Hand Drawing Research Articles

High-throughput Image Analysis of Tumor Spheroids: A User-friendly Software Application to Measure the Size of Spheroids Automatically and Accurately

The increasing number of applications of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids as an in vitro model for drug discovery requires their adaptation to large-scale screening formats in every step of a drug screen, including large-scale image analysis. Currently there is no ready-to-use and free image analysis software to meet this large-scale format. Most existing methods involve manually drawing the length and width of the imaged 3D spheroids, which is a tedious and time-consuming process. This study presents a high-throughput image analysis software application – SpheroidSizer, which measures the major and minor axial length of the imaged 3D tumor spheroids automatically and accurately; calculates the volume of each individual 3D tumor spheroid; then outputs the results in two different forms in spreadsheets for easy manipulations in the subsequent data analysis. The main advantage of this software is its powerful image analysis application that is adapted for large numbers of images. It provides high-throughput computation and quality-control workflow. The estimated time to process 1,000 images is about 15 min on a minimally configured laptop, or around 1 min on a multi-core performance workstation. The graphical user interface (GUI) is also designed for easy quality control, and users can manually override the computer results. The key method used in this software is adapted from the active contour algorithm, also known as Snakes, which is especially suitable for images with uneven illumination and noisy background that often plagues automated imaging processing in high-throughput screens. The complimentary “Manual Initialize” and “Hand Draw” tools provide the flexibility to SpheroidSizer in dealing with various types of spheroids and diverse quality images. This high-throughput image analysis software remarkably reduces labor and speeds up the analysis process. Implementing this software is beneficial for 3D tumor spheroids to become a routine in vitro model for drug screens in industry and academia.

Demiurgic lines: line-making and the architectural imagination

Line-making is the fundamental act of architectural drawing. Examination of the practices of architectural drawing from its early modern origins in the Renaissance into the twentieth century reveals that it is an embodied activity that engages and informs the architect's imagination. Three aspects of the architect's imagination organise a discussion of important aspects of embodied line-making. First, the constructive imagination considers outlines (specifically dashed lines as hidden lines) and texture lines (glass and insulation material symbol lines) to show how drawing is an iconic index of building construction. Secondly, the inhabitative imagination considers flow lines to discuss how architects project themselves into their drawings with the character of the line quality to consider experiences of future inhabitants. Thirdly, the material imagination shows how the way drawing media (lead pencils) are used relates to imagining the possibilities of how construction materials are used. Finally, the new sort of ‘rubber-band’ line-making introduced with computers is considered and the importance of bringing lessons from hand drawing into computer drawing for the architect's imagination is considered.

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional Hand Drawing and Computer Drawing in the Network Era

With the development of the society, there have technology, the traditional hand drawn slowly being replaced computer technology - computer painting. This paper uses the contrast example hand-painted works with computer painting, further demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of traditional painting and modern computer painting, if can take both advantages, abandon their disadvantages, then art will at the highest level.

David Tresan on the Process of Writing

I try to write this piece something like how Escher had his hand draw itself. I talk about writing, true, but then just do it, hopefully with some transparency to the doing that doesn't need explai...

A Study of the Design Aesthetics of Picture Book Creation Using Mixed Media

The learning topic of this study was the creative designs of picture books in the basic design curriculum. The research subjects were the students from the Department of Commercial Design of a technology university. Hand drawings were combined with computer graphics to perform the image art designs using mixed media of innovative technology, to explore the achievements of applying the innovative technology methods in aesthetics education. During the process of creating works, the teachers and the students had continuously discussed and made modifications. Finally, the students were asked to present their works through oral presentations. The scores were given by two professional design teachers. Among all the works, the picture book titled Lop was the one with the best performance. The story was that the leading characters ears were too long, causing a lot of inconvenience. He was even mocked at by his friends. Thus, he hated his own ears a lot. However, in an accident, he unexpectedly found the advantage of his lop ears and learned to accept himself. The images of this picture book were colorful while still friendly and sincere, properly presenting the scenes in the story, helping children to develop the concept of loving both others and themselves.

