Hand Closure Research Articles

Rectal tear repair using barbed suture in the horse.

To describe the repair utilizing integral-anchor barbed suture in equine rectal tears. 3 horses aged 3 to 10 years old with grade 3 to 4 rectal tears. Grade 3 and 4 rectal tears were referred for surgical repair immediately after iatrogenic tearing or tearing during parturition. Integral-anchor barbed suture (Stratafix Symmetric PDS Plus, size 1, 18" CT-1) was placed using long-handled instruments or hand closure depending on the accessibility and visibility of the tear. Closure of grade 3 tears was performed using a continuous appositional pattern. A horizontal mattress pattern was performed in the grade 4 tear. No other surgical procedures were performed. Two grade 3 tears were successfully repaired with no complications and discharged from the hospital. One grade 4 tear was successfully repaired; however, 4 days post-surgery partial dehiscence of the suture site occurred, and the horse was euthanized. Grade 3 rectal tears were repaired successfully by using an integral-anchor barbed suture. No post-operative complications were reported. Blind hand suturing could be performed in cranial locations when the laceration could not be made visible. For grade 4 rectal tears, additional surgical procedures beyond barbed suture closure are needed.

Anastomotic techniques in minimally invasive bariatric surgery

Recommendations for the use of specific anastomotic techniques are not available in laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Recommendation criteria should consider the rate of insufficiency, bleeding, tendency to stricture or ulceration as well as the impact on weight loss or dumping. This article gives a review of the available evidence on the anastomotic techniques of typical surgical procedures in laparoscopic bariatric surgery. The current literature was reviewed and is discussed regarding anastomotic techniques for Roux-en‑Y gastric bypass (RYGB), one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), single anastomosis sleeve ileal (SASI) bypass and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BPD-DS). Few comparative studies exist, except for the RYGB. In RYGB gastrojejunostomy, a complete manual suture was shown to be equivalent to a mechanical anastomosis. In addition, the linear staple suture showed slight advantages over the circular stapler in terms of wound infections and bleeding. The anastomosis technique of the OAGB and SASI can be performed entirely with a linear stapler or with suture closure of the anterior wall defect. There seems to be an advantage of manual anastomosis in BPD-DS. Due to the lack of evidence, no recommendations can be made. Only in RYGB was there an advantage of the linear stapler technique with hand closure of the stapler defect compared to the linear stapler. In principle, prospective, randomized studies should be strived for.

Sequential contact-based adaptive grasping for robotic hands

This paper proposes a novel type of grasping strategy that draws inspiration from the role of touch and the importance of wrist motions in human grasping. The proposed algorithm, which we call Sequential Contact-based Adaptive Grasping, can be used to reactively modify a given grasp plan according to contacts arising between the hand and the object. This technique, based on a systematic constraint categorization and an iterative task inversion procedure, is shown to lead to synchronized motions of the fingers and the wrist, as it can be observed in humans, and to increase grasp success rate by substantially mitigating the relevant problems of object slippage during hand closure and of uncertainties caused by the environment and by the perception system. After describing the grasping problem in its quasi-static aspects, the algorithm is derived and discussed with some simple simulations. The proposed method is general as it can be applied to different kinds of robotic hands. It refines a priori defined grasp plans and significantly reduces their accuracy requirements by relying only on a forward kinematic model and elementary contact information. The efficacy of our approach is confirmed by experimental results of tests performed on a collaborative robot manipulator equipped with a state-of-the-art underactuated soft hand.

Using Sensorized Gloves and Dimensional Reduction for Hand Function Assessment of Patients with Osteoarthritis.

Sensorized gloves allow the measurement of all hand kinematics that are essential for daily functionality. However, they are scarcely used by clinicians, mainly because of the difficulty of analyzing all joint angles simultaneously. This study aims to render this analysis easier in order to enable the applicability of the early detection of hand osteoarthritis (HOA) and the identification of indicators of dysfunction. Dimensional reduction was used to compare kinematics (16 angles) of HOA patients and healthy subjects while performing the tasks of the Sollerman hand function test (SHFT). Five synergies were identified by using principal component (PC) analyses, patients using less fingers arch, higher palm arching, and a more independent thumb abduction. The healthy PCs, explaining 70% of patients’ data variance, were used to transform the set of angles of both samples into five reduced variables (RVs): fingers arch, hand closure, thumb-index pinch, forced thumb opposition, and palmar arching. Significant differences between samples were identified in the ranges of movement of most of the RVs and in the median values of hand closure and thumb opposition. A discriminant function for the detection of HOA, based in RVs, is provided, with a success rate of detection higher than that of the SHFT. The temporal profiles of the RVs in two tasks were also compared, showing their potentiality as dysfunction indicators. Finally, reducing the number of sensors to only one sensor per synergy was explored through a linear regression, resulting in a mean error of 7.0°.

