Han Ethnic Group Research Articles

Effects of an intercultural music course on adolescents’ intergroup attitudes in southwest China

ABSTRACT The value of intercultural music learning on intergroup attitudes has been demonstrated in the literature, such as enhancing intercultural sensitivity and building interethnic friendships. However, the process by which intercultural music learning influences intergroup attitudes has not yet been illuminated. This study investigated the impact of an intercultural music course on intergroup attitudes among middle school students (N = 277) from Yi, Han, Mongolian and Tibetan ethnic groups in a multi-ethnic school in Sichuan province, southwest China. The research tools included questionnaire surveys, reflective journals, semi-structured interviews and observational field notes. The findings revealed that the intercultural music course significantly improved the students’ intergroup attitudes compared with the regular and non-music courses. The findings further identified six process dimensions that helped capture the gradual changes in students’ attitudes towards other groups as well as the cumulative nature of the effects of intercultural music learning. This study sheds light on approaches to using music to learn about, communicate with and appreciate other cultures.

Positive referential meaning and color metaphor bring beauty: Evidence on aesthetic appraisal of ancient Chinese character from Han, Bai, and Yi ethnic groups

Positive referential meaning and color metaphor bring beauty: Evidence on aesthetic appraisal of ancient Chinese character from Han, Bai, and Yi ethnic groups

Correlation between CYP2C9 gene polymorphism and warfarin dose in Chinese Han population with coronary heart disease.

This study aimed to explore the correlation between CYP2C9 gene polymorphism and warfarin dose in Chinese Han patients with coronary heart disease. The selection was made to the analysis of blood coagulation test of Chinese Han ethnic group, 200 cases of coronary heart disease patients as target group, the patients were satisfied taking warfarin INR target (in the range of 2.0 ~ 3.0), the other to select 200 cases proved by physical examination health as health group. The warfarin dose and the clinical laboratory INR after warfarin administration were taken, and the DNA of the patients was extracted and tested. The CYP2C9 genotype and allele frequency of patients in the standard group were observed, and the basic information and gene test results of the healthy group and the standard group were compared. Patients in the standard group were grouped according to the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype, and the warfarin dosage was compared respectively. The number of cases of anticoagulant overdose in patients with different genotypes in the target group at the initial stage of warfarin treatment was compared. Results showed that CYP2C9*1/*2, *2/*2, *2/*3, *3/*3 genotypes were not found by detecting CYP2C9 genotype and allele frequency in the standard group. There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequency between the standard group and the healthy group (P BBB 0 0.05). The mean daily dose of the CYP2C9*1/*3 genotype was lower than the mean daily dose of warfarin required by the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in the incidence of anticoagulation overdose at the initial stage of treatment among different CYP2C9 genotypes (P < 0.05), and the incidence of an anticoagulation overdose in group *1/*3 was significantly higher than that in group *1/*1. In general, There was a correlation between CYP2C9 gene polymorphism and warfarin dose in Chinese Han population with coronary heart disease. Compared with the wilD-type (*1/*1) enzyme, the metabolic ability of warfarin in mutant CYP2C9 enzyme (mainly *1/*3 in Chinese population) decreases, and the patients were sensitive to warfarin treatment, and the dose required decreases.

Measuring non-Han bodies: Anthropometry, colonialism, and biopower in China's south-western borderland in the 1930s and 1940s

This article examines the biopower of non-Han bodies by considering the intersections of anthropology, racial science, and colonial regimes. During the 1930s and 1940s, when extensive anthropometric research was being undertaken on non-Han populations in the south-western borderlands of China, several anthropologists studied non-Han groups under the aegis of frontier administration. Chinese scholars sought to generate the physical characteristics of ethnic minority groups in the south-west of China through the methodology of body measurement, in order to identify forms of social and political intervention in the management of the non-Han population in wartime. This article examines the global transmission of Western social science in China, highlighting the local reception of Western racial taxonomy. Non-Han bodies were represented as a subcategory of the Mongolian/‘Yellow’ race through anthropometric research. The body measurements of non-Han people were used to demonstrate physical similarities between the Han and various ethnic minority groups in order to evoke a unified Zhonghua minzu (Chinese ethnicity) that embraced both the Han Chinese and frontier ethnic minority groups.

Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice among mothers in nine community health centres in Nanning city, China: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundThe prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is suboptimal in China. There is limited evidence of effective interventions to increase EBF in China. Therefore, it is urgent to explore the potential factors that may be effective in promoting exclusive breastfeeding. Previous studies have mainly focused on socio-demographic factors and the Han ethnic group. This study explores more modifiable influencing factors of EBF in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China.MethodsThe cross-sectional data used in this study were collected to provide baseline information on EBF prevalence for a breastfeeding promotion project. A total of 494 mothers of infants aged 0–5 months were recruited from nine community health centres in Nanning, China, in October 2019. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured questionnaires. Infant feeding was measured by 24-h recall. The Chinese version of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale–Short Form was used to examine the maternal breastfeeding self-efficacy. Univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the factors associated with EBF practices.ResultsIn the present study, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 37.0%. Higher breastfeeding self-efficacy scores (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.93; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25, 2.98), a college degree or above (AOR 2.15; 95% CI 1.24, 3.71), and early initiation of breastfeeding (AOR 2.06; 95% CI 1.29, 3.29) were positively associated with EBF practice. However, the preparation for infant formula before childbirth (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.17, 0.52) and premature birth (AOR 0.30; 95% CI 0.10, 0.87) were negatively associated with EBF practice.ConclusionsExclusive breastfeeding practice was suboptimal and associated with various factors in the study area. The prevalence of EBF was positively associated with higher breastfeeding self-efficacy, education level of mothers, and early initiation of breastfeeding, whereas premature birth and preparation for infant formula before childbirth were barriers to exclusive breastfeeding. Future intervention projects should target mothers with premature babies, lower levels of education, and breastfeeding self-efficacy. Breastfeeding-friendly practices, such as the early initiation of breastfeeding and regulations on breastmilk substitutes, should also be encouraged.

49AISNP: a study on the ancestry inference of the three ethnic groups in the north of East Asia.

The ancestry inference of unknown samples plays an important role in forensic investigations. An ideal panel is a set of few markers with high ancestry inference accuracy. We collected 428 AISNP (ancestry informative SNP) that can distinguish the three ethnic groups in north of East Asia, including northern Han, Japanese and Korean. The genotypes of 428 AISNP in 307 samples from these three ethnic groups were obtained. Based on the information of Fst value and clustering by allele frequency, the panel was further refined into 49AISNP smart panel. Inference accuracy of the 49AISNP was verified by the leave-one-out method with 307 samples, and the results showed that its accuracy was higher than 99% in the northern Han, Japanese and Korean ethnic groups. This panel can also be helpful to further distinguish the ethnic sub-groups in East Asia.

Chinese gut microbiota and its associations with staple food type, ethnicity, and urbanization

The gut microbiota could affect human health and disease. Although disease-associated microbiota alteration has been extensively investigated in the Chinese population, a nationwide Chinese gut microbiota baseline is still lacking. Here we performed 16 S rRNA gene sequencing on fecal samples from 2678 healthy Chinese individuals, who belonged to eight ethnic groups and resided in 63 counties/cities of 28 provinces. We identified four enterotypes, three of which were enriched for Prevotella, Bacteroides, and Escherichia, respectively, whereas the fourth one had no dominant genus. By assessing the association between the gut microbiota and 20 variables belonging to six categories, geography, demography, diet, urbanization, lifestyle, and sampling month, we revealed that geography explained the largest microbiota variation, and clarified the distinct patterns in the associations with staple food type, ethnicity, and urban/rural residence. Specifically, the gut microbiota of Han Chinese and ethnic minority groups from the same sites was more alike than that of the same ethnic minority groups from different sites. Individuals consuming wheat as staple food were predicted to have more microbial genes involving in glucan 1,3-beta-glucosidase and S-adenosyl-l-methionine biosynthesis than those who consumed rice, based on functional prediction. Besides, an appreciable effect of urbanization on decreased intra-individual diversity, increased inter-individual diversity, and increased proportion of the Bacteroides enterotype was observed. Collectively, our study provided a nationwide gut microbiota baseline of the Chinese population and knowledge on important covariates, which are fundamental to translational microbiota research.

