Hand Dimensions Research Articles

Stature estimation from the hand dimensions in the Eastern Saudi Arabian adult male population.

Background and aim:Anthropometry is widely used in preliminary forensic investigations involving the identification of unknown dismembered body parts. Stature estimation is an important indicator of forensic identification considered during such initial investigations. Different populations have different body sizes and proportions that affect the forensic anthropometric estimation of stature. Hence, the need for population-specific databases and analyses. The present study was conducted with the objective of estimating stature from the hand dimensions in the Eastern Saudi Arabian adult male population.Methods:The present study included 200 Eastern Saudi Arabian males aged from 20 to 56 years. Stature and hand dimensions of hand length, palm length, and hand breadth were measured as per standard anthropometric procedures. Linear and multiple regression equations were derived to estimate stature from the aforementioned hand dimensions.Results:Correlation coefficients between stature and the aforementioned hand dimensions were found to be statistically significant. The hand length and palm length showed higher correlation coefficients than the hand breadth. Single variable linear regression and multi-variable linear regression equations were derived to estimate stature from the hand dimensions. Higher correlation coefficients were obtained for multi-variable linear regression than single variable linear regressions.Conclusions:In conclusion, hand dimensions can be used as a reliable predictor to estimate stature in the Eastern Saudi Arabian adult male population. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Hand Anthropometry; Sex Determination from Hand Dimensions in Adult Tanzanians

Hand Anthropometry; Sex Determination from Hand Dimensions in Adult Tanzanians

아동용 장갑의 치수 규격 설계를 위한 손 치수 분석

Most apparel products have national standards for sizing; however, for gloves, national sizing standards have not yet been established. This study aims to analyze children''s hand dimensions and propose a size specification for children''s gloves that shows children''s hand-related size information. Among the 3D measurements of sixth Size Korea Project, the measurement data of 19 dimensions related to the hands of 1,057 boys and girls aged 7-13 years old were analyzed. The distribution and growth trend of hand measurements for boys and girls demonstrated considerable mean differences and distribution trends by gender and age as per hand dimensions, which leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to show these results in the children''s glove design. Based on these results, the cross-distribution maps of children''s hand length and hand circumference were drafted; furthermore, the distribution relationship with an adult hand size was identified. Based on the distribution of hand sizes, the distribution of adult hand sizes overlapped with children''s hand sizes was verified, and children''s glove size specifications were presented. The results can be used as useful data such as measures for setting the size range and sizing system for children''s gloves.

Normative Static Grip Strength of Saudi Arabia's Population and Influences of Numerous Factors on Grip Strength.

Most daily tasks require exerting static grip strength which can be challenging for the elderly as their strength diminishes with age. Moreover, normative static grip strength data are important in ergonomics and clinical settings. The goal of this study is to present the gender, age-specific, hand-specific, and body-mass-index-specific handgrip strength reference of Saudi males and females in order to describe the population’s occupational demand and to compare them with the international standards. The secondary objective is to investigate the effects of gender, age group, hand area, and body mass index on the grip strength. A sample of 297 (146 male and 151 female) volunteers aged between 18 and 70 with different occupations participated in the study. Grip strength data were collected using a Jamar dynamometer with standard test position, protocol, and instructions. The mean maximum voluntary grip strength values for males were 38.71 kg and 22.01 kg, respectively. There was a curvilinear relationship of grip strength to age; significant differences between genders, hand area, and some age groups; and a correlation to hand dimensions depending on the gender.

Hand anthropometry survey in Iranian adults and comparisons with other populations.

Hand anthropometry is useful for designing manual systems such as hand tools, controls, and gloves. There are limited published data on the hand dimensions of Iranian male and female adults. This study was undertaken to measure the hand anthropometric dimensions in Iranian adults to compare data between two genders and also with the corresponding data from other nationalities. A total of 34 dimensions of the right hand were measured in 217 male and 128 female adults using a digital caliper and tape. The mean, standard deviation, and the main percentiles are summarized in a table and the mean of each dimension is compared by independent t-tests between genders. Hand dimensions are compared between Iranian and other nationalities such as North Colombian, Korean, Turkish, Nigerian, Bangladeshi, Jordanian, and Vietnamese using the published data. Females had significantly smaller hand dimensions than males in all dimensions ranged from 4.21%to 18.16%, with the largest differences in hand breadths. Compared with other nationalities, the Iranian male and female adults had wider (greater breadth and circumferences) hands with shorter fingers. The results showed significant differences of hand anthropometry between Iranian and other nationalities which should be included in the design and selection of hand tools for Iranian population.