Hand closure model for planning top grasps with soft robotic hands

Automating the act of grasping is one of the most compelling challenges in robotics. In recent times, a major trend has gained the attention of the robotic grasping community: soft manipulation. Along with the design of intrinsically soft robotic hands, it is important to devise grasp planning strategies that can take into account the hand characteristics, but are general enough to be applied to different robotic systems. In this article, we investigate how to perform top grasps with soft hands according to a model-based approach, using both power and precision grasps. The so-called closure signature (CS) is used to model closure motions of soft hands by associating to them a preferred grasping direction. This direction can be aligned to a suitable direction over the object to achieve successful top grasps. The CS-alignment is here combined with a recently developed AI-driven grasp planner for rigid grippers that is adjusted and used to retrieve an estimate of the optimal grasp to be performed on the object. The resulting grasp planner is tested with multiple experimental trials with two different robotic hands. A wide set of objects with different shapes was grasped successfully.

Skin Stretch Haptic Feedback to Convey Closure Information in Anthropomorphic, Under-Actuated Upper Limb Soft Prostheses.

Restoring hand function in individuals with upper limb loss is a challenging task, made difficult by the complexity of human hands from both a functional and sensory point of view. Users of commercial prostheses, even sophisticated devices, must visually attend to the hand to know its state, since in most cases they are not provided with any direct sensory information. Among the different types of haptic feedback that can be delivered, particularly information on hand opening is likely to reduce the requirement of constant visual attention. In recent years, there has been a trend of using underactuated, compliant multi-fingered hands as upper limb prostheses, in part due to their simplicity and ease of use attributed to low degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) actuation. The trend toward underactuation encourages the design of one d.o.f. haptic devices to provide intuitive sensory feedback from the prosthesis. However, mapping the closure of a multi-d.o.f. prosthetic hand to a simple and intuitive haptic cue is not a trivial task. In this paper, we explore the use of a one d.o.f. skin stretch haptic device, the rice haptic rocker, to provide intuitive proprioceptive feedback indicating overall hand closure of an underactuated prosthesis. The benefits and challenges of the system are assessed in multi-tasking and reduced vision scenarios for an object-size discrimination task, in an effort to simulate challenges in daily life, and are compared against the haptic resolution of the device using the just noticeable difference. Finally, an evaluation done with a prosthesis user, in the form of a truncated version of the Activities Measure for Upper Limb Amputees (AM-ULA), shows possible benefits of the addition of haptic feedback in tasks with reduced visual attention.

Design Criteria for Hand Exoskeletons: Measurement of Forces Needed to Assist Finger Extension in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients

The development of powered hand orthoses and exoskeletons for treatment of chronic motor deficits due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, and cerebral palsy has been widely explored by the robotics engineering community. The conditions arising from these disorders take several forms and clinical descriptions of the various deficits are at times difficult to interpret for those with limited interaction with patients. With devices commonly designed and evaluated on their ability to aid hand closure, well-known extension deficits that are present among these patients typically receive only secondary consideration by robotic approaches. Quantitative characterization of these extension deficits in a manner that is easily translated into engineering design criteria would greatly benefit device design and evaluation. Here, we measure the externally applied torques required to assist extension of the index finger and thumb of three patients with increased flexor tone in the hand. The average torque required to fully extend a subject's index finger MCP joint ranged from 0.22 - 0.75 N·m and the thumb's MCP from 0.29 - 1.35 N·m. The highest torques were recorded when subjects were asked to volitionally extend their fingers, causing an increase in flexor tone requiring more assistance to overcome than when they were relaxed.

