Half Of Twentieth Century Research Articles

Intergenerational transmission of fertility in Spain among cohorts born during the first half of twentieth century

It is known that historically fertility is correlated between generations of the same family. These links tend to be explained either in terms of the biogenetic determinants of reproduction or by the transmission of intra-familial values associated with reproduction and family life. Less is known about the micro-determinants of these links or about the extent to which the progressive modernization of reproductive outcomes over the past century has affected behavior. In this paper, we will address these issues for Spain with data from the Socio-Demographic Survey (SDS) carried out in 1991 and including data on cohorts born between 1900 and 1946. These data enable us to explore the micro determinants of fertility at different points of time during this period. Our results point to the existence of a significant correlation between intergenerational reproductive outcomes that persists and strengthens throughout this period of demographic change. Results confirm the importance of birth order in large family groups where firstborn offspring are more likely to have larger families than subsequent siblings. There is also evidence that the strength of these intergenerational ties increases with the onset of more modern demographic behavior characterized by sharply declining fertility. The results presented here promise to condition future debates on the subject.

The Issues of Cultural Heritagisation of Lithuanian Architectural Artworks of the Second Half of Twentieth Century

The article aims to present the trends in cultural heritagisation of artworks of the synthesis of the arts, a prominent phenomenon of Lithuanian architecture of the second half of the twentieth century. In post-war Lithuania, synthesis of arts was encouraged: as it enabled the development of the branches of monumental and applied art, it was generally accepted that the surviving artworks of these branches were of historical and iconographic value. Nevertheless, these works could also be linked to the social engineering programme of the occupying Soviet government. The article evaluates the origins of the idea of the synthesis of the arts and its adaptation in the Soviet Union, which provides an understanding of both the ways in which the idea of the synthesis of the arts was used for propaganda purposes and the motivation of the creators of monumental and applied art that transcended the boundaries of propaganda. The analysis of the sources carried out in the article allows grasping the shift in the concept of the synthesis of the arts that took place in post-war Lithuania, which created the conditions for the manifestation of the personal character of art, the innovativeness of the expression, and conditional political neutrality. For the first time, the analysis of the data of the Register of Cultural Property was conducted to reveal that neither the criteria allowing recognition of non-ideological works nor the usual “50 years of age” requirement had a prominent impact on deciding which artworks should be declared cultural heritage in Lithuania. Due to the lack of a consistent value-based strategy and the acceleration of the destruction of the art of the Soviet period, the strategies for the identification and cultural heritagisation of art synthesis artworks are sporadic and inconsistent. The analysis carried out in the article demonstrates how uncoordinated efforts to preserve such artworks, lacking in systematic and contextual approach, as well as the contradiction between works created specifically for architecture and their treatment as detachable objects, have a fatal impact on their actual (not formal) preservation.

Practicing Telemedicines in India

The great use of telecommunication technology propels new healthcare system of telemedicine through which diagnosis as well as treatment can be done in the remote areas. The ancient Greek language explain the terminology of telemedicine in the phrase of distance healing. As per WHO, Telemedicine is the delivery of health-care services, where distance is a critical factor, by all health-care professionals using information and communications technologies for the exchange of valid information for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease and injuries, research and evaluation, and the continuing education of health-care workers, with the aim of advancing the health of individuals and communities. Historically the concept of teleconsultation was evolved in the first half of twentieth century when the data of ECG was communicated through telephone lines, this can be traced as first evidence of this unique healthcare system. Further the introduction of electrical system of telegraph as well as evolution of telephone revolutionized this system of healthcare. when the Technology of telemedicine help both patients as well as service providers in multiple ways involving physicians, surgeons, pharmacists, paramedical staff, IT and electronics engineers, government, hospitals and end user public Location is now a days no problem and therefore there is no limitation of the availability of healthcare facilities to such location or remote location. The biggest role in such development is played by the communication technology which may provide healthcare services to every nook and corner of the location. It can decrease the health staff pressure because in India WHO guidelines ask to maintain the ratio 1:1000 of doctor and Indian public compared to present 0.62:1000 ratio of doctor and public. The great advantage of this system is that in case of epidemic or pandemic like COVID 19 Telemedicine can keep the health staff are well general public free from contagious infection (COVID-19). There are a number of networking communication modes that can be applied, which may improve the patient compliance,dosage regimen can be managed in better fashion thus increase the longevity of person life. Disasters management during pandemics present unique challenges which can be addressed effectively as happened during the lockdown. This technology-based practice can break the infectivity chain of the transmission of communicable diseases This chapter incorporates basic concept of telemedicine, its origin and types, communication technologies, services by telemedicine, types of telemedicine, tools of telemedicine, telemedicine software’s and guidelines related to practicingtelemedicine in reference to Indian context.