Screening and analysis of Treponema pallidum specific antibody among childbearing age people in rural areas of Yunnan province, 2013-2017

Objective: To determine the prevalence, epidemiological characteristics, and related factors of syphilis infection among rural childbearing age people to promote medical interventions on pre-pregnancy aristogenesis and syphilis infection in Yunnan province. Methods: The subjects in this study were 18-49-year-old rural couples of childbearing age from the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project in Yunnan province during 2013-2017. The descriptive study was carried out to determine the positive rate of Treponema pallidum specific antibody (TPsAb) and related sociodemographic characteristics. Results: The overall positive rate of TPsAb was 0.38% (8 204/2 160 455) in 2 160 455 rural childbearing age people in Yunnan. The positive rate of TPsAb was 0.39% (4 019/1 040 981) in men,higher than that in women (0.37%,4 185/1 119 474). The positive rate of TPsAb was highest in the age group 45-49 years (0.70%,158/22 511). The positive rate of TP antibody in the minority ethnic groups and Han ethnic groups appeared the same (0.38%). However,the highest positive rate of TPsAb was 0.77% (461/60 153) in Hani ethnic group among all the 17 minority ethnic groups. People with education level of primary education had the highest anti-TP positive rate (0.54%,2 327/431 275). The positive rate of TPsAb appeared the highest in Zhaotong (0.73%, 2 049/281 614) area among all the 16 prefectures of the province. The positive rate of TPsAb in the population from the impoverished regions (0.50%,2 963/590 039) was higher than in other disadvantaged areas (0.34%, 3 115/929 368) or areas with average income (0.33%,2 126/641 048). Significant differences appeared in the positive rate of TPsAb among populations of different ages, ethnic, education level, and economic level groups (trend χ2 test, P<0.001). Conclusions: The positive rate of TP antibody in rural childbearing age people in Yunnan was related to multi factors,including sex,age,ethnic group,education level,area, residence, and local economic situation. The positive rate of TPsAb was higher in men than in women. And people with elder age, lower education level, being Hani or Lahu ethnic group, and Zhaotong areas had higher TPsAb positive rates and higher syphilis infection risk.

Study on the correlation between eosinophils and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in Xinjiang region of China

Objective: To explore the correlation between eosinophils (Eos) and the incidence of chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) in Xinjiang region of China by comparing the proportion of inflammatory cells in the pathological tissues and peripheral blood. Methods: Retrospective analysis was performed on 582 patients with CRSwNP who underwent endoscopic nasal surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 2012 to March 2018, including 367 males and 215 females, aged (45.5±13.4) years (x¯±s). Patients were divided into groups according to demographic characteristics, recurrence and complication of allergic rhinitis (AR). Preoperative blood routine and postoperative pathological section data of nasal polyps were collected to compare the ratio of inflammatory cells in pathological tissue and the ratio of peripheral blood Eos in each group. The correlation between the proportion of inflammatory cells in the pathological tissue of nasal polyps and the recurrence of CRSwNP was analyzed, as well as the distribution of (eosCRSwNP) in Uygur and Han CRSwNP patients in Xinjiang region. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 19.0 software. Results: Compared with non-recurrent CRSwNP patients, the ratio of Eos in nasal polyp tissue and peripheral blood was increased significantly, (Z value was -3.142 and -2.344, respectively, both P<0.05). Compared with CRSwNP patients without AR, the ratio of Eos in nasal polyps and peripheral blood was also increased significantly in patients with AR (Z value was -6.664 and -4.520, respectively, both P<0.05). There was a positive correlation between tissue Eos and CRSwNP recurrence (r=0.130, P=0.002). The majority of CRSwNP patients were both eosCRSwNP in Uygur and Han ethnic groups. Conclusions: Eos is associated with the recurrence of CRSwNP in Xinjiang region, and eosCRSwNP is the dominant factor in both Uygur and Han patients.

SYTL3-SLC22A3 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Gene-Gene/Environment Interactions on the Risk of Hyperlipidemia.

