Hand Dimensions Research Articles

Correlation of Stature and Hand Dimension Among Medical Students of South Tamil Nadu, India

Background & Objectives Estimation of stature from the incomplete skeletal remains have importance in personal identification in the events of murders, accidents or natural disasters and considered as one of the biggest challenges of forensic science. Objectives: To study the relationship of stature in relation with hand dimensions and to derive a mathematical model to predict the stature from hand dimensions. Methods This cross-sectional study was done among 50 medical students studying at a medical college in South Tamilnadu. Age, gender, hand dimensions and height of all the subjects were noted. Pearson correlation was done to find the correlation between hand dimensions and height. Linear regression was used to derive the equations to predict the stature of an individual using various dimensions of hands. Results The mean age of the study population was 20.06 ± 1.28 years. Regression equations were derived to predict the stature of an individual with length and breadth of right and left hand. There was statistically significant positive correlation between stature and dimensions of both right and left hand. Linear regression equations were derived to predict the stature of an individual with any of the hand dimensions. Interpretation & Conclusion Hand dimensions have statistically significant positive correlation with the stature. The length or breadth of the right or left hand can be used to predict the stature of an individual. Keywords: Breadth of hand, Height, Identification, Length of hand, Linear regression, Prediction, Stature.

Preliminary study on hand dimensions as potential predictors of female populations native to forest and savanna zones in Ghana.

The hand is a versatile structure that performs numerous tasks, ranging from exertion of great force such as grip, pinch and torque to execution of precise fine motor skills. The aim of current study was to undertake a preliminary study on hand dimensions as potential predictors of female populations native to the forest and savanna zones of Ghana. A total of one hundred (100) female students aged between 17 and 24years were recruited into this study, comprising of 53 native to the forest zone and 47 native to savanna zone of Ghana between 12th June to 27th July, 2023 at the Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology. Statistically significant positive correlation was observed between left hand length and right hand length (R = 0.923, p = 0.000). From the binary regression model, it could be speculated that left-hand breadth could predict female populations native to the savanna zone (LHB: β = -2.37, Expβ = 0.09, p = 0.014). However, right-hand breadth and length and left hand length did not show any potential of prediction (RHB: β = 0.900, Expβ = 2.460, p = 0.410; RHL: β = 0.168, Expβ = 1.683, p = 0.803; LHL: β = -0.300, Expβ = 0.741, p = 0.656). The study therefore may speculate that left handbreadth could have the potential to differentiate female populations native to savanna zone from females native to forest zone in Ghana.

Ergonomic glove pattern drafting method for hand assistive devices: considering 3D hand dimensions and finger mobility

Recently, interest has surged in glove-type assistive devices for relieving hand muscle stiffness caused by brain lesions. This study aims to develop an ergonomic method for drafting glove patterns intended for hand-assistive devices. To facilitate pattern development, we acquired three-dimensional (3D) scan data from the four hemiplegic patients while their hands were in a relaxed posture, which was subsequently transformed into two-dimensional (2D) data. Based on the 3D shape data, we analyzed the finger joint range of motion (ROM) and change ratio of skin surface length resulting from flexion and extension movements of the paralyzed hand. Incisions were strategically applied to regions displaying significant variations in these parameters. These flattened 2D patterns were then integrated into revised pattern blocks to enhance the shading data related to the 3D shape, resulting in the development of four glove patterns. We found that gloves prototyped using this innovative pattern-drafting method did not impede joint ROM when worn. Changes in clothing pressure inside the glove at the joints corresponded to the bending angles of the fingers, and the pressure did not exceed the discomfort threshold during hand flexion and extension movements. Importantly, participants provided positive subjective feedback concerning the comfort of the gloves. Our findings yield fundamental data for developing a foundational glove design for hand-assisted devices for patients with paralysis, achieved through the utilization of this novel ergonomic glove pattern-drafting method.