Anthropometric Dimensions of Hands and Feet in Different Ages of People Living in, Iran

Anthropometric Dimensions of Hands and Feet in Different Ages of People Living in, Iran

Association of the dominant handgrip strength with the hand dimensions of adult Bangladeshi female laborers

The handgrip strength determines the overall physical health and muscle function of the hand. Nowadays in Bangladesh, female laborers are an important source of work force in many industries. Laborers require more handgrip strength to perform their daily work efficiently. Besides, hand is the part of the body that directly related with handgrip strength, so, the hand dimensions are deemed essential to investigate. Therefore this study is to investigate the association of the dominant handgrip strength with the hand dimensions like hand length, hand breadth, hand span, palm length, palm breadth and wrist breadth of adult Bangladeshi female laborers. Hundred (100) adult female laborers aged between 18 to 45 years, residing in different slums in Dhaka city of Bangladesh were the participants of the present research. Six selected hand dimensions of the right side were measured using the digital slide caliper by direct physical procedure and dominant handgrip strength was measured using a digital handgrip dynamometer. The associations of the dominant handgrip strength with the selected six hand dimensions were tested using Pearson’s correlation coefficient test. The mean value of the dominant handgrip strength of the laborers was 25.6 kg. In present research, the dominant handgrip strength was positively associated with the six selected hand dimensions (hand length, hand breadth, hand span, palm length, palm breadth and wrist breadth). However, the association of dominant handgrip strength with the breadth of hand, palm and wrist reached up to significant level individually. Besides, to get desired success in work of a female laborer, it is important to see the hand anthropometry and handgrip strength, because, better handgrip strength lead to better performance in work. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (3), 230-237

Hand measurement and analysis based on image and mark watershed algorithm

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a method for hand measurement based on image and marker watershed algorithm, and combine the data to analyze the shape and characteristics of the hand.Design/methodology/approachA portable hand image capturing instrument was designed and manufactured, and the hand images and dimensions of 328 young men in Zhejiang area were obtained. The outer contour curve of the hand and the key points of finger root, fingertip, wrist and knuckle position were extracted. Then, the size of each hand part was calculated. The hand data obtained from the two-dimensional image was compared with the manual measurement data. Finally, the hands were classified according to the measurement data, and the relationship between hand control size and hand length, hand width and the relationship between hand length and height were explored.FindingsThe data comparison results show that the two measurement methods have high data consistency and are replaceable. In addition, analyzing the data obtained four major characteristic factors that affect the shape of the hand, divided the hands of young men in Zhejiang into five categories, and obtained the regression equations of basic hand size, hand length and hand width, and obtained the regression equation of hand length and height.Originality/valueThe method proposed in this study to obtain hand size based on the image and mark watershed algorithm has lower requirements on the external environment and testers, conforms to the development trend of applying artificial intelligence to anthropometric engineering and provides a useful reference value for data collection of gloves specification design. In addition, the results of data analysis can provide a valuable reference basis for consumer hand shape predictions, which can be used to guide the research and production of hand instruments, the design of specifications series and the purchase of hand products.

Comparison of Gender Prediction Accuracy between Regression Models Derived from Hand, Foot Measurements and Long Bone Measurements in a Sample of Kolhapur Population

Introduction: Here, we aim to compare the accuracy of the regression formula derived to predict genderusing data on measurements of foot and hand with the formula derived to predict gender using the lengthmeasurements data of the long bones (tibia and ulna).Methods: Patients attending the outpatient services at the Orthopedic Department, and between the agerange 18 to 50 years were recruited (n=1000; 500 males and 500 females). Subjects suffering from any kindof bone deformity were excluded. Vallois method was used to estimate the measurements of hand, foot,tibia, and ulna. Regression formulas were obtained from the hand, foot-long bones measurements; to predictgender, using multiple logistic regression.Results: Differences between male’s and female’s measurements of hand (P<0.001), long bones (P<0.001),and foot (P<0.001) were significant. The accuracy of the model used to predict gender, which was calculatedfrom the dimensions of hand and foot was 81.5%. The accuracy of the model used to predict gender calculatedfrom the long bone measurement was 78.3%.Conclusions: Dimensions of hand and foot are a better predictor (81.5%) of gender vs the length of longbones (tibia and ulna) (78.3%) in the Kolhapur population.