The current study aims to further delineate the associations between the synaptotagmin-like 3 (SYTL3) and solute carrier family 22 member 3 (SLC22A3) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and their haplotypes and gene–gene (G × G)/environment (G × E) interactions on the risk of hyperlipidemia (HLP) in the Maonan and Han ethnic groups. Genotype distribution among the SYTL3–SLC22A3 SNPs in 2,829 individual patients bearing no relationship to each other (Han, 1,436; Maonan, 1,393) was analyzed utilizing next-generation sequencing techniques. The genotype frequencies of the rs6455600, rs2129209, and rs446809 SNPs were varied between the two ethnic groups (P < 0.05–0.001). Various SNPs were correlated with serum levels of triglyceride (TG; rs446809), total cholesterol (TC; rs6455600, rs2129209, and rs539298), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; rs446809) among the Han population, whereas various SNPs were also correlated with TC (rs6455600 and rs539298), TG (rs446809), and LDL-C (rs446809) levels in the Maonan ethnic group (P < 0.008–0.001). One part of haplotypes resulted in worsened HLP-related morbidity in the Han (SYTL3 A-C-A-A; SLC22A3 A-A and A-G; and SYTL3–SLC22A3 A-C-A-A-A-A and A-C-A-A-A-G) and Maonan (SYTL3 A-C-A-A; SLC22A3 A-A and A-G; and SYTL3–SLC22A3 A-C-A-A-A-A, G-T-C-A-A-A, and G-T-C-A-C-A) ethnic groups, whereas another part of haplotypes lowered HLP-related health risks in the Han (SLC22A3 C-A and C-G and SYTL3–SLC22A3 A-C-A-A-C-A, A-C-A-A-C-G, and G-T-C-A-C-A) and Maonan (SLC22A3 C-G and SYTL3–SLC22A3 A-C-A-A-C-G) ethnic groups. We discovered that the SYTL3–SLC22A3 SNPs and their haplotypes were associated with serum lipid levels and the risk of HLP in our studied populations.

Analysis on characteristics of HIV-1 molecular network in injected drug users in Guangzhou, 2008-2017

Objective: To understand the characteristics of the HIV-1 molecular networks in injected drug users (IDUs) in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2017, and provide reference for the prevention and control of AIDS in this population. Methods: The serum samples of newly diagnosed HIV-1 positive IDUs in Guangzhou from 2008 to 2017 were collected, HIV-1 RNA was extracted for pol gene amplification and sequencing. The molecular cluster in the phylogenetic tree was identified by Cluster Picker 1.2.3 for cluster analysis. TN93 model in HyPhy2.2.4 was used to calculate the gene distance between the cluster sequences. Software Cytoscape3.8.2 was used to visualize the molecular network, and χ2 test or exact probability method was used for cluster analysis and centrality analysis. Results: A total of 586 sequences were successfully amplified (73.9%, 586/793), and 80 molecular clusters were produced, with a clustering rate of 46.6% (273/586). In molecular clusters, the proportions of the strains from IDUs in Han ethnic group (48.4%, 260/537), IDUs who were local residents in Guangdong (52.7%, 146/277) and IDUs whose strain sequence subtype was CRF55_01B (93.3%, 14/15) were higher. In the molecular network, the degree range was 1-7, and nodes with degree ≥3 accounted for 12.8% (24/187), which was associated with another 81 nodes in the molecular network (43.3%, 81/187). The centrality analysis showed that the proportions of housework/unemployed with high degree centrality (19.0%, 19/100), high intermediary (22.0%, 22/100), and high proximity centrality (32.0%, 32/100) were higher in IDUs infected with HIV-1. Conclusion: The risk of HIV-1 clustering in IDUs in Guangzhou was high, suggesting that IDUs who were from both Guangdong and Guangxi and were house workers or unemployed should be viewed as the key targets, and precise intervention should be implemented to reduce the HIV-1 infection rate in this population.