Humans Can Integrate Augmented Reality Feedback in Their Sensorimotor Control of a Robotic Hand

Tactile feedback is pivotal for grasping and manipulation in humans. Providing functionally effective sensory feedback to prostheses users is an open challenge. Past paradigms were mostly based on vibro- or electrotactile stimulations. However, the tactile sensitivity on the targeted body parts (usually the forearm) is greatly less than that of the hand/fingertips, restricting the amount of information that can be provided through this channel. Visual feedback is the most investigated technique in motor learning studies, where it showed positive effects in learning both simple and complex tasks; however, it was not exploited in prosthetics due to technological limitations. Here, we investigated if visual information provided in the form of augmented reality (AR) feedback can be integrated by able-bodied participants in their sensorimotor control of a pick-and-lift task while controlling a robotic hand. For this purpose, we provided visual continuous feedback related to grip force and hand closure to the participants. Each variable was mapped to the length of one of the two ellipse axes visualized on the screen of wearable single-eye display AR glasses. We observed changes in behavior when subtle (i.e., not announced to the participants) manipulation of the AR feedback was introduced, which indicated that the participants integrated the artificial feedback within the sensorimotor control of the task. These results demonstrate that it is possible to deliver effective information through AR feedback in a compact and wearable fashion. This feedback modality may be exploited for delivering sensory feedback to amputees in a clinical scenario.

Digital Traumatic Fistula and Arteriovenous Malformation in a Patient with Ulnar Nerve Compression Syndrome

Objective —Ulnar nerve compression, the Guyon's canal syndrome, is more unusual than carpal tunnel disorders. An exceptional case of a patient with vascular and neurogenic signs and symptoms is described. Patient Presentation —A 26-year-old female physiotherapist presented with neurogenic and arteriovenous signs and symptoms involving the right hand. The patient described fourth finger and wrist pain with flexion, and pain and itching extending to arm and forearm. Sensations worsened when exposed to air conditioning. Enlarged vessels were noted in the medial aspect of the fourth digit; trauma occurred 8 years earlier during attempts to open a nail polish container. Methods —Color flow, duplex-Doppler ultrasonography (US) of the subclavian to digital vessels was performed using 3- to 13-MHz transducers. Interpretation focused on flow waveforms obtained with the hand open and closed, having the left extremity as reference. Thermography was performed with camera Flir 15, room temperature at 21°C (70°F) and relative humidity at 48%. Results —Right subclavian to digital arteries had high diastolic flow with opened hand. Hand closure interrupted diastolic flow except in the ulnar circulation to the fourth digit. Common digital arteries feeding digits 3–4 and 4–5 had significantly more diastolic flow than the artery feeding digits 2–3. Diastolic flow through a dilated ulnar artery despite hand closure was associated to a millimetric arteriovenous fistula in the fourth finger. Hyperthermia saturating at 35°C (95°F) showed channel-like images over the ulnar nerve and artery and fourth digit, compared with 20°C (68°F) for digit 2. Conclusions —US and thermography demonstrated high flow and hyperthermia associated with a fourth digit fistula and abnormal vessels, and ulnar artery dilatation likely associated with ulnar nerve injury. A coadjuvant diagnosis of Guyon's canal syndrome at the wrist was raised.

P3.04-012 Bronchial Sutures in Anatomic Pulmonary Resections: The Clinical Experience of 865 Cases: Topic: Miscellaneous I

Although the incidence of bronchopleural fistula (BPF) has decreased in past time, it remains a serious complication following pulmonary resection. Between 1999 and 2011, 865 patients with lung cancer underwent radical surgery. 732 (84,6%) males and 133 (15,4%) females were ranging between 22 and 79 years (average 55,2±8,1). We retrospectively reviewed the data for morbidity, mortality and complications, especially with regard to the type of bronchial suture. Tabled 1Rate BPF from the dependence of the type of bronchial sutureType of bronchial suturecasesBPF%Stapled closure210146,7%Stapled closure with additinal hand suture514244.7%Hand closure14110,7%Total865394,5% Open table in a new tab All patients underwent radical operations: 286 (33,1%) pneumonectomies, 501 (57,9%) lobectomies and 78 (9,0%) bilobectomies. In postoperative period 39 patients (4,5%) had complication – bronchopleural fistula. After pneumonectomy BPF took place in 33 (11,5%) cases, not differing significantly from the volume of lymph node dissection. After lobectomy BPF occurred statistically significant rare – in 6 (1,0%) cases. It should be noted, that the volume of lymph node dissection not significantly affect the frequency BPF. The most frequently BPF occured after pneumonectomies – 33 (26 on the right, 7 left). After lobectomies BPF occurred in less cases – 6 (2 on the right, 4 left). By using hand closure BPF occurred in 1 out of 141 (0,7%) cases. By using stapled closure – in 14 of 210 (6,7%). By using stapled closure with additional hand suture – 24 of 514 (4,7%). Thus the safest method of bronchus closure is hand suture. The stapled closure statistically significant increase the amount of BPF (p<0,05).