Identify dominant dimensions of 3D hand shapes using statistical shape model and deep neural network

Hand anthropometry is one of the fundamentals of ergonomic research and product design. Many studies have been conducted to analyze the hand dimensions among different populations, however, the definitions and the numbers of those dimensions were usually selected based on the experience of the researchers and the available equipment. Few studies explored the importance of each hand dimension regarding the 3D shape of the hand. In this paper, we aim to identify the dominant dimensions that influence the hand shape variability while considering the stability of the measurements in practice. A novel four-step research method was proposed where in the first step, based on literature study, we defined 58 landmarks and 53 dimensions for the exploration. In the second step, 80,000 virtual hand models, each had the associated 53 dimensions, were augmented by changing the weights of Principle Components (PCs) of a statistical shape model (SSM). Deep neural networks (DNNs) were used to establish the inverse relationships from the dimensions to the weight of each PC of the hand SSM. Using the structured sparsity learning method, we identified 21 dominant dimensions that represent 90% of the variance of the hand shape. In the third step, two different manual measuring methods were used to evaluate the stability of the measurements in practice. Finally, we selected 16 dominant dimensions with lower measurement variance by synthesizing the findings in Step 2 and 3. It was concluded that the recognized 21 dominant dimensions can be treated as the reference dimensions for anthropometric study and using the selected 16 dominant dimensions with lower measurement variance, ergonomists are able to generate a 3D hand model based on simple measurement tools with an accuracy of 5.9 mm. Though the accuracy is limited, the efforts are minimum, and the results can be used as an indicator in the early stage of research/design.

ICF linking of patient-reported therapy goals for children with acquired upper extremity impairment

BackgroundPatient reported outcome measures are used to evaluate hand therapy outcomes. Yet, limited evidence is available regarding the outcomes children desire from hand therapy. PurposeTo determine the desired treatment outcomes of children with acquired upper extremity impairments. Study designDescriptive case series MethodsTwo raters independently applied International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) linking rules to the Canadian Occupational Performance goals of 151 children, age 6-18, receiving occupational therapy for acquired upper extremity impairments. Prevalence of the linked ICF codes was examined using frequency distributions. Kappa and the proportion of positive agreement assessed inter-rater agreement of the linked codes. ResultsFollowing consensus, two independent raters linked 894 meaningful concepts to the study population's 501 goals derived from the Canadian Occupational Performance. Ninety-two unique ICF codes were linked to these 894 meaningful concepts. Twenty-three ICF codes account for 77.2% of the most frequently linked codes. For these top 23 codes, the greatest proportion (51.4%) of ICF codes are in the d4 mobility chapter representing specific constructs of hand and arm use. The second largest proportion (14.2%) of linked codes are in the d9 Community, society and civic life chapter aligning with participation in sports, music, performing arts and play. Within the d5 self-care chapter, the study population's top priorities included hair care, fitness and drinking. The primary concerns within the b body functions domain are reduced pain, improved joint mobility and strength. ConclusionThe study population's top priorities align with specific dimensions of hand and arm use and participation in sports and fitness, performing arts, and play. Further research may elucidate alignment of these patient-desired outcomes and the item banks of commonly used patient reported outcome measurement scales in this population.

Stature estimation for Saudi men based on different combinations of upper limb part dimensions.

Estimating stature based on body/limb parts can help define the characteristics of unidentified bodies. The most studied upper limb part is the hand, although few studies have examined whether stature can be estimated using fingers plus other hand dimensions. Moreover, there is paucity in anthropometric studies that determined whether bilateral whole limb parts (e.g., arms, forearms, and hands) are related to stature among the living subjects.This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationship between different upper limb measurements and the stature of Saudi men. Furthermore, I assessed whether upper limb asymmetry was present, and developed regression models to estimate stature based on different available measurements. Stature and 13 upper limb parameters were measured for 100 right-handed Saudi men who were 18 to 24 years old.All measurements were positively correlated with stature (P < .001), and the best single predictor was the bilateral ulnar length. Asymmetry was more pronounced in the hand measurements. A multiparameter model provided reasonable predictive accuracy (±3.77–5.68 cm) and was more accurate than single-parameter models. Inclusion of the right-side fingers improved the model's accuracy.This study developed potential models for estimating stature during the identification of bodies of Saudi men.