Anthropometric survey of dynamic hand dimensions: A pilot study

IntroductionEffective glove design requires understanding hand dimensions and movement. Designers must study hands in static and dynamic postures. They do this to identify key movement points. This study aimed to determine hand size during motion. The goal was to understand and specify how hand shape changes. Methods and materialsThirty dynamic hand dimensions of 100 Iranian males were measured in six postures using photography and three-dimensional modeling. The data were classified and compared based on hand positions. ResultsThe results showed significant differences in hand size during movements. Four hand.dimensions were found to have significant differences (p > 0.05) related to hand posture. Sizes either decreased or increased significantly. The dorsal hand length underwent a significant alteration. This was compared to the palmar hand length during movement. ConclusionThe results of this study help to design gloves with optimal fit, performance and comfort. The results show that the dorsal hand length should be increased, while the palmar hand length should be decreased in the design of the glove pattern. Gloves that are currently made based on static postures cannot provide a good fit. Attention should be paid to the measurement of the hand in dynamic positions.

Community childhood obesity assessment in elementary school, anthropometric indices as screening tools: a community cross-sectional study in Indonesia

BackgroundRepresentative anthropometric epidemiological data are needed to formulate screening and intervention methods to prevent obesity in children. This study aims to conduct community childhood obesity assessment in elementary school based...

The Influence of Hand Dimensions on Finger Flexion during Lower Paleolithic Stone Tool Use in a Comfortable Grip

Considering the biomechanical and cognitive aspects involved in tool manipulation, hand size emerges as a critical factor. Males, on average, exhibit greater grip strength attributed to larger hand dimensions. Beyond mere physical factors, cognitive components tied to visuospatial abilities also influence stone tool use. However, the intricate relationship between hand size, grip strength, and ergonomic patterns necessitates further exploration. Here, we study the ergonomic pattern of phalanx flexion during the manipulation of Lower Paleolithic stone tools (choppers and handaxes) to understand the nuanced interplay between hand dimensions and grasping behaviors in Lower Paleolithic stone tool use. The static hand posture during the comfortable grasping of each tool is measured using a motion capture hand glove. Flexions are measured at the metacarpophalangeal joint, the proximal interphalangeal joint and the distal interphalangeal joint of each finger. Our investigation into Lower Paleolithic stone tool manipulation reveals gender-based differences in phalanx flexion, with hand dimensions showing correlation only in pooled samples. However, these associations diminish when analyzing males and females separately. This study suggests a minimal link between hand size and grasping behavior within our sample, hinting at the influence of cognitive, behavioral, and motor factors. Exploring lifestyle and psychometric profiles could provide further insights. In the context of early human technology, our results prompt considerations on the evolution of the hand-tool interaction system, linking our tool-dependent culture to our phylogenetic history.

Sex estimation and sexual dimorphism analysis through hand anthropometry: Insights from a cross-sectional study

One crucial aspect of a forensic procedure is sex estimation during individual identification. Hand and its remains are usually among the common body parts found in scenes of mass disasters during forensic investigations. Hand outlines are also important in several biomedical fields such as prosthetics, plastic surgery, and ergonomics. This cross-sectional study was done to investigate sexual dimorphism and discriminate sex using hand and hand print dimensions of 283 male and 317 female subjects who were randomly selected. Bare hand measurement and bilateral hand prints were obtained using Vernier caliper, inked pad, and A4 plain paper. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0 IBM. Sexual dimorphism in all the hand dimensions and prints of both hands were observed. The binary logistic regression model showed that in the left hand, bare left-hand breadth (BLHB) was the single best variable to discriminate sex with a percentage accuracy of 69.5 %. Bare right-hand breadth (BRHB) was the best predictor in the right hand with a percentage accuracy of 71.8 %. The predicted probabilities of the binary logistic model (BLR) for the variables that contributed best to the prediction were analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. It was observed that the BLHB and BRHB had the highest area under the curve (above 0.5) in the hand and print variables respectively. Sexual dimorphism and sex determination were established in this study using hand dimensions and prints. The BLHB and BRHB were the best sex determinants in this study. Although the accuracies of sex estimation from both hands in this study are low, it does confirm and support previous reports of handbreadth being the best variable for sex estimation.