Over 20-Year Follow-up of Miura Reconstruction of Cleft Hand

Several techniques have been described for cleft hand closure and web space reconstruction in patients with central deficiency; however, long-term documentation of results is rare. We present a 23-year follow-up of a patient who underwent the Miura procedure for a Manske type IIb cleft hand exhibiting long-term aesthetic and functional success. In addition, early skin flap necrosis and late web space contracture, which have been seen after the Snow-Littler procedure, did not occur in this case.

Abstract W P170: Hemodynamic Effects in Carotid Occlusion Using Arterial Spin Labeling and Transcranial Doppler

Background: High grade carotid stenosis produces hemodynamic effects on the brain, but the relationship between cerebral autoregulation, absolute CBF and neurovascular coupling has not been well-delineated. Methods: Twelve subjects (age 74±9, 3F) with unilateral ICA stenosis (80-100% occluded) but no infarct (asymptomatic or TIA only) underwent dynamic cerebral autoregulation (DCA) testing with transcranial Doppler by comparing phase shift (PS) of spontaneous oscillations in blood pressure (measured with finger photoplethysmography (Finapres)) versus MCA flow velocities at frequencies .06-.12 Hz using transfer function analysis, lower degree of PS indicating worse autoregulation.Neurovascular coupling was assessed by amplitude of absolute increase in CBF in bilateral Brodman area (BA) 4 during a bilateral repetitive hand closure task using continuous arterial spin labeling (CASL) MRI. Four activation (ON) periods were averaged and subtracted from 4 rest (OFF) periods. Resting CBF for each hemisphere’s motor cortex was determined by averaging the OFF periods. Results: All subjects showed: 1) hemispheric asymmetry in baseline CBF with the occluded side being on average 25mL/100g*min (+/- 14 mL/100g*min) lower than the unoccluded hemisphere. 2) hemispheric asymmetry in motor activation: unoccluded hemisphere average activation (mean_CBF_ON - mean_CBF_OFF) in BA4 was 23.7mL/100g*min, representing a 21% increase in local CBF due to activation; occluded hemisphere mean activation was 14 mL/100g*min, representing 18% percent increase in local CBF. 3) Hemispheric asymmetry in DCA, PS=33.1 deg ± 31 on the occluded side vs. 43.5 deg±23 on the non-occluded side. Both the hemispheral difference in baseline CBF (impaired flow) and the difference in DCA measurement (impaired autoregulation) were good predictors of the lower activation (neurovascular coupling) on the occluded hemisphere: R 2 = 0.85 and 0.80, respectively. Conclusion: Both impaired resting CBF and impaired cerebral autoregulation appear to contribute to decreased neurovascular coupling in carotid artery occlusive disease, representing a potential mechanism for occult neuronal dysfunction such as mild cognitive impairment in this patient population.

Intrinsic Hand Muscle Function, Part 2: Kinematic Comparison of 2 Reconstructive Procedures

