience

The promotion of proper forms of handwashing (HW) has been a continuing challenge. The aim of this study was to give insights into existing home HW practices. The objectives was to describe conditions and changes regarding critical HW practices, including those involving after visiting toilet (AVT) and before eating meals (BEM) HW behavior discuss findings in relation to the HW behavior identified through national monitoring; and understand key factors needed for improving HW programs and campaigns. Mobile phone-based interviews were carried out in two rounds, in April–May 2020 (Round1 or R1) and January–February 2021 (Round2 or R2), with data collected from five different areas based on interviews and focus group discussions. Out of 250 interviews, the 242 cases that provided complete responses to HW questions in the two rounds were included. Approximately 80% of respondents collected water for domestic purposes from hand pumps inside their premises. In Round2 the relative proportions of recommended HW practices (both hands + soap + water) increased from Round1 at P < .01, as follows: 81% of female respondents practiced general HW behavior in R2 as compared to 57% in R1, and 75% of male respondents practiced general HW as compared to 52% in R1. Regarding AVT practices, 95% of female respondents practiced AVT HW in R2, an increase from 60% in R1, and 96% of male respondents practiced AVT HW in R2, an increase from 65% in R1. Recommended BEM practices in Round2 increased to 11.6% from 5.8% among female respondents in Round1 and to 15.7% from 11.6% among male respondents in Round1. The duration of HW was found to be longer among female than male respondents. Although AVT practices changed notably, the BEM practices did not show a significant difference between the two rounds. The recommended HW practices of AVT, BEM and SDG Basic Hygiene Services of AVT and BEM associated with the same individuals were different at P < .001, and we could not estimate or present ‘one value’ results for HW practice or the SDG Basic Hygiene Service level based on the two widely different critical HW practices (AVT versus BEM behavior). Notably, the data indicated continuing risks for the effectiveness of HW practices in rural Bangladesh. In particular, the lack of access to facilities with running water for both hands, gaps in the national monitoring efforts, communication and other key factors were discussed as barriers. A framework for more effective HW programs and additional research and development regarding HW practices within current contexts, including how to overcome the barriers that exist, are suggested.

Tanneries impact on groundwater quality: a case study of Kasur city in Pakistan.

Leather industry is the second largest export-earning sector of Pakistan. However, because of poor waste management, this industry has been continuously polluting the environment. In this paper, the impact of tanneries on the groundwater quality of Kasur city (i.e., the second largest leather producing city) is examined. The study is conducted in the following three phases: (I) water samples collection, (II) determination of physio-chemical properties, and (III) application of data mining techniques. In phase I, groundwater samples were collected from various sources such as hand pumps, motor pumps, and tube wells. In phase II, several physio-chemical properties such as (i) total dissolved solids (TDS), (ii) pH, (iii) turbidity, (iv) electrical conductivity (EC), (v) total hardness (TH), (vi) total alkalinity (TA), (vii) nitrates, (viii) chromium, (ix) fluoride, and (x) chloride were estimated. The estimated values of all these foregoing parameters are then compared with the Punjab Environmental Quality Standards for Drinking Water (PEQSDW). In phase III, principle component analysis and cluster analysis of the estimated parameters were performed to elucidate the relation between various parameters and to highlight the highly vulnerable sites, respectively. The results exhibit that most of the sampling collections sites are at the threshold of losing quality water. Moreover, it is also found that Mangal Mandi carries the worst groundwater quality among all sampling locations. Overall, it is concluded that serious attention is due from the water and wastewater authorities to further investigate and monitor the groundwater quality of Kasur before the country strikes with another pandemic after COVID-19.