Gastrointestinal and Nutrition Tables in Latest Gastrointestinal Research in Islamic Civilization in Middle Ages

Research on Islamic civilization shows that gastrointestinal diseases are rooted in social lifestyles and are a sociological phenomenon. The science and craft of medicine evolved to such an extent that Muslim physicians presented a set of general rules in medicine, including gastroenterology, including Ibn Rushd in his book Generalities in Medicine. One of general laws of medicine in Middle Ages was about the functioning of gastrointestinal tract in relation to disease and health. In this general law, the systematic relationship between digestion and place, including village and city, time of year and days and hours of day and night, age of people, pollution and air pollution, is regulated in health table. By referring to this limit, one can choose food that is useful for maintaining health and also be safe from diseases. Spread of health is legacy of Islamic medicine in Middle Ages for world of science, which can be used even now. In this general law, occurrence of all diseases is due to digestive problems and incorrect choice of food. He considers urban lifestyle in nutrition as cause of all diseases. In Islamic medicine, there is a direct relationship between food and its type of digestion and lifestyle to maintain health. According to Ibn Khaldun, who has introduced himself as a commentator on works of Averroes who invented eight hundred years ago the “Trophology and “Ecotrophology” which developed in Europe in second half of twentieth century, was ago, Ibn Khaldun as sociologist studied issue pathology of nutrition from propht to averroes and interoduced hypotheses in nutrition about view of Islamic civilization and writes: Urban diet style is cause of disease: 1. Wrong food composition. people of city add all kinds of ingredients and condiments to food and produce dozens of indistinct forms of food and fruit that are not recognizable to human temperament. 2. Inactivity among city dwellers. 3. Stinking air and air pollution 4. Overeating and starting to eat new food before digesting t previous food Research hypothesis is presentation of a panoramic image of human nutrition knowledge of Qur’an by human maker, which is a firm image and in accordance with reality and there is a firm and definite logical relationship between gastrointestinal tract and food and health that can be plotted in a quantitative graph in Islamic civilization.

The place of ethics in practice of anatomical sciences: have we left our dark past behind and looking towards a bright future?

Anatomical sciences involve handling of human tissues and, therefore, application of principles of bioethics is central to anatomical practice. For a considerable period of time, anatomy was practiced without ethical norms as concept of ethics developed during second half of twentieth century. Hence, possible glimpse into contrast in ethical standards between anatomy in the past and present was deemed as an intriguing research theme. A literature search was undertaken from indexed databases (Medline and Pubmed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL Plus, Web of Science and Google Scholar). Relevant data were extracted from 37 articles that were selected from an initial pool of 752 articles based on search criteria set for the study. Prevalent anatomical practices in the past such as dissection of executed criminals, acts of vivisection, illegal procurement of human remains, use of human tissues obtained as part of war crimes and dissection of human fetuses as well as their archival were analyzed through prism of established ethical norms in present day. The observations from past were presented vis-à-vis ethical practices undertaken in present times such as use of donated bodies and/or body parts procured through legal means for dissection, adherence to ethical norms during dissection, archival of human tissues mandating stringent regulation and dignified disposal of human remains. Existing loop holes were identified and future prospects regarding ethical standards in anatomy were highlighted based on rational judgment of existing trends. The article concludes with defense on future prospects of ethics in anatomy based on documented arguments.