Reconstruction of grasp is a high priority for tetraplegic patients. Restoration of finger flexion by surgical activation of flexor digitorum profundus can result in roll-up finger flexion, interphalangeal (IP) joint before metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint flexion, which can be improved by restoring intrinsic function. This study compares grasp kinematics between 2 intrinsic balancing procedures-Zancolli-lasso and House. The intrinsic muscles of 12 cadaver hands were reconstructed by either the Zancolli-lasso or the House procedure (n= 6 each) and tested by deforming the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) with a motor to simulate hand closure. Results were compared with 5 control hands. All 17 hands were studied by video analysis. Kinematics were characterized by the order of MCP joint and IP joint flexion. Optimal grasp was defined as the maximal fingertip-to-palm distance during the arc of finger closure. Kinematics differed between the 2 procedures. The Zancolli-lasso reconstructed hands flexed first in the IP joints, and then in MCP joints, resembling an unreconstructed intrinsic-minus hand whereas the House reconstructed hands flexed first in the MCP joints and then in the IP joints, resembling an intrinsic-activated hand. Maximal fingertip-to-palm distance did not differ significantly between the 2 procedures, and both showed improvement over unreconstructed controls. Both intrinsic balancing techniques improved grasp. Only the House procedure restored hand kinematics approximating those of an intrinsic-activated hand. Improvement in fingertip-to-palm distance in Zancolli-lasso hands resulted primarily from the initial resting MCP joint flexion of 40°. We therefore advocate the more physiological House procedure for restoration of intrinsic function in tetraplegic patients. This study provides a rationale for advocacy of 1 reconstructive procedure over another.

Age, retirement and establishment closure

PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the relationship between the age of employees and employers on the one hand and establishment closure probability on the other.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on large‐scale longitudinal Danish register data. Past employer and employee age distributions are used as predictors for future establishment closure probability by means of a discrete‐time hazard model.FindingsThe paper shows that the age of the employer and the age distribution of the employees are predictors of an establishment's future closure probability. This probability assumes a temporary maximum when employers or large shares of employees are reaching retirement age. Estimates suggest that a ten percent increase in the share of employees who will be of retirement age in the future increases future annual closure probability by approximately ten percent.Research limitations/implicationsIt is possible to interpret the finding of temporary maxima in the closure probabilities as the result of the retirement decisions of individuals. However, this interpretation of the results would have to rest on an identifying assumption. Also, findings are driven by small establishments, and should not be generalised to firms of medium size or above.Practical implicationsThe paper can be used to make predictions of future establishment closure rates.Social implicationsPolicies that reduce the costs of employee turnover and firm ownership changes might decrease closure rates.Originality/valueThis paper adds to our knowledge of the relationships between the age of individuals and firm performance. Also, it considers the role of retirement as a largely overlooked determinant of industry dynamics.

Technology-aided recreation and communication opportunities for post-coma persons affected by lack of speech and extensive motor impairment

This study assessed technology-aided intervention programs for two post-coma men who had re-acquired consciousness, but were unable to engage in personally or socially relevant occupations, given their lack of functional speech and their extensive motor disabilities. The microswitches used for accessing the program contents consisted of (a) a pressure sensor fixed in the palm of the first man's hand that could be activated with a small hand closure movement, and (b) an optic sensor fixed under the chin of the second man that could be activated by mouth opening movements. The programs' content consisted of recreation and communication options, which involved activating music, videos, and basic requests, sending and receiving (listening to) text messages, and placing phone calls. The results showed that the men (a) used the technology-aided programs successfully to manage the recreation and communication options available and (b) showed consistent preference for the sessions with the technology-aided program over other daily events. Family and staff members interviewed about the participants' programs (seven members for each participant) thought that the participants enjoyed the intervention sessions with the programs and that the programs had beneficial effects for them. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Interception of parabolic balls: uncertainty of arrival time modulates hand closure movements

Interception of parabolic balls: uncertainty of arrival time modulates hand closure movements

Technology-based programs to support forms of leisure engagement and communication for persons with multiple disabilities: Two single-case studies

Objective: To extend the assessment of technology-based programs for promoting stimulus choice and staff/caregiver calls or radio operation and text messaging.Method: In Study I, the program involved a portable computer, commercial software, and a microswitch to allow a man with motor impairment and moderate intellectual disability to choose among preferred stimuli (e.g., songs and film clips) and persons to call. In Study II, the programs involved (a) a radio device and an electronic control unit or (b) a net-book computer and a global system for mobile communication. A woman with blindness and moderate intellectual disability used a microswitch to operate the radio or send and listen to text messages.Results: The participants succeeded in using the technology-aided programs through simple microswitch activations involving partial hand closure (Study I) or hand pressure (Study II).Conclusion: Technology-based programs can provide persons with multiple disabilities relevant leisure and communication opportunities.