Occupational safety and health at metal casting company

A cast metal company has become a vital industrial sector. It creates various kinds of products like cages, souvenirs, kitchen appliances, ashtrays, ship joint shafts, hotplates, fitness equipment, manual water pumps, pendulum scales, garden benches, lamp posts, interior lights, wall lamps, grills, manhole, and other types of equipment to deal with workplace safety. However, some workers ignore the various potential hazards during the production process. They are more concerned with comfort aspects than safety. This research enhances occupational safety and health (OSH) aspects through Hazard Identification Risk Assessment Risk Control (HIRARC). It is done by identifying potential hazards in the workplace and making a hazard risk assessment to determine appropriate controls for reducing the hazard risks. Based on hazard identification and risk assessment, the results show 11 high, 2 medium-risk, and 1 low-risk levels. The risk control proposals are in the form of training on the importance of OSH among employees/workers. It also raises awareness to provide work safety facilities and establish policies related to OSH.

Physico-chemical assessment of hand pump borehole water samples: A case study of some schools in Gashua Town, Bade Lga, Yobe State

The research was aimed at ascertaining the quality of Boreholes water in some selected institutions in Gashua Town namely; Federal University Gashua, Umar Suleiman College of Education, Gashua and Ramat UBE School, Gashua. The results highlighted vital information on the potability of water samples sampled in Hand Pump water borehole sources. Some physico-chemical parameters were assessed using water quality tests instruments and Spectroscopic equipments. The parameters analysed are: pH, Electric Conductivity, Turbidity, TDS, Sulphate, Total Chlorine, Nitrate, Nitrite, Magnesium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Chromium, Iron, Copper, Lead, Nickel and Cadmium. The findings of the research indicated the potability of the water, its usability domestically, agriculturally and industrially.

Groundwater quality assessment and its vulnerability to pollution: a study of district Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

Groundwater is the drinking water source for the majority of rural settlements of district Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The study aimed to analyze the groundwater quality and its vulnerability to pollution and to develop its spatial distribution mapping. For this purpose, forty-eight groundwater samples were collected from dug wells, tube wells, and hand pumps of sixteen villages andanalyzed for physicochemical parameters. The XY coordinates of the sample's sourcesweremarked by Magellan Triton 1500 handheld global positioning system (GPS). The results were compared with WHO and Pak-EPAguidelines. The results of the majority of selected parameters were found within the WHO and Pak-EPA guidelines; however, in certain areas the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorides(Cl-), and alkalinity were higher than the guideline limits. Based on cumulative water quality the excellent water quality prevails over an area of 376 km2(21% of district area), good water quality 726 km2(42%), poor 424 km2(24%), very poor 116 km2(6%), and unfit for drinking 84 km2(4%). The water of the Nizampur and Rashaki areas were categorized unfit for drinking. The groundwater quality of nearly one-half of the district varies from poor to very poor, and the soil type and vadose zone sediment/material was found the key reason for groundwater contamination. Based on the infiltration capacity of vadose zone material, the study area was divided into four water pollution vulnerable zones. The low vulnerable zone covers an area of 104 km2, moderate 862 km2, high 667 km2,and very high 93 km2. The most important factor which determines the vulnerability of the groundwater to contamination is the vadose zone material/sediment which in turn determines the soil infiltration capacity. The generated groundwater susceptibility and water quality maps provide critical information for identifying optimal locations for supply wells.

Manual Method vs Breast Pump for Breast Milk Expression in Mothers of Preterm Babies During First Postnatal Week: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectivesTo compare breast milk volume between manual method and breast pump expression in mothers of preterm infants at different time point of first week.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingPostpartum ward of Obstetrics department and tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in a single institution in Orissa between October, 2020 and May, 2021.ParticipantsMothers who delivered before 34 completed weeks of gestation.InterventionsManual breastmilk expression (ME) group using Marmet technique and breast pump milk expression (PE) group using pigeon manual breast pump, initiated milk expression within one hour of delivery.Outcome measuresExpressed breast milk (EBM) volume in mothers of preterm infants at different time point of first week, and cumulative milk volume.ResultsOut of 170 mothers (83 PE and 87 ME group), 7-days milk volume data was available for 137 (71 ME and 66 PE) mothers. In per protocol analysis for 126 mothers (63 in each group), the median (IQR) EBM volume on day 2 and day 7 of ME and PE groups were similar [10 (5,20) vs 12 (5,28), P=0.10] and [280 (220–356) vs 280 (220–360), P=0.66]. The median (IQR) cumulative EBM volume over first 7 days in ME group was not significantly different from PE group [733 (593–995) vs 848.5 (571–1009)] P=0.55). A similar number of mothers in the PE and ME group [56 (88.9%) vs 58 (92%); P=0.14] provided exclusive breast milk for their neonates during the first week. Similar results were found on intention to treat analysis.ConclusionEBM volume expressed was comparable between mothers expressing manually or with breast pump.