Integration into 3D Printing for Image Processing using AI ML

The challenges of physical measurement for prosthetic development and highlight how our integrated tool offers a remote solution to address these challenges, promoting accessibility, convenience, and active participation in the prosthetic design process. Our Measurement Module for Prosthetic Hand Dimensions is a comparison of Image Processing and Distance Measurement Methods The creation of a module to precisely measure finger dimensions for the creation of prosthetic hands is the main goal of this research project. The module provides distance measurement and image-based input as two different ways to get dimensions. Users place their hands at predetermined distances from a screen in the distance measurement option, while users submit photographs of their hands with reference objects for scale in the image based input option. In order To provide a proper fit and functionality, the collected dimensions are an essential component of the prosthetic hand construction process. The study contrasts the efficiency of distance measurement methods employing cameras or other cameras with image processing techniques like edge recognition and contour analysis. Accuracy, usability, and efficiency are among the factors that are assessed to identify the best method for acquiring dimensions. OpenCV for image processing, TensorFlow for machine learning-based analysis, Tkinter for UI design, Mediapipe for landmark identification and hand tracking, and NumPy for numerical operations are just a few of the open-source libraries that are used in this module. The module's possible influence on improving the creation and customization of prosthetic hands is also covered. By offering insights into effective and precise dimension measurement methodologies for customized prosthetic hand design, the study's findings advance the area of prosthetics

Prehensile Variations in the Extensive Use of Mobile Phones Among Medical Students of the 2020 Class of the Medical Faculty of Udayana University

Humans can see the whole world just through cellphones, gadgets, or other media, which means that people can access anything easily just by using the latest available technologies related to how to hold the cellphone itself comfortably and maximum. This research uses observational descriptive research. The sample in the study was determined using the method of simple random sampling. The Lemeshow formula was used to measure the total sample that must be obtained in this research which resulted in 100 samples. Researchers took pictures of how to use a cell phone, measured hand anthropometry, and collected demographic data using a questionnaire that was filled out using Google Forms. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed to determine whether the data was normal or not. There were 18 prehensile groups found in this study which were then alphabetically divided into groups from A to R group, with type A 34%, type B 15%, type C 1%, type D 3%, type E 4%, type F 5%, type G 7%, type H 2%, type I 6%, type J 4%, type K 6%, type L 1%, type M 3%, type N 3%, type O 3%, type P 1%, type Q 1% and type R 1%. From anthropometric measurements, the research got results that the size of hand dimensions among the samples are larger than a standard smartphone in the study. Keywords: Prehensile, Hand Anthropometry, Mobile Phone

The study of correlation between palm length, palm width and hand length with stature in the students

To determine sex, age, race, stature and nutritional status of an individual, the hand dimensions, which are different in various races and ethnic groups are used, also they are used in the mass disaster for an identification of sex, age, race and stature.The present study was designed to determine and correlate of the hand dimensions such as hand length, palm length, palm width with stature of student and to observe the standard deviation in the estimation of stature.This was descriptive cross sectional study conducted atDepartment of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Vedantaa Institute of Medical Sciences, Town Dahanu, Dist- Palghar, Maharashtra State, India. from 1 Dec 2022 to 30 June 2023. After ethical permission; total 101 male and 98 female between age group of 20-23 years were enrolled in the study by simple random method. In a group of 10 number the height of participants was measured with a stature meter whereas, measuring tape and Vernier caliper were used to measure palm length, palm width, height of hand respectively and all the data was recorded and analysed by SPSS; S/W version 21. Linear regression coefficient was calculated.The person correction for statistic. The mean length of right hand was recorded to be 170.8mm while mean breadth was 76.7mm. The highest correlation was observed to be exhibited by right hand length (r=0.5) and the lowest by right-hand breadthThe study conclude that, if only the hand length or width measurement is available stature could be successfully estimated. This study also reveals the strong positive relation between palm length, palm width,hand length with stature.

Proprioceptive acuity for landmarks on the hand and digits.