A Study of the Innovative Design of Picture Book Creation Using Mixed Media

This study performed the creation using mixed media of innovative technology combining hand drawing and computer graphing, with the learning topic being the picture books from the basic design curriculum for the students from the Department of Commercial Design of a Technology University. The works were presented orally by the students and the results were exhibited. The works were evaluated by two teachers with specialties in design. The work with the best performance was Best Memory. The story was about how a girl had grown up. This book is suitable for parents to read with their children and educate their children using this opportunity. The images in the book are colorful and vivid, showing the family members love and best wishes for the newborn. This story can be used to teach children to care about and help newborns, making this book both entertaining and educational.

Path Mapping of Shape Drawings Using Double Integration Technique

A preliminary path tracking experiment was done and a mapping system was developed in this study. Data collection of human activities in this study was focused on different shape of hand drawings. Five subjects were required to draw three types of shapes (circle, square and triangle) according to their convenience pace. A sensor consists of accelerometer, gyroscope and compass was attached firmly on subject's wrist with special designed holder. PCA and double integration technique were used to process and analyze the data. The tracking path was mapped and presented in GUI developed by MATLAB. The developed GUI is capable to display the tracking with animation starting from the first stroke until the end. The GUI is managed to trace the upper-limbs tiny motion accurately and presented well in graphic form.

Eliciting health state utilities for Dupuytren’s contracture using a discrete choice experiment

Background and purpose An internet-based discrete choice experiment (DCE) was conducted to elicit preferences for a wide range of Dupuytren’s contracture (DC)-related health states. An algorithm was subsequently developed to convert these preferences into health state utilities that can be used to assess DC’s impact on quality of life and the value of its treatments.Methods Health state preferences for varying levels of DC hand severity were elicited via an internet survey from a sample of the UK adult population. Severity levels were defined using a combination of contractures (0, 45, or 90 degrees) in 8 proximal interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers. Right-handed, left-handed, and ambidextrous respondents indicated which hand was preferable in each of the 10 randomly-selected hand-pairings comparing different DC severity levels. For consistency across comparisons, anatomically precise digital hand drawings were used. To anchor preferences onto the traditional 0–1 utility scale used in health economic evaluations, unaffected hands were assigned a utility of 1.0 whereas the utility for a maximally affected hand (i.e., all 8 joints set at 90 degrees of contracture) was derived by asking respondents to indicate what combination of attributes and levels of the EQ-5D-5L profile most accurately reflects the impact of living with such hand. Conditional logistic models were used to estimate indirect utilities, then rescaled to the anchor points on the EQ-5D-5L.Results Estimated utilities based on the responses of 1,745 qualified respondents were 0.49, 0.57, and 0.63 for completely affected dominant hands, non-dominant hands, or ambidextrous hands, respectively. Utility for a dominant hand with 90-degree contracture in t h e metacarpophalangeal joints of the ring and little fingers was estimated to be 0.89. Separately, reducing the contracture of metacarpophalangeal joint for a little finger from 50 to 12 degrees would improve utility by 0.02.Interpretation DC is associated with substantial utility decre- ments. The algorithms presented herein provide a robust and flexible framework to assess utility for varying degrees of DC severity.

Effects of prior knowledge on learning from different compositions of representations in a mobile learning environment

Two experiments examined the effects of prior knowledge on learning from different compositions of multiple representations in a mobile learning environment on plant leaf morphology for primary school students. Experiment 1 compared the learning effects of a mobile learning environment presenting text and photos of plants on a tablet PC, either in combination with or without real plants in the physical environment. Results indicated that there were no interactions between prior knowledge and experimental condition. Students who learned with tablet PCs only outperformed students who additionally learned with real plants on a comprehension and an application test. In addition, high prior knowledge students outperformed low prior knowledge students on both tests. To investigate whether these effects were caused by the specific characteristics of the combination of photos of real plants and real plants, Experiment 2 compared the differential effects of prior knowledge on learning with the combination of texts, photos and real plants to a combination in which the photos were replaced by schematic hand drawings. Results indicated that both low and high prior knowledge students, who learned with the combination of texts, schematic hand drawings and real plants performed better on a comprehension and an application test. High prior knowledge students performed better on both tests. It is concluded that the number and type of representations used is critical for the effectiveness of mobile learning environments.