Diving Lessons

Diving Lessons

Coagulated Cryoprecipitate in an Intravenous Line.

Cryoprecipitate contains fibrinogen, factor VIII, factor XIII, von Willebrand factor, and fibronectin. Cryoprecipitate production involves cold thawing of plasma to create a supraphysiologic concentrate of these cold-insoluble factors. Up to 20% of cryoprecipitate units are discarded during production because of precipitation or clotting, and careful handling is required.In the image, cryoprecipitate has been transfused through tubing containing lactated Ringer’s solution that had previously been used to transfuse platelets. Shortly after the transfusion was started, a coagulum formed in the filter (fig., panel A) and accumulated in the hand pump (fig., panel B). No coagulum appeared below the pump, and the patient had no signs or symptoms of embolus. Cryoprecipitate may cause obstruction in-line because of (1) residual precipitate that was missed during thawing, (2) reprecipitation due to cooling before transfusion, and (3) coagulation initiated by a prothrombotic milieu in the tubing, e.g., active thrombin from previously transfused products like platelets.1 Transfusion through a line containing lactated Ringer’s solution is controversial: most organizations forbid it because calcium-containing solutions may reverse the citrate anticoagulant,2 although the U.S. Food and Drug Administration states only that 0.9% NaCl is the “preferred” diluent. Many studies have found no evidence of clinically significant coagulation or thrombotic potential when blood products are mixed with lactated Ringer’s solution, and some experts argue that transfusing any blood product through lactated Ringer’s solution is appropriate when time or IV access is limited.3 We now avoid administering cryoprecipitate after platelets in the same line. In any clinical circumstances, if coagulation occurs, the transfusion should be stopped immediately and the tubing should be replaced.The authors declare no competing interests.

Ameliorative Effect of Tamarindus indica and Vitamin D Supplementation On Fluoride Induced Biochemical Parameters in Albino Rat

Fluoride water problem is very common in all areas of world including India. The deleterious effects of fluoride on bones causes fluorosis. This problem arises mainly due to gradual lowering of ground water level, which is merely responsible for degrading water quality. The hand pumps of many areas are restricted for use due to excess fluoride in their water. In a country like India, it is very tough to provide pure drinking water to all. Hence this study is designed to study the effect of fluoride on biochemical parameters in albino rats, the mammalian model. The aim and objective of this study is to evaluate combination of two antioxidants viz. Tamarindus indica (rich source of vitamin C) and vitamin D against fluoride toxicity in mammals for which albino rat is used as model. Tamarindus have significant amount of antioxidants and vitamin D also have immunity and healing properties, hence this can be a reason behind their cumulative ameliorative effect against sodium fluoride intoxication. Further, the effect of fluoride can be minimized or ameliorated using some antioxidants and vitamins. For this purpose, the fluoride intoxicated rats were observed for possible amelioration by Tamarindus indica and vitamin D supplementation. The fluoride intoxication showed altered biochemical parameters like serum protein, SGOT, SGPT, ACP, ALP and LDH

Water Quality Index and Heavy Metal Pollution Index of Groundwater Quality: A case Study in Visakhapatnam District, AP.