Previous work using visually guided reaches to localize landmarks on a hidden hand has suggested that proprioceptive acuity for hand targets is low and representation of hand dimensions is highly distorted (e.g., hand width estimated to be 60% wider than actual hand width). We re-examined these issues using a pure proprioceptive task in which 20 blindfolded subjects reached in a single movement without terminal corrections to touch the right index-tip to landmarks of the left hand placed in various locations in 3D space. Subjects were also tested with vision allowed to estimate minimal errors. Based on previous reports of high proprioceptive acuity for some hand landmarks, we hypothesized that the proprioceptive representation of the hand was much less distorted than described previously and that errors were not correlated with target hand location. Mean distance errors in proprioceptively guided reaches to the landmarks averaged less than 3cm and were only 0.5-1.3cm larger than when vision was allowed. Errors were not correlated with hand location in most subjects. Distortions of hand width averaged less than 20% wider than actual width and were not correlated with hand location in most subjects. We conclude that relatively accurate proprioceptive awareness of locations of hand/digit structures and dimensions is available for use in control of hand movements, which are executed largely subconsciously. Studying acuity of proprioception using conscious perceptual tasks and involving vision may not provide accurate measures of proprioceptive acuity as used by the motor system.

Deformation of palmar hand measurements in a power grip by wrist ulnar/radial deviation

ObjectivesThe present study analyzed changes in palmar hand measurements during power grip by wrist radial/ulnar deviation for an ergonomic grip design. MethodTwelve palmar dimensions (Tip-to-PTC/DTC distances, Tip-to-MMC distances, and Tip-to-MMC surface lengths) of digits 2 to 5 were measured for 30 Koreans with various hand sizes (15 males and 15 females; hand length = 177.9 ± 12.3 mm) at three wrist postures (neutral, 20° of radial deviation, and 30° of ulnar deviation) using 3D scanning and casting methods. ResultsAs the hand changed from the straight neutral posture to the power grip posture, the Tip-to-PTC/DTC distances (related to grip widths), Tip-to-MMC distances (related to grip heights), and Tip-to-MMC surface lengths (related to grip circumferences) decreased to 30%–65% compared to corresponding original lengths. Wrist posture also had significant effects on the Tip-to-PTC/DTC and Tip-to-MMC distances by 6.5%–9.0%, while finger position significantly affected all the measurements by 8.2%–22.3%. Practitioner summaryThe measurement protocol of palmar hand dimensions and the changes in palmar hand measurements by wrist posture are of use to develop an ergonomic handle design for comfort and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders.

MOH SJAFEI'S TAXONOMY: BRAIN, HEART, AND HAND LEARNING

This article aims to find the threads of Moh Sjafei’s educational concept, including the taxonomy of learning and its educational philosophy. The term learning taxonomy itself has been more popularly used by Bloom since 1956. However, far from that, in practice and the concept has been introduced by Moh Sjafei through the Kayutanam INS since 1926. The research method used is a qualitative research method with a type of literature study. This study found that there are three dimensions of Moh Sjafei’s taxonomy of learning, namely the dimensions of the brain, heart, and hands. The dimensions of the brain have several levels, starting from insight, habits, innovation, and production. Meanwhile, the heart dimension covers art, religion, and society. Whereas, the hand dimension covers the learning of skills that can liberate students' souls. These three parts must be balanced and applied in the learning process. Meanwhile, educational philosophy as the basis of Sjafei's taxonomic concept is the philosophy of pragmatism. The conclusion of this article is Sjafei's taxonomy with the dimensions of the brain, heart, and hands, as well as the philosophy of pragmatism as the key concepts of his educational thinking.

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF THAI ELDERLY IN NORTHEASTERN RURAL AREA

Anthropometry takes part in making a difference in managing physical human needs including elderly needs in order to improve their quality of life. The objective of this study was to measure the body dimension of healthy Thai elderly living in rural areas and investigate the relationship among body dimensions. Questionnaire was given to the respondents in order to get their demographic data. Questionnaire and anthropometry measurements were taken on a total of 23 male elderly and 88 female elderly people from rural areas in Northeastern Thailand. Most respondents (49.5%) of the total elderly are in their 60s, 32.4% in their 70s, 17.2% in their 80s, and 1% in their 90s. 54.1% of them are still actively working and 96.4% of them are regularly doing body exercise in keeping their body fit and healthy. The body dimensions measured consist of 22 standing dimensions, 20 sitting dimensions, and 15 foot and hand dimensions. Positive correlations were found between some of the body dimensions. The developed anthropometric data is expected to overcome the information gap related to the dimensions of the body of the elderly and to assist the development of products and other supporting equipment to be anthropometrically compatible for elderly residents of rural areas in the future.