Population Receptive Field Characteristics in the between- and Within-Digit Dimensions of the Undominant Hand in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Somatotopy is an important guiding principle for sensory fiber organization in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which reflects tactile information processing and is associated with disease-related reorganization. However, it is difficult to measure the neuronal encoding scheme in S1 in vivo in normal participants. Here, we investigated the somatotopic map of the undominant hand using a Bayesian population receptive field (pRF) model. The model was established in hand space with between- and within-digit dimensions. In the between-digit dimension, orderly representation was found, which had low variability across participants. The pRF shape tended to be elliptical for digits with high spatial acuity, for which the long axis was along the within-digit dimension. In addition, the pRF width showed different change trends in the 2 dimensions across digits. These results provide new insights into the neural mechanisms in S1, allowing for in-depth investigation of somatosensory information processing and disease-related reorganization.

Impact of postural variation on hand measurements: Three-dimensional anatomical analysis.

In this article, the impact of postural variations on hand anthropometry and distribution of skin strain ratios has been investigated. The literature suggests the glove fit directly affects hand functions. However, gloves currently manufactured based on a static posture failed to provide optimum fit. Workers often do not wear protective gloves due to discomfort caused by improper design, which increases the risk of hand injury. Full-color three-dimensional scans of the hands are captured with thirty healthy subjects (20 females, 10 males) to analyze the hand measurements and skin deformation with various postures. 42 of the 57 hand dimensions were found to have significant differences (p >0.05) related to hand posture. The skin strain ratios further suggest that the slant of the web space, dorsal-length and surface area should be increased, while the angles of the web space and length of the palm reduced to advance glove patterns. This research contributes to constructing gloves with optimum fit, performance, and comfort. Results show that in consideration of hand postures, the angle of the slant of web space between digits 2 and 5 and the finger length on the dorsal side should be increased, whilst the finger length on the palm side should be reduced in glove pattern design. Gloves currently constructed based on a splayed posture cannot provide a good fit. Consideration should be given to hand measurements in dynamic postures.

Hand functionality in dentists: the effect of anthropometric dimensions and specialty

Objectives. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dentists’ hand functionality (handgrip, tip-to-tip pinch, key pinch and palmar pinch strengths) and dental specialty (maxillofacial surgery, endodontics, pediatric dentistry), socio-demographic factors and hand–forearm anthropometric dimensions. Methods. A cross-sectional study was designed in which 720 certified dentists (330 males and 390 females) voluntarily participated in the study. A tape measure (±0.1 cm) and a digital caliper (±0.1 mm) were used to measure anthropometric dimensions. A Jamar dynamometer and pinch gauge were used to measure hand strength variables. Results. Hand strengths decreased with age and clinical experience, and were always greater in male than female dentists. Maxillofacial surgeons aged 35–39 years attained the highest values of handgrip and key pinch strengths, while endodontists aged 30–34 years attained the peak values of tip-to-tip pinch strength. Among the measured hand dimensions, forearm circumference was significantly greater in maxillofacial surgeons compared with endodontists and pediatric dentists. Conclusion. Hand functionality is specialty-related among dentists because distinct dental specialties expose practitioners to different task demands. Like any other manual workers, dentists need more ergonomic and usable hand tools tailored not only to the intended application but also to the anthropometry of users.

Estimation of Stature from Hand Dimensions

Background: The objective of this study was to estimate stature from hand dimensions in the South Indianpopulation. It is a very useful tool in forensic anthropology where only incomplete skeletal remains ormutilated limbs are present.Method: The study was done using standard measuring apparatus such as stadiometer to measure stature,and vernier callipers to measure hand length, palm length, hand breadth, and maximum hand breadth,and included both males and females. Regression formula and correlation was derived between handmeasurements and stature.Results: In this study, regression formula is derived with eight variables generalized for both males and females, S=63.686+7.466RHL-2.298LHL-4.698RPL+3.697LPL+6.160RHB-9.622LHB+2.810RMHB+1.708LMHB± 6.55977. Linear Regression equation for males and females have been derived separately with each ofthe hand parameters.Conclusion: In conclusion, hand measurements can be an effective tool in estimating stature for individualsabove 18 years of age.