The main objective of the present study was to assess the groundwater quality of selected Mandals in Visakhapatnam district Andhra Pradesh. Fifty samples were collected from hand pumps of various Mandals. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Heavy Metal Pollution Index (HPI) along with Metal Quality Index (MQI) were determined. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Hardness (TH) and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) were measured by various standard techniques. Calcium (Ca+2), Magnesium (Mg+2), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3 -) and Sulfate (SO4 -2) were analyzed by 930 Compact Ion Chromatograph Flex. Heavy metals such as Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Chromium (Cr), Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Manganese (Mn) and Cadmium (Cd) were analyzed by using 4200 Microwave Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometer (MP-AES). Iron (Fe) was analyzed by Cary 60 UV-Visible Spectrophotometric method. The correlation coefficient (R2) of the heavy metals lies between 0.99 to 0.98. The compliance of BIS 10500:2012 for the heavy metal concentration in drinking water was verified. From the current study, it was found that EC, TDS, TH and heavy metals such as Aluminum (Al) and Lead (Pb) exceeded the allowed limits as per BIS 10500:2012 revision. The highest values of HPI and WQI from the fifty groundwater samples are 407.97 and 189.79. The highest value of MQI is 3.36 respectively. An attempt has also been made to draw spatial distribution maps for heavy metals having higher concentrations in the study area.

Risk Assessment for fluoride ion in Groundwater in Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh

Generally, the fluoride ion in drinking water helps to human by preventing tooth decay. But excess fluoride in Drinking water will lead to Dental, and Skeletal fluorosis. Recent studies proved that excess provide in drinking water will produces different organ failures. So risk assessment study was carried in the study area. Total 10 samples collected from the hand pumps in rural village in Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh state. The collected samples are analyzed for physical parameters and fluoride. The obtained results are compared with BIS standards. The average fluoride concentration observed 0.68 ppm and it is within the prescribed samples specified by BIS. Risk assessment carried out by using hazard quotient. After the investigation, confirmed that no risk observed for the collected samples. Keywords: Fluoride, Dental fluorosis, Skeletal Fluorosis, Physical parameters, Hazard quotient.

Clinical Study and Profile of Ocular Trauma: Findings From a Rural Hospital in Central India.

ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to examine the presence of visual damage due to ocular trauma and assess visual outcomes, and document the clinical spectrum and outcomes following ocular injuries among patients presenting to a tertiary care hospital in rural central India.MethodsThis was a hospital-based prospective interventional study conducted over a period of two years from August 2019 to August 2021. Patients with ocular injuries attending the casualty and the Ophthalmology department were included in the study after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A detailed and comprehensive ophthalmic examination was performed and visual acuity was noted at the presentation and follow-ups. The patients were followed up at regular intervals, initially at one week and subsequently at three and six weeks.ResultsThe incidence of ocular trauma was highest in the age group of 31-40 years. There were only three patients aged more than 60 years; 15 were in the pediatric age group (1-20 years). The ocular trauma was highest in males (88.33%) than in females (11.67%). The majority of the patients were from rural areas (70%) and 30% were from urban areas. In this study, both eyes were equally involved. The right eye was involved in 45% of patients and the left eye was involved in 55%. Of note, 80% of the patients presented with closed globe injury, and 20% presented with open globe injury. On classifying the open and closed globe injuries into their subtypes, it was observed that the majority of the patients had lid laceration (n=43, 71.67%), followed by corneal penetration in 12 patients (20%), corneal abrasion in three patients (5%), and lid abrasion in two patients (3.33%). While 34 patients presented to the hospital with a history of road traffic accidents (56.67%), accidental trauma (by a wooden stick, hook of a blouse, bangle, etc.) was noted in 17 patients (28.33%), trauma by soil particle and hand pump in five patients (8.33%), and electrical trauma caused by the blast of capacitor in one patient (1.67%). One patient (1.67%) had sustained trauma from a piece of wood while working on the farm and two patients (3.33%) had a trauma because of assault. Thirty-four patients (66.67%) had a history of falls from bikes, and the next most common object causing trauma was a wooden piece/stick (four patients, 6.67%), followed by trauma caused by an iron particle in four patients (6.67%), trauma by stone in three patients (5%), and trauma by hand pump in two patients (3.33%).ConclusionRoad traffic accidents were the most common cause of ocular trauma in patients attending this rural hospital in central India. The ocular structures involved and types of ocular trauma play a significant role in determining the visual outcomes in these patients.