People Favour Imperfect Catching by Assuming a Stable World

The visual angle that is projected by an object (e.g. a ball) on the retina depends on the object's size and distance. Without further information, however, the visual angle is ambiguous with respect to size and distance, because equal visual angles can be obtained from a big ball at a longer distance and a smaller one at a correspondingly shorter distance. Failure to recover the true 3D structure of the object (e.g. a ball's physical size) causing the ambiguous retinal image can lead to a timing error when catching the ball. Two opposing views are currently prevailing on how people resolve this ambiguity when estimating time to contact. One explanation challenges any inference about what causes the retinal image (i.e. the necessity to recover this 3D structure), and instead favors a direct analysis of optic flow. In contrast, the second view suggests that action timing could be rather based on obtaining an estimate of the 3D structure of the scene. With the latter, systematic errors will be predicted if our inference of the 3D structure fails to reveal the underlying cause of the retinal image. Here we show that hand closure in catching virtual balls is triggered by visual angle, using an assumption of a constant ball size. As a consequence of this assumption, hand closure starts when the ball is at similar distance across trials. From that distance on, the remaining arrival time, therefore, depends on ball's speed. In order to time the catch successfully, closing time was coupled with ball's speed during the motor phase. This strategy led to an increased precision in catching but at the cost of committing systematic errors.

Completion pneumonectomy: a multicentre international study on 165 patients

We evaluated factors that influenced morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing completion pneumonectomy (CP). A retrospective review of a consecutive series of patients who underwent CP at six international centres. In total, 165 CP were performed between March 1990 and December 2009: 152 for malignant disease and 13 for benign disease. Forty-two patients (25.4%) underwent neoadjuvant therapy. Right CP was performed in 99 patients (60%) and left in 66 (40%). Thoracotomy was employed in 161 patients and median sternotomy in 4. Stapled closure of the bronchus was performed in 121 patients and hand closure in 44. The overall operative mortality was 10.3% (17 of 165). Operative mortality was 10.5% (16 of 152) in malignant diseases and 7.7% (1 of 13) in benign diseases. Complications occurred in 55.1% (91 of 165) of patients. Mean hospital stay was 16.02 ± 16.8 days (range: 3-151 days). Thirteen patients (7.9%) developed bronchopleural fistulas. No statistically significant relationship was found in mortality or morbidity according to side, gender, induction therapy and surgical approach. Stapled compared with hand closure for the bronchus did not affect the bronchopleural fistula rate (P = 0.4). The overall 5-year survival was 37.6%: 70.1% in benign disease (13 patients), 48.9% in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung (63 patients), 23.9% in primary lung adenocarcinoma (62 patients), 50% in grade 1 and grade 2 neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung (4 patients), 54.7% in metastatic disease (14 patients) and 0% in primary lung sarcomas. A statistically significant better survival was observed in patients with squamous cell carcinoma versus adenocarcinoma (P = 0.04). CP shows an acceptable operative mortality with a high morbidity rate. The overall 5-year survival is acceptable in properly selected patients (i.e. squamous cell carcinoma, metastatic disease). Side, gender, induction therapy and surgical approach did not influence mortality and morbidity.

A common first-order time-to-contact based control of hand-closure initiation in catching and grasping

To catch or grasp an object, the initiation of hand closure has to be coordinated with the relative movement between hand and object. In search of a common control of the initiation of hand closure for both tasks (van de Kamp, Bongers, & Zaal, 2010), the authors studied two tasks, catching while keeping the hand stationary and prehension. They showed that the initiation of hand closure could well be based on first-order time-to-contact in the prehension task but not in the catching task studied. The current study tested if the fact that the hand-object gap was closed at a linear rate made that the initiation of hand closure could not be explained on the basis of that same first-order time-to-contact in the catching task. In Experiment 1, the participants had to catch targets that approached at nonlinear rates while keeping the hand stationary. In Experiment 2, the participants were free to move their hand in catching the approaching objects, allowing the closure of the hand-object gap to occur at a nonlinear rate as it would in natural movements. The results showed that the first-order time-to-contact based control of the initiation of hand closure did apply in Experiment 2, whereas it did not in Experiment 1. It was concluded that constraining the catching task such that it became unfamiliar led to a hampered timing, thus obstructing the finding of the common control in the previous study, and in Experiment 1 of the current study.