INTRODUCTION TO NON LIFE MATHEMATICS WITH REFERENCE TO PRICING: CONCEPTS, ORIGIN OF THE MODELS AND A PROPOSAL FOR AN ONGOING MONITORING OF THE PERSONALIZED PREMIUM

Pricing is a fundamental topic for a nonlife insurance company. It includes several underwriting activities to set actuarial models. In the past, it was a fundamental part of risk theory and nonlife insurance mathematic and nowadays results in a vast actuarial research field. Since the second half of twentieth century, many papers have been published in actuarial journals. This work originates from the experience of introductory university lectures of the author. After an historical recognition, a proposal is made of a simplified approach to monitor consistency and quality of the personalized premiums over time.

Saeculum-Mundus Politik Indonesia: Satu Kajian Filosofis dalam Perspektif Nurcholish Madjid

This article suggests some common opinions on Muslim’s worldview, which became the center of contention. This gives rise to perspective which states that the religion participation in government will bring the world of politics into the arena of theo-centrism that ends in authoritarianism. The research is qualitative, based on library research. The approach used is descriptive critical analysis. It aims to describe factual dynamics on Indonesian social-politic from philosophical point of view. The research finds that, on the second half of twentieth century, Nurcholish Madjid’s renewal idea on Islamic political thought (secularization) gets a variety of responses. Madjid suggested the need to separate religion from social-politic arena with his slogan, ‘Islam Yes, Islamic party No’. The basis of the idea is built on the concept of rationality as the main authority in the social science paradigm. Ideas or dogma, meanwhile, is part of historical development which has to be submissive to conditions that always change. Everything that “exist” has to change, the only absolute one is the change itself.

Profil “Kontemporer” Musik Kelahiran Minang


 
 
 one of musical entities in West Sumatera is the Minangkabau cultural music. The existence of the music has changed significantly since the second half of twentieth century, as an intergral change of Indonesian music in general. Following the situation I see the emergence of academic discussions on the music in a member of forums in this republic. In the discussion, many terms are adopted from foreign languages, especially English, such as “contemporary”. Various meanings given to “contemporary” are used to define the phenomena of changes in music in the countri. One of a newly-created music as a phenomenon of change in the Minangkabau cultural context is “Kawin Silang” composition. The composition in this article is discussed in the contemporary perspective. 
 
 

Planning Practice in Latin America: The Legacy of the Traveling Urbanists and Other Vertical Dialogues

During the first half of twentieth century, Europe was the world vanguard for urban planning ideas. European urbanists traveled to Latin America, participated in urban plans, influenced local professionals, and had their ideas replicated by secondary sources. This influence transformed not only Latin American cities but also their academic and professional practice of urbanism. First, two items contextualize the discussion: the third part discusses the reality of Latin American largest cities in early 1900s, and the fourth part identifies main traveling urbanists and their trajectories in Latin America. The last part presents a temporal reading of facts and urban trends. The fifth part discusses the legacy of old vertical dialogues and shifts in the relation between Latin America and central countries. Main conclusions are that (1) between Latin America and Europe existed a vertical and almost exclusive dialogue, and (2) recent shifts seem to impair the old model of central–peripheral transfer of urban planning ideas.