The association between ambient air pollution and birth defects in five major ethnic groups in Liuzhou, China

BackgroundStudies suggest that exposure to ambient air pollution during pregnancy may be associated with increased risks of birth defects (BDs), but conclusions have been inconsistent. This study describes the ethnic distribution of major BDs and examines the relationship between air pollution and BDs among different ethnic groups in Liuzhou city, China.MethodsSurveillance data of infants born in 114 registered hospitals in Liuzhou in 2019 were analyzed to determine the epidemiology of BDs across five major ethnic groups.Concentrations of six air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, O3) were obtained from the Liuzhou Environmental Protection Bureau. Logistic regression was used to examine the associations between ambient air pollution exposure and risk of BDs.ResultsAmong 32,549 infants, 635 infants had BDs, yielding a prevalence of 19.5 per 1000 perinatal infants. Dong ethnic group had the highest prevalence of BDs (2.59%), followed by Yao (2.57%), Miao (2.35%), Zhuang (2.07%), and Han (1.75%). Relative to the Han ethnic group, infants from Zhuang, Miao, Yao and Dong groups had lower risks of congenital heart disease, polydactyly, and hypospadias. The Zhuang ethnic group had higher risks of severe thalassemia, cleft lip and/or palate, and syndactyls. Overall BDs were positively correlated with air pollutants PM10 (aOR =1.14, 95% CI:1.12 ~ 2.43; aOR =1.51, 95% CI:1.13 ~ 2.03 for per 10μg/mg3 increment) and CO (aOR =1.36, 95% CI:1.14 ~ 2.48; aOR =1.75, 95% CI:1.02 ~ 3.61 for every 1 mg /m3 increment) in second and third month of pregnancy. SO2 was also significantly associated with BDs in the second month before the pregnancy (aOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.20 ~ 3.22) and third month of pregnancy (aOR =1.75; 95% CI:1.02 ~ 3.61). Congenital heart disease, polydactyl, cleft lip and/or palate were also significantly associated with PM10, SO2 and CO exposures. However, no significant association was found between birth defects and O3, PM2.5 and NO2 exposures (P > 0.05).ConclusionThis study provides a comprehensive description of ethnic differences in BDs in Southwest China and broadens the evidence of the association between air pollution exposure during gestation and BDs.

ANALYSIS OF DENTAL CARIES IN THE PERMANENT FIRST MOLARS AND RELATED FACTORS WITH CHILDREN AGED 10–12 YEARS IN SOUTHERN CHINA

In order to investigate and analyze the caries status of permanent first molars (PFMs) in children aged 10 to 12 years in Southern China and to analyze the related factors, from January to August 2019, a multi-stage, stratified, cluster, and random sampling method had been used to select 6208 children from 22 schools in Guangzhou city for oral health examinations and questionnaires. The total caries rate of the PFMs was 39.40%, total DMFT score was [Formula: see text], the filling rate of caries was 3.38%, and the rate of fissure sealant was 5.89%. The percentage of PFM caries was statistically significant between female and boys, urban and rural areas, only-children and non-only children, and between ethnic minorities and Han ethnic groups ([Formula: see text]). The difference between urban and rural areas was statistically significant ([Formula: see text]). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the number of daily toothbrushes, the number of desserts eaten, milk drinking before bedtime, being the only-child, and the parents’ level of education were the independents influencing the factors of for developing dental caries. The incidence of dental caries in the PFMs of children aged 10–12 years in Southern China is high, and the rate of fissure sealant and the rate of dental fillings are low. There are a lot of differences between urban and rural areas, where children’s oral health knowledge is poor, and poor oral hygiene behaviors and dietary habits exist.

Analysis on prediction power of HIV infection risk assessment tool in men who have sex with men in Guizhou province