AUTOMATIC RETINAL VESSEL TORTUOSITY MEASUREMENT

Retinal vascular vessels have the role to indicate the retinal diseases and for systematic diseases wh en there are any abnormalities in retinal vascular pattern. A characteristic of the vascular pattern that is ap preciated by clinicians is vascular tortuosity, i.e., how cur ved or kinked a blood vessel, either vein or artery , appears along its course. In this study we suggest a novel mask filter to track the blood vessel along its cou rse and measuring the blood vessels tortuosity over the ent ire human retinal vessel network in fundus eye imag e, by using the arc to chord ratio. The suggested algorit hm tested with straight and curve hand drawing line s and gives high accurate results.

Virtual Makeover Software

Many face makeover software provide the facility of doing makeup either by using free hand drawing or using templates in which, points can be adjusted according to face and then application of make-up is performed, which often does not provide high-quality output. Automatic detection of facial features, such as eyes, lips and face line etc, seems to be easier and convenient way of applying make-up but there is no software that provides automated facial features detection technique. This application provides this facility by using image processing techniques which can automatically detects hair line, eyes and lips to apply make-up.

All Night Long: The Architectural Jazz of the Texas Rangers

AbstractIn the mid‐1950s, a group of young faculty at the University of Texas School of Architecture in Austin ‐ aka the Texas Rangers ‐ entertained themselves with weekly sessions of a sophisticated, collective drawing game, ‘Dot‐the‐Dot’, in which there was an emphasis on inventive fluency in hand drawing as well as an innate knowledge of historic European city plans. What happened when Mark Morris, Visiting Associate Professor at Cornell University, decided in a design studio to ask present‐day students to revive the game?

A World Below

AbstractThe shift from hand drawing to the digital has often centred on the subject of media. Here, however, Perry Kulper discusses how leaving behind conventional graphic formats, such as those of the plan, section and elevation, opens up the possibilities of fusing visualisation and thinking. Kulper is fluid in his uses of techniques and design methods, tailoring them to explore a fit between what is being worked on, when it is being worked on and how it is being worked on ‐ in the quest for a ‘relational synthesis’.

A Study of Creative Figure Image Design for Computer Aided Design

The teachers of this study applied the cross-school team teaching method with 5 fourth-grade students from the Project Design Curriculum provided by the Department of Commercial Design of a Technology University in Central Taiwan to teaching and learning of creative ideas through discussions of a cooperative learning team. The humorous metaphorical design method of using office supplies to replace heads of figures was adopted with integration of virtual personalities of various roles in the job field to mock humans hypocrisy and pretense. Hand drawing was combined with computer graphics skills to create a series of creative figure image designs, as references for the vendor to develop and manufacture creative products.

A Study of Customized Innovative Self-Portrait Product Design

Due to the changes of the global market and life styles, the consumption pattern has changed from purchasing mass production products to customized products, resulting in the fact that the importance of innovative product design and development in the whole market is too high to be ignored. Therefore, this study used the hand drawings of self-portraits as templates to present the warmth and uniqueness of the design techniques. Later the operator created the computer graphics using the software commonly used as the reference for development and design of related customized innovative products.

Draw your own story: Paper and pencil interactive storytelling

Drawing is a primary human skill that has been used for thousands of years as a visual complement to written and oral storytelling. The advent of interactive narratives brings the possibility of interaction to the traditional stories. In this paper, we present a storytelling system able to dramatize interactive narratives in augmented reality over a conventional sheet of paper. The system allows users to freely interact with virtual characters by sketching objects on the paper. Users interacting with the system can thus indirectly affect the characters’ decisions, even to the point of radically subverting the storyline. We validate the proposed system with a user study conducted with 21 participants. The results show that the use of hand drawings as a form of interaction improves user satisfaction and experience and the system usability.