Clinical Presentation of Varicose Veins

Varicose vein is one type of venous insufficiency that presents with any dilated, elongated, or tortuous veins caused by permanent loss of its valvular efficiency. Destruction of venous valves in the axial veins results in venous hypertension, reflux, and total dilatation, causing varicosities and transudation of fluid into subcutaneous tissue. The first documented reference of varicose veins was found as illustrations on Ebers Papyrus dated 1550 B.C. in Athens. Evidence of surgical intervention was found in the 1860s. However dramatic advances of varicose vein management occurred in the latter half of twentieth century. Varicose veins affect from 40 to 60% of women and 15 to 30% men. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors including age, gender, pregnancy, weight, height, race, diet, bowel habits, occupation, posture, previous DVT, genetics, and climate are considered to be the predisposing factors for formation of varicose vein. Other reported factors are hereditary, standing occupation, chair sitting, tight underclothes, raised toilet seats, lack of exercise, smoking, and oral contraceptives. Common symptoms are unsightly visible veins, pain, aching, swelling, itching, skin changes, ulceration, thrombophlebitis, and bleeding. The signs of varicose vein disease are edema, varicose eczema or thrombophlebitis, ulcers (typically found over the medial malleolus), hemosiderin skin staining, lipodermatosclerosis (tapering of legs above ankles, an “inverted champagne bottle” appearance), and atrophie blanche. Varicose vein is classified according to CEAP classification, the components of which are clinical, etiological, anatomy, and pathophysiology. The revised CEAP classification was published on 2020 based on four principles which were preservation of the reproducibility of CEAP, compatibility with prior versions, evidence-based medicine, and practicality.

DOCTORAL RESEARCH IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION IN INDIA: A STUDY OF UNIVERSITIES IN MAHARASHTRA STATE

English Language Education (ELE) in India has a history of about two hundred years. There were some significant studies in ELE during the British rule. The research in ELE in India was mostly carried out in the second half of twentieth century. A cursory review of bibliographies reveals that ELE is one of the less researched sub-disciplines of English Studies in India. In the absence of a separate study on research in ELE in India, the present paper is a modest attempt to evaluate the doctoral research in different areas of ELE in the universities in Maharashtra State of India. The purpose of the present study is to know the less explored and over explored areas of ELE for doctoral research. This study would not only strengthen the research in ELE but also define the scope for further research in ELE in India. Besides, it may not only help the aspirant researchers but also will determine the path of ELE in twenty-first century India.

‘Mimesis' in Colonial Writings as an Assertion of Power: Positioning Plato as a Postcolonial Thinker

Plato is one of the most influential thinkers since the Classical time of Greece. Most of the literary criticisms came after him were trying to reply Plato to defend the moral authority of poetry. This paper is an attempt to intertwine the two seemingly unparalleled stream of thoughts club into a common politico-critical space. Plato, the Athenian philosopher, who lived somewhere around 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC might be a strange figure in the socio-political context of the second half of twentieth century. But his critical thoughts, especially his literary criticism, find an interesting parallel in Postcolonial stream of literary criticism. It's an attempt to read Plato from a Postcolonial angle and positioning him as a critique in Postcolonial critical space. This paper analyses Plato's Book X of The Republic and the position taken by Socrates, the central character of Plato's Dialogues. Plato's ideas on Mimesis and his other major criticism against poetry are juxtaposed here with postcolonial criticism of Edward Said, Michel Foucault, Chinua Achebe and other major postcolonial critiques. n

THE Anxiety of Authenticity: THE Historical Reception of Broken Blossoms (1919), Shanghai Express (1932) and The Good Earth (1937) in China

This article analyses the authenticity principles connected to Hollywood’s portrayal of China and the Chinese through three important American films screened or banned in China – Broken Blossoms (1919), Shanghai Express (1932), and The Good Earth (1937) – but with a special focus on both the historical reception and censorship of these films within China itself. It is argued that the feeling of (in)authenticity played an important role in Chinese audiences’ appreciation of Hollywood narratives about the Chinese. Rather than focusing on the realistic or unrealistic depiction of the films, it is more effective to consider authenticity as a felt experience of emotional engagement and deeply felt sensuality. The felt authenticity signifies different constructed experiences and views which are rooted in different cultures and societies. The frequent appearance of ‘Chinese’ in American films produced in the first half of twentieth century had a ripple effect that impacted the Chinese public’s own self-perception and self-recognition. The yearning for authenticity – expressed in the form of the government's censorship standards and procedures, as well as widespread protest in Chinese communities domestically and abroad – connected profoundly to the emerging sense of national identity.