Development of a hand classification system for smart hand wearables

Research purpose: This study aimed to lay a research foundation for smart hand wearable design by classifying the right-hand data of 4545 adults aged 20 to 69. Further, to increase the practical applicability of the hand classification system, a hand type discrimination method and regression equations for the hand dimensions of each type were presented. Methods: This study statistically analyzed eighth Size Korea data with IBM SPSS Ver.26.0. Cluster analysis was performed to classify both finger length and circumference type. Discriminant analysis was conducted, yielding discriminant functions to aid potential smart hand wearable wearers in self-diagnosing their hand types. Linear regression analysis yielded regression equations for the detailed finger dimensions for the pattern-making of smart hand wearables. Results: The finger length type was categorized into four types: the Uphill type, Downhill type, Mountain type, and Horizon type for both men’s and women’s hands. The finger circumference type was categorized into two types, the Cone and Cylinder types, for both men’s and women’s hands. The discriminant function showed a mean accuracy rate of 89.9% and the regression equations a mean explanatory power of 72.9%. Conclusion: The hand classification system proposed in this study aimed to improve the fingertip fit of smart hand wearable products by analyzing the configuration of motion tracking gloves or haptic gloves. In addition, considering the practical applicability for both wearers and designers of smart hand wearables, a discrimination method of finger types for wearers’ self-diagnosis and regression functions of finger dimensions for designers’ pattern making were provided.

Hand anthropometric survey of Iranian healthcare workers

AbstractBackgroundHand anthropometric data can help properly design hand tools and protective equipment for healthcare workers. This study aimed to measure and analyze the hand anthropometric data of Iranian healthcare workers.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, 33 hand dimensions were measured among 540 Iranian healthcare workers (270 male and 270 female) in six ethnic groups. Two‐dimensional imaging and traditional measurement methods were used. The data were classified and compared based on gender and ethnicity.ResultsThe results revealed a difference between the dimensions of males' and females' hands, which indicated that the dimensions of males' hands were larger. The results showed significant differences between different regions of Iran and other countries including the United States, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Colombia.ConclusionDifferences in hand anthropometric dimensions should be considered in the design and manufacture of hand tools and hand protection equipment to prevent reduced productivity, occupational injuries, and diseases.

Relationship of anthropometric measurement and handgrip strength in Malaysian recreational tenpin bowlers

Background and Study Aim. Established studies show that athletes with longer fingers and broader hand surfaces have more muscular grips. Therefore, some research studies have examined various contributing factors and anthropometric characteristics. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hand dimensions and selected anthropometric characteristics on handgrip strength in recreational tenpin bowlers. Material and Methods. This cross-sectional study recruited 32 (12 females, 20 males) healthy Malaysian recreational tenpin bowlers from Kuala Lumpur. Their anthropometric characteristics including height, weight, body mass index (BMI), the dimensions of the right hand, and age were measured accordingly. Handgrip strength was assessed using a Takei 5401 Grip D (Digital Grip Dynamometer) with 3 trials for both hands. A Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used to study the relationship between the parameters. Results. The body height and the minimum breadth of the right hand had a significant impact on handgrip strength among recreational tenpin bowlers. There was a significant difference between males and females in left and right handgrip strength (p<0.05). Males showed a greater handgrip strength compared to females in both hands’ strength. Body height (p = 0.00) and the minimum breadth of the hand (p = 0.03) were found to be significantly correlated with the handgrip strength thus indicating the two variables as strong predictors of handgrip strength. Conclusions. This study confirms that there is a relationship between anthropometric characteristics and handgrip strength in Malaysian recreational tenpin bowlers. Hence, it will be a great note for new bowlers to advance their bowling performance.