Objective: To evaluate the prediction power of HIV infection risk assessment tool and the applicability in MSM in Guizhou province. Methods: MSM were recruited through snowball sampling method. Questionnaire surveys were conducted among the MSM using HIV infection risk assessment tool, and combined with HIV serologic test results, the risk prediction power of HIV infection risk assessment tool was evaluated. Results: A total of 3 379 MSM were recruited from January 2018 to December 2019 in Guizhou. The HIV infection rate was 3.3%(111/3 379). The mean risk scores of HIV positive and HIV negative MSM were (12.15±3.08) and (12.07±3.07), respectively. The difference in risk score was significant between MSM with different HIV status (t=8.69, P<0.001). According to the principle of decision tree, individual risk scores were divided into following three categories: ≤11.96, 11.97-14.80 and >14.80, the HIV infection rate was 0.8%, 4.3% and 8.6% respectively, suggesting that the higher the individual risk score was, the higher the HIV infection rate was (trend χ2=88.18, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the higher the individual risk score was, the higher the risk of HIV infection was. Compared to the total score ≤11.96, the aOR values at total scores of 11.97-14.80 and >14.80 were 6.34 (95%CI: 3.38-11.88) and 14.07(95%CI: 7.44-26.61), respectively. The risk of HIV infection in Miao ethnic group was higher than that in Han ethnic group (aOR=1.83, 95%CI:1.04-3.21), and the risk of HIV infection in those with education level of primary school and below was higher than that in undergraduates or those with education level of junior college and above (aOR=2.50, 95%CI:1.06-5.88), and the risk of HIV infection was higher in those who had bisexual behaviors than in those who had homosexual behaviors (aOR=1.95, 95%CI:1.19-3.19). The risk of HIV infection was higher in those who had never received HIV testing (aOR=1.53, 95%CI:1.01-2.33). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under ROC (AUC) for HIV infection prediction was 0.751 (95%CI:0.710-0.792, P<0.001). The maximum Youden's index was individual risk score of 12.56, and the sensitivity of the risk assessment tool was 0.838, and its specificity was 0.412. Conclusions: The results of HIV infection risk assessment tool in Guizhou indicated that in MSM the higher the individual risk score, the higher the risk of HIV infection is. The tool can be used to evaluate the risk of HIV infection in MSM, but the specificity should be improved.

Analysis of Gene Mutation Types in 141 Cases of α-Thalassemia in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province

To detecte the carrying rate, the type and distribution of α-Thalassemia gene mutation in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and analyze the differences in average erythrocyte volume (MCV), mean erythrocyte hemoglobin content (MCH) and hemoglobin among different types of α-Thalassemia. The DNA samples from small cell hypochromic carriers or anemia patients and women of childbearing age who underwent hematological screening in The First People's Hospital of Honghe State was from 2015 to 2019 were enrolled and analyzed, and the mutation types and frequency of alpha-thalassemia positive rate were diagnosed by PCR reverse dot blot or PCR fluorescence dissolution curve. Among the 1 016 samples, 141(13.88%) of the patients were diagnosed as α-thalassemia. The α-thalassemia was subdivided into 3 types, silent (36.17%), minor (51.77%), and HbH disease (12.06%), and the MCV, MCH and HB levels were detected and showed a obvious decrease trend with significant difference (P < 0.05). The gene mutation types were 9 kinds, the deletion type gene was mainly --SEA (51.06%), followed by -α3.7/αα deletion (29.79%), the α- mutation type gene was mainly αcsα(3.55%). The absence of complex heterozygote was most common, which was 17 cases, accounting for 12.77%, mainly --SEA/-α3.7 (10.64%). The areas were mainly distributed in Mengzi (47.52%), followed by Jinping (17.02%). Ethnic groups were mainly distributed in Han nationality (49.65%), followed by Zhuang (15.60%), Yi (3.48%) and Dai (7.09%). The patients with double heterozygous mutation was slightly higher in Mengzi than that in Jinping County (4.26% vs 3.55%), the Dai (2.13%) showed Zhuang ethnic group (2.13%) had the relatively high incidence except the Hans, and showed the most serious anemia. Alpha-thalassemia in Honghe prefecture of Yunnan Province shows complex genetic diversity and significant genetic heterogeneity, and the mainly type of gene mutation is --SEA and --SEA/-α3.7, which is mainly distributed in Han, Zhuang and Dai ethnic groups in Mengzi, Jinping. The anemia index of HbH group is the most obvious, and it is significantly different from other groups.