Did the Hand Drawn Cephalometric Tracing Technique for Orthognathic Surgery Planning say its Last Word? Objective and Subjective Evaluation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the hand drawn cephalometric tracing technique for predicting the soft-tissue profile and their association with subjective evaluation. Distances from 8 soft-tissue landmarks to X and Y reference lines were determined on planned versus actual cephalometric profiles of 30 patients. The subjective evaluation was assessed by comparing pairs of related versus unrelated profiles by professional and nonprofessionals.The accuracy of all linear measurements was high. Mean differences were not significant for all landmarks, except for stomion on the horizontal axis (P < 0.01). Mean difference of similarity scores between related versus unrelated profiles was significant (P < 0.01). The higher objective distance over all cephalometric landmarks was associated with lower subjective similarity scores (P < 0.01).This study has demonstrated that the hand drawn cephalometric tracing technique can be accurately and reliably executed and that these results were positively associated with subjective evaluation.

David Kirkaldy (1820–1897) and his museum of destruction: the visual dilemmas of an engineer as man of science

This paper examines codes of representation in nineteenth century engineering in Britain in relation to broader visual culture. While engineering was promoted as a rational public enterprise through techniques of spectacular display, engineers who aimed to be taken seriously in the intellectual hierarchies of science had to negotiate suitable techniques for making and using images. These difficulties can be examined in the visual practices that mark the career of engineer David Kirkaldy. Beginning as a bravura naval draughtsman, Kirkaldy later negotiated his status as a serious experimenter in material testing science, changing his style of representation that at first sight seems to be in line with the 'objective' strategy in science of getting nature to represent herself. And although Kirkaldy maintained a range of visual styles to communicate with different audiences, making rhetorical use of several technologies of inscription, from hand drawing to photography, nevertheless, his work does in fact demonstrate new uses of the concept of objectivity in representation when up against the practices of engineering. While these might seem merely pragmatic in comparison to the ethical weight given to the discourse of objective representation in science, in the messy world of collapsing bridges and law suits, virtuous engineers had to develop various forms of visual knowledge as practical science. This was not 'applied science' but a differentiated form of enquiry whose complexities hold as much interest as the better known visual cultures of late nineteenth century science or art.

3D geometry reconstruction from orthographic views: A method based on 3D image processing and data fitting

Industrial esthetic designers typically produce hand-drawn sketches in the form of orthographic projections. A subsequent translation from 2D-drawings to 3D-models is usually necessary. This involves a considerably time consuming process, so that some automation is advisable.Common approaches to this “reconstruction problem” start directly from “exact” 2D vector representations or try to vectorize 2D raster images prior to the reconstruction phase. These approaches, however, typically fail to deal with free form geometries like the ones commonly found in esthetic industrial design.This work presents a new methodology suitable for free form geometries, comprising the generation and processing of a 3D voxel image obtained from a hand drawing, the creation of a set of 3D curves fitting the voxel image and the automatic generation of surface patches on the resulting curve network.Several case studies are also presented in order to emphasize and discuss strengths and weaknesses of the proposed method.

Nonlinear coupling between occipital and motor cortex during motor imagery: A dynamic causal modeling study

We demonstrate the capacity of dynamic causal modeling to characterize the nonlinear coupling among cortical sources that underlie time-frequency modulations in MEG data. Our experimental task involved the mental rotation of hand drawings that ten subjects used to decide if it was a right or left hand. Reaction times were shorter when the stimuli were presented with a small rotation angle (fast responses) compared to a large rotation angle (slow responses). The grand-averaged data showed that in both cases performance was accompanied by a marked increase in gamma activity in occipital areas and a concomitant decrease in alpha and beta power in occipital and motor regions. Modeling directed (cross) frequency interactions between the two regions revealed that after the stimulus induced a gamma increase and beta decrease in occipital regions, interactions with the motor area served to attenuate these modulations. The difference between fast and slow behavioral responses was manifest as an altered coupling strength in both forward and backward connections, which led to a less pronounced attenuation for more difficult (slow reaction time) trials. This was mediated by a (backwards) beta to gamma coupling from motor till occipital sources, whereas other interactions were mainly within the same frequency. Results are consistent with the theory of predictive coding and suggest that during motor imagery, the influence of motor areas on activity in occipital cortex co-determines performance. Our study illustrates the benefit of modeling experimental responses in terms of a generative model that can disentangle the contributions of intra-areal vis-à-vis inter-areal connections to time-frequency modulations during task performance.