Sanitation Pattern and its Impact on Child in Relation to their Diarrheal Disease of two Upazilla under Satkhira District

The sanitation pattern is not so good in rural areas of Bangladesh. About 2.2 million children died of diarrhea disease around the world and these deaths represent approximately 15% of all child deaths under the age of five in developing countries. For this study, two rural areas of Satkhira District of Bangladesh were selected. The information was collected from households that had children under 5 years old. The majority of the locals are illiterate and impoverished. They have a low income and are not well aware of sanitation and children’s diarrhea. Most people use tubewell water for drinking purposes and others use ponds, rivers and hand pump water for domestic purposes. Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions reduce diarrheal disease on average by between one-quarter and one-third. New sanitary solutions are required, and the process of acquiring latrines and sewers must be facilitated and supported both legislatively and financially. Public authorities must continue to be responsible for the provision of water that is free of fecal contaminants. In the private domain, hygiene promotion should focus on the elimination of human stools from the domestic environment. We should ensure safe sanitation, clean water and a hygienic environment for children and their survival.&#x0D; Environ. Sci. &amp; Natural Resources, 13(1&amp;2): 100-109, 2020

Appraisal of Hydrochemical Quality of Groundwater in Bamanghaty Subdivision of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha, India Using Geospatial Technology

Geochemical attributes of groundwater were investigated in the Bamanghaty Subdivision of Mayurbhanj District, Odisha, India using geospatial technology. The assessment was undertaken to depict the suitability of water for drinking and irrigation use. Geospatial technology is reliable and cost- effective to measure the quality of groundwater in Precambrian hard rock terrain. Around 14 groundwater samples were collected arbitrarily from various sources such as hand pumps, tube wells and bore wells. Major ions were analysed to understand the influence of geochemical processes on groundwater quality in the Bamanghaty subdivision. Samples were tested for pH, Electrical Conductivity, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulfate, Nitrate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium and absolute hardness. Based on the results of the chemical analysis of water samples, various graphical representations were made, viz. Ionic concentration diagram, Stiffs' diagram, Permeability index diagram, Salinity hazard diagram and Piper's trilinear diagram. The chemical properties of groundwater were analysed to decipher its suitability for drinking and irrigation use. Investigation demonstrates that most of the groundwater is chemically suitable for drinking and agricultural uses. Keywords: Groundwater; Chemical Analysis; Geospatial Technology; Permeability Index; Salinity Hazard Index; Piper Diagram

MOSES™ pulse modulation technology versus conventional pulse delivery technology: the effect on irrigation fluid temperature during flexible ureteroscopy.

To compare the effect of MOSES™ modulation technology to conventional pulse delivery technology on the irrigation fluid temperature (IFT) under different irrigation conditions during flexible ureteroscopy (FURS) in a live-anesthetized porcine model. For this experiment was used one female pig. A percutaneous access was obtained and a 30Fr sheath was placed inside the upper calyceal system. A thermocouple was inserted through the sheath to the upper calyx to record the effect on IFT during FURS. A Lumenis 120H Ho:YAG laser was used and the IFT was recorded during laser activation for 30s at a laser power of 20W, 40W and 60W under gravity and manual pump irrigation using MOSES™ and conventional pulse delivery technology. In the highest power settings the maximum IFT was achieved in 18s under gravity irrigation (66.4°C). It seems that there is no significant difference on IFT between MOSES and conventional mode on the IFT under different irrigation conditions during FURS at 20W, 40W and 60W power settings. Furthermore, our results indicate that under manual pumping even high-power settings (40W, 60W) can be performed with safety. In the in vivo model, the MOSES™ pulse delivery technology does not have a significant difference in the maximal IFT in comparison to conventional pulse delivery technology during FURS in the same power settings. Manual pumping should be used to keep the IFT within safe limits.