Characterization of karstic aquifer complexity using fractal dimensions

The present study analyzes fractal dimensions for the daily discharge data series of 12 karstic springs registered over two decades in Northeast Hungary. Fluctuation in the observed data is frequent and irregular, producing rough time series. The level of roughness is measured by the fractal dimension defined in different ways and corresponds to the intensity of fluctuation. That, in turn, results from the structure of the karstic aquifer, its conduits’ geometry, and the water migration in them. In the given case of springs, p-variogram based fractal dimensions reflect the karstification level primarily. On the other hand, box-count and information dimensions are associated with mixing karstic and hydrothermal components when the latter is present. Therefore, the analysis of fractal dimensions of spring discharges may provide a way to obtain information on the complexity of the hidden subsurface conduits and the water flows in them in an exploratory and comprehensive way.

The self-perceived body size in obesity: Evidence from the implicit representation of the hand.

To locate our body in the space, we rely on an implicit representation of body size and shape: the body model. Evidence about the implicit representation of bodily dimensions in obesity is rare. Nevertheless, it seems to suggest that such representation is not altered in obesity compared to healthy weight individuals. To probe further this hypothesis, we investigated the implicit representation of hand dimensions with a landmark localisation task, comparing individuals with obesity and healthy weight individuals. Furthermore, as body model distortions may be related to tactile acuity, the tactile acuity threshold was measured using a two-point discrimination task. In accordance with the previous evidence, we observed that healthy weight participants showed a significant underestimation of finger length and overestimation of hand width. Interestingly, comparable body model distortions were shown also in participants with obesity. No differences in tactile acuity emerged between the two groups; also, when considering the whole sample, as tactile acuity decreases hand width overestimation increases. Thus, obesity seems to have no effect on the characteristics of the body model relative to the hand. Accordingly, the physiological mechanisms supporting the development of the implicit representation of hand dimensions in the healthy weight population may be preserved in obesity.

Sex estimation using discriminant analysis of hand dimensions among adult population in Ghana

The identification of a person forms a significant aspect of forensic investigations. Hand index derived from hand dimensions plays an important role in determining sex, age and population affinity in forensic and legal sciences. Sex estimation from anonymous body parts has been very important in forensic and legal sciences. Sexual dimorphism has been reported using various body parts including hand dimensions in several countries, but no study using hand dimensions has been conducted among Ghanaians. This study, therefore, is aimed at using discriminant analysis in the estimation of sex from hand dimensions. A sample size of 150 participants was recruited into the study. They were made of 79 females and 71 males aged between 18 and 90 years (as maximum growth of hand is attained from age 18 years onwards). The lengths and breadths of both hands of each participant were measured. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 for Windows. The mean right-hand length was 17.42 ± 01. cm (females) and 19.1 ± 1.38 cm (males) while the left-hand length was 17.7 ± 1.18 cm (females) and 19.0 ± 1.38 cm (males). The predominant palmar type was the mesocheri and demonstrated high accuracy for the estimation of sex. The accuracy of sex estimation using the formula derived was 74.0 %. This serves as a preliminary study and further study in larger sample size would be helpful in sex discrimination among Ghanaians.

Estimation of stature from anthropometric measurements of hands in living population of central India

Estimation of stature from dismembered body parts, as seen in cases of explosion or high impact vehicular trauma, is a challenge for forensic pathologist. There is need for population specific data for correct estimation of stature from dismembered limbs, as morphological traits of populations differ in different geographic regions. Present study was aimed at finding the correlation of stature with dimension of hands and estimating the stature by deriving regression equation in living population of central India region. Study included 300 young healthy adults (male=150, female=150). Standing height and dimension of right and left hands were measured in millimeter. Among males the highest correlation was exhibited by right hand length (r=0.592) and the lowest by left hand breadth (r=0.068) and among females highest correlation was exhibited by left hand length(r=0.524) and lowest by the right hand breadth (r=0.052). It is concluded that dimensions of hands can provide good reliability in estimating the stature, in the central India region population.