Epidemiological survey to determine the prevalence of cholecystolithiasis in Uyghur, Kazakh, and Han Ethnic Groups in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China: cross-sectional studies

BackgroundThis study was performed to understand the prevalence of and possible risk factors for cholecystolithiasis in Uyghur, Kazakh, Han, and other ethnic groups in the Xinjiang Uyghur autonomous region of China.MethodsSubjects were enrolled using typical case sampling and multistage stratified random sampling. We collected epidemiological data regarding cholecystolithiasis using a standard questionnaire of risk factors for gallbladder disease in Xinjiang. The subjects completed the questionnaire and underwent an abdominal ultrasound examination of the liver and gallbladder.ResultsThis study included 5454 Xinjiang residents aged ≥ 18 years. The prevalence of cholecystolithiasis was 15% (11.3% in men and 17.1% in women), and the sex difference was statistically significant (male-to-female odds ratio [OR] 1.867; p < 0.001). The cholecystolithiasis prevalence was also significantly different among the Han, Uyghur, Kazakh, and other ethnic groups (13.1%, 20.8%, 11.5%, and 16.8%, respectively; p < 0.001). The prevalence of cholecystolithiasis in northern Xinjiang was 13.5% and that in southern Xinjiang was 17.5%; this difference was also statistically significant (OR 1.599; p < 0.001). Across all ethnic groups, the cholecystolithiasis prevalence significantly increased with age (all p < 0.01) and body mass index (BMI) (all p < 0.01). A multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that cholecystolithiasis prevalence was associated with sex, age, BMI, smoking, diabetes, fatty liver disease, and geographical differences between northern and southern Xinjiang.ConclusionsThe prevalence of cholecystolithiasis was significantly higher in the Uyghur ethnic group than in the Han, Kazakh, and other ethnic groups; in women than in men; in southern Xinjiang than in northern Xinjiang; in patients with fatty liver disease; and increased with age and BMI. Our findings could provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of control measures for cholecystolithiasis.

Combined influence of lipid accumulation product and body mass index on cardiometabolic risk factors among Yinchuan City children and adolescents

To analyze the relationship between children lipid accumulation product(CLAP) and body mass index(BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents. A current situation study design was adopted. A total of 936 children and adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old in Yinchuan City were selected from September 2017 to September 2019 by a convenient sampling method. Among them, 537(57. 40%) boys and an average age of(14. 82±2. 08) years old, the number of Han and other ethnic groups were 705(75. 30%) and 231(24. 70%) respectively. And conduct questionnaire surveys(using Yinchuan Children&apos;s Blood Pressure Survey-standard questionnaire, which mainly includes basic information, birth and infant feeding, physical activity and sleep, etc. ), physical examination(including height, weight, blood pressure and body components) and biochemical index detection(including fasting blood glucose and blood lipids), using binary classification Logistics regression to analyze the correlation between CLAP and BMI and cardiovascular risk factors, and ROC curve analysis of the accuracy of CLAP and BMI in the diagnosis of cardiovascular risk factors. The association between CLAP≥P75 and BMI normal weight and cardiovascular risk factor aggregation≥2 was 38. 13(95%CI 23. 83-61. 00) times(P&lt;0. 05) of CLAP&lt;P75 and BMI non-obese, which was higher than that of other different combinations and cardiovascular risk factors Correlation. The accuracy of CLAP≥P75 combined with BMI in the diagnosis of cardiovascular risk factor aggregation≥2 was 0. 87(95%CI 0. 85-0. 89), higher than other diagnoses. CLAP and BMI are associated with cardiovascular risk factors.

Nutritional Knowledge and Skills of Fast-food Takeout Practitioners in Chengdu City