Three crayfish species of different origin in a medium-sized river system: a new state of affairs

In view of contemporary changes in aquatic environments, determining the distribution of both native and emerging invasive crayfish species is increasingly important. In central Europe, the three invasive crayfish species of the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852), the spiny-cheek crayfish Faxonius limosus (Rafinesque, 1817) and the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarki (Girard, 1852) are of North American origin. The spiny-cheek crayfish was first brought to the southern Baltic basin at the end of nineteenth century, and its expansion ensued rapidly. At the same time, the indigenous species of the noble crayfish Astacus astacus (Linnaeus, 1758) began to disappear. The spread of the signal crayfish started in the second half of twentieth century; however, it has progressed strongly in recent years. Latest studies of fish fauna in the Drwęca River system, a tributary of the lower Vistula River, have simultaneously revealed new information on the occurrence of crayfish. The most widespread was spiny-cheek crayfish found at ten sites throughout the river basin. The second alien species, the signal crayfish, was noted in four locations in the upper part of the river system, but no mixed populations were noted. A particularly valuable result of the study was the discovery of an unknown site of noble crayfish in a small stream.

ЧАС І ПРОСТІР У МІСЬКІЙ КУЛЬТУРІ В КОНТЕКСТІ ТЕОРІЇ МОДЕРНІЗАЦІЇ. СПРОБА ПОРІВНЯЛЬНОГО АНАЛІЗУ

The author considers the process of modernization of life in the twentieth century in industrial developed countries and Ukraine also. The methodological base of this scientific research is the theory of modernization, which was founded worldwide sociology science in the second half of twentieth century. The theory of modernization considers changes in society as an inevitable, continuous process that has strong direction from the archaic to modernity. The article substantiates the connection between modernity and the radical changes in everyday life that took place in the last century. The author argues that home economics got significant progress in the development of household in the interwar countries of America and Western Europe, which received many features inherent modern time. However, such opportunities ware impossible in the Ukrainian society due to the rule of the totalitarian regime. The author determinates the prioritization of the process of modernization of everyday life, dwelling and household in industrial developed countries.

The "Ancestors' Family Instructions": Authority and Sovereignty in Song China

The "Ancestors' Family Instructions":Authority and Sovereignty in Song China Deng Xiaonan, Christian Lamouroux, and Luo Yinan New Appreciation Deng Xiaonan and Christian Lamouroux, "The 'Ancestors' Family Instructions': Authority and Sovereignty in Song China." JSYS 35 (2005): 79–97. This article presents a new interpretation of the Song literati's culture of practice, which was constituted by their conviction that they preserved the memory of the imperial "Ancestors' Family Instructions," their self-identity as the guardians of these "Instructions" in court politics, and their performative interactions in various historical contexts guided by these imaginative roles. Professors Deng and Lamouroux therefore challenge commonly-held views that take the competition amongst various political actors such as emperors, factions, and bureaucrats as the major theme of Song political life. Instead, the authors successfully revealed the constitutive power of political culture that shaped the content of elites' competition; it also points to the role of culture in directing the changing trajectory of Song elite politics. Deng and Lamouroux's new picture of Song political life portrays literati not as self-centered players of politics who were devoted to pursuing personal goals that were shaped by material interests and beliefs regarding ideal order. Rather, the conflicts and compromises of literati reflect their common recognition of the same cultural framework, known as the "Ancestors' Family Instructions," through which they understood themselves and others. The authors' research therefore reveals these "Instructions" as the hinge on which political life became practical. Even though political life appeared to revolve around personal interests and beliefs, it nevertheless hinged on processes of intersubjective imagination, in which political participants integrated their discrete personal experiences and perceptions with the cultural framework that bestowed meanings upon both the self and other interacting human subjects. Within this new picture, the recurring tensions and conflicts amongst Song literati did not foretell the disintegration of the literati community. On the contrary, it reflected a collective literati imaginary that was shaped by the same cultural framework that coordinated the meanings, norms, and justifications for their actions. This article inherits the academic tradition of Chinese historiography, a tradition that gained prominence in the first half of twentieth century, thanks to such great Chinese historians as Chen Yinke 陳寅恪, Qian Mu 錢穆 and [End Page 133] Deng Guangming 鄧廣銘, who believed that historical research should be an endless intellectual odyssey in which scholars strive to understand different worlds of meaning: not only those of the research objects, but also their own. Moreover, it also establishes a common ground between Chinese historiography and the ontological tradition of European social theory, which views the area of politics not simply as the aggregation of the behavior of individuals who are conceived as bounded and purposive actors, but the processes through which interrelated agents unfolded their understandings of the existential world. After its publication, this work has paved way for a great number of succeeding studies in both Chinese and Anglophone scholarship that have been continuously reshaping the landscape of Song political history. A new way of "understanding" Song history has emerged among Song scholars, who can imagine historical agents' life-streams as flowing side by side with their own, enabling them to search for a Song history that is meaningful to their own age. [End Page 134] luo yinan 羅禕楠 peking university What constraints existed on the power of the emperor in premodern China? This is a question of interest to historians of China as well as our colleagues in other fields, and we offer this research report, a partial translation of an article published in the French journal Annales—Histoire, Sciences sociales in 2004,1 as a preliminary answer. We focus on the development of the concept of the "Ancestors' Family Instructions" (zuzong jiafa 祖宗家法 or zuzong zhi fa 祖宗之法) during the Song dynasty—widely acknowledged to be both the beginning of autocratic rule and the birth of the bureaucratic state. First, we would like to present some definitions of the concept, and then we will locate it within three different historical contexts: the political, the ideological, and the administrative. We conclude with some observations on the role played by the "Ancestors' Instructions" in the making of the bureaucratic state. Many Song texts mention "Ancestors' Family Instructions." The...