A preliminary anthropometric study on second digit: Fourth digit (2D:4D) ratio and other hand dimensions for sex determination

Sex determination is one of the most important primary parameter in human identification. The development of forensic science in the world has provided identification tools and biometric systems for various identity cards. However, there is very little information available in Ghana on sex determination using Second digit: fourth Digit ratio (2D:4D), and hand dimensions. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine sex using 2D:4D, and hand dimensions. This quantitative cross-sectional study involved 100 (46 males and 54 females) undergraduate students of the University aged 17–26 years. Measurements of 2D:4D, and hand dimensions of participants were taken with a flatbed scanner (CanoScan LiDe 120) and resultant hand prints images were measured using the parallel dimension tool in Corel DRAW X7 application software. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (version 20.0). The average hand length, breadth and index were found to be greater in males than in females. The predominant hand index for the study was Dolichocheri (Long fingers with narrow small palm) and the least common was the Hyperdolichocheri (Very long fingers with narrow small palm). The 2D:4D showed sexual differences and the male participants recorded significantly higher values for the right hands but no significant difference for the left. A binary logistic regression analysis was done to determine the sex of the participants using 2D:4D, and hand dimensions. The significance of the study is that, it has provided additional data for forensic work in Ghana.

Correlation of Different Anthropometric Measurements of Hand and Grip Strength in the Adult Female Bangladeshi Garment Workers

Background: A reliable and valid measurement of hand anthropometry is important for designing dimensionally compatible hand tools, gloves and hand-held devices. Hand grip strength is accepted as an objective index for the functional integrity of upper extremity. The estimation of hand grip strength is of immense importance in determining the efficacy of different treatment strategies, treatment outcome and hand rehabilitation. The present study was planned to determine the various dimensions of hands, average hand grip strength of adult Bangladeshi female garment workers and the relationship between hand grip strength and different anthropometric measurements of hand. Material and Methods: Two hundred female garment workers of 20-25 years of age were selected by purposive non random sampling from five different garment factories of Dhaka and Narayangonj city. Different dimensions of both hands were measured directly with the help of digital slide caliper and flexible wire. Hand grip strength of both hands was measured by Smedley’s Hand Grip Strength Dynamometer. Result : Body height, weight, BMI, hand length and hand breadth of adult Bangladeshi garments workers showed positive correlation with hand grip strength, but only significant positive correlation was found between hand length and grip strength of right hand (r=+0.197, P<0.05) and left hand (r=+0.405, P<0.001). Conclusion: Significant positive correlation was found between hand anthropometry such as hand length, hand breadth and hand grip strength in adult Bangladeshi female garment workers. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll 2021; 13(2): 171-176

An investigation of the hand anthropometric database of agricultural workers and integration of the database into tools and protective gear designs.

The hand anthropometric data is the baseline for design of hand tools and equipment. This study aimed to generate the hand anthropometric database of male and female agricultural workers and compare it with the hand anthropometric data of other regions of India. The use of collected data is illustrated to design hand tools and protective gear. Hand anthropometric data were collected from 228 male and 198 female agricultural workers of northeast India. A total of 35 hand dimensions, stature and body mass from different tribes in the age group of 18-60 years were precisely measured. Measured data were statistically analysed to study the effects of gender, ethnicity, and age on hand dimensions. Correlation coefficients were determined among hand dimensions and linear regression equations were developed between highly correlated dimensions. The results show that all hand dimensions of the male and female subjects are significantly different (p < 0.01). Most of the hand dimensions were significantly different (p < 0.05) among different tribes for the male subjects. However, less number of hand dimensions were significantly different among tribes for the female subjects. Age of the subjects has significant effects (p < 0.01) on dimensions related to thickness, depth and circumference of fingers. The use of these data in the ergonomic design of hand tools and personal protective gear is illustrated to increase safety and comfort as well as efficiency of operators. There is a difference in the hand dimensions of different tribes of northeast India. This needs to be considered when designing agricultural hand tools and equipment.