Objective To investigate the current status of nutritional knowledge and skills of fast-food takeout practitioners in Chengdu City,so as to provide evidence for nutritional literacy education among takeout practitioners.Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 832 employees of fast-food takeout restaurants in Chengdu from April to September in 2019 through a multi-stage random sampling strategy.Results The awareness rate of nutritional knowledge of fast-food takeout practitioners in Chengdu was 77.28%,and the correct rates of answers to daily oil intake for adults,daily drinking water for adults and daily salt intake for adults in the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents were respectively 17.43%,22.60% and 25.36%.In addition,the proportion of practitioners with the ability to estimate the recommended intake of food for a meal,the ability to estimate condiments intake and the ability to interpret nutrition labels were 8.77%,8.77% and 15.02%,respectively.The awareness rate of nutritional knowledge was the lowest(71.47%)in the practitioners aged≤25 and the highest(84.53%)in those aged 26-39,and the difference was statistically significant(χ 2 =14.419,P=0.001).High awareness rate of nutritional knowledge was found in the practitioners of Han ethnic group(78.45%)compared with those of ethnic minorities(57.14%)(χ 2=10.346,P=0.001).Besides,the practitioners with a high degree of education showed high awareness rate of nutritional knowledge( [Formula: see text]=36.514,P<0.001),and the correct rate of chefs(17.86%)was higher than that(12.82%)of food matching staff(χ 2=4.068,P=0.044).Conclusions The fast-food takeout practitioners in Chengdu generally have good nutritional knowledge while have some knowledge gaps.At the same time,the nutrition-related skills of takeout practitioners are not good.We should focus on strengthening the training of takeout restaurant employees for the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents and nutrition labeling-related knowledge,carry out targeted nutritional knowledge training,and comprehensively strengthen the training of nutrition-related skills.

Role of matrilin-1 (MATN1) polymorphism in class III skeletal malocclusion with mandibular prognathism in Deutero-Malay race: a case-control study

BackgroundSeveral studies have identified different genes that control the final dimension and structure of the mandible. Prognathism of the mandible is thought to correlate with these genes; however, no specific gene has been assigned as a risk factor due to various genome-wide scan results in different races. Previous studies that involved the Han ethnic group in China and Korea suggested matrilin-1 (MATN1) polymorphism as the contributor for mandibular prognathism. To date, no study has been conducted to understand the role of MATN1 in Deutero-Malay population. This study aimed to detect MATN1 gene polymorphism in the promoter and exon 5 regions, which is a proposed risk factor in class III skeletal malocclusion with mandibular prognathism in Deutero-Malay population. This was a case-control study with purposive sampling method that involved 47 class III skeletal malocclusion subjects with mandibular prognathism (case group) and 47 class I skeletal relation subjects (control group) performed in the Molecular Genetics Laboratory of Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia. DNA isolated from buccal mucous epithelia and MATN1 gene was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing technique. Data were then analyzed statistically to observe the frequency of allele/genotype MATN1 in class III skeletal malocclusion and mandibular prognathism patients in comparison with the normal mandibular as well as to identify the risk factor of mandibular prognathism.ResultThe frequency of the 354 T > C(rs20566) CC genotype gene polymorphism in the case group was significantly higher than in the control group. The odd ratio (OR) value of the case group was also higher than in the control group (χ2 = 4.89; p = 0.027; OR = 6.27).ConclusionsOur results show that the polymorphism of 354 T > C in the exon 5 region of the CC genotype MATN1 gene is a risk factor for class III skeletal malocclusion with mandible prognathism in Deutero-Malay population.

Ethnic Disparities in Dental Caries among Adolescents in China

Comprehensive research on ethnic disparities in dental caries in China is limited. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to compare the levels of dental caries in adolescents between the Han ethnic group and ethnic minority groups in China and to explore the risk indicators for dental caries within ethnic subgroups. Data from the Fourth National Oral Health Survey in 2015, which covered all 31 province-level administrative divisions in mainland China, were used. The dental caries status in the permanent dentition of adolescents aged 12, 13, 14, and 15 y was measured using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DFMT) score, and sociodemographic characteristics and oral health–related behaviors were also collected. A total of 118,601 adolescents were included, with ethnic minority groups accounting for 13.15%. Of the Han and minority groups, the standardized prevalence of dental caries experience was 40.58% and 47.67%, and the mean DMFT scores were 0.97 and 1.28, respectively. According to the multivariate zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis, the caries status of minorities was more severe than Han adolescents (adjusted prevalence rate ratio [PRR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–1.18). This disparity was greater among adolescents who lived in rural areas, had mid-level economic status, and frequently consumed sugary beverages. After propensity score matchings, Uygur (PRR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.25–1.67), Tibetan (PRR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.3–1.48), and Yi (PRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04–1.48) adolescents were significantly more likely to have caries than Han adolescents. Subgroup analyses revealed that gender, age, location of residence, economic status, region, consumption of sweet snacks and sugary beverages, and dental visit pattern were significantly associated with dental caries within ethnic minorities.