Con los nervios de punta: de la medicalización a la psicologización de los quebrantos mentales en el trabajo. Bogotá y Medellín, 1898-1961

En este artículo se analizará el modo en que la neurastenia y la fatiga fueron objetivadas por la medicina dentro del ámbito laboral en las ciudades de Bogotá y Medellín, durante la primera mitad del siglo XX. De ahí la necesidad de tomar como referencia la identificación de los presuntos padecimientos ligados a la esfera del trabajo intelectual y físico. A la reivindicación de los comportamientos frugales para aminorar los efectos de aquellos padecimientos, se le vino a adicionar la creciente psicologización del mundo del trabajo promediando dicha centuria. Aquella psicologización se volvió una herramienta que amplió el espectro de la anormalidad, en medio de la metamorfosis experimentada por el aparato productivo y la diversificación de la estructura laboral a nivel nacional.

From Zines of Peer Reviewed Journals: Cataloging Contemporary Pagan Resources

ABSTRACT Thinking of Pagan and Wiccan serials as grey literature does not come to mind at first. This is due to the evolution of the grey literature concept from when it first appeared. During the Third International Conference on Grey Literature in 1997, the concept underwent its first major definition change to include the production and distributed aspect of the literature. Three years later, the definition was further expanded to those issued from entities whose primary function is something other than publishing. 1 These changes allowed the folding of any non-commercial publication. Many early Pagan and Wiccan publications were created in a home office and then Xeroxed before being mailed, or they used a local jobber to print them. Subscriptions were available for those issued in the latter half of twentieth century. Acquisition of a small number of current occult publications is still via subscription; however, many have changed to a first come first served scenario. For example, issue seven (February 2020) of Fiddler’s Green Peculiar Parish Magazine was launched as a Kickstarter. Many others are announced on Facebook or email mailing lists with links to the official site to grab your copy while they last. Some are only available to members associated with the group and a smaller segment of these are limited to those studying the faith. How these publications originate and may be distributed places them solidly in the grey literature arena. In 2016, Valdosta State University acquired a large Pagan Archive made up of published and unpublished material. Cataloging of these resources has been a challenge. Authors may use pseudonyms and issues of periodicals may lack both enumeration and chronology. Knowledge of contemporary Neopaganism seems almost a necessity to adequately describe these resources. Research on associated people and groups is certainly needed. But there are other issues as well: name authorities and subject headings. A significant percentage of producers of Neopagan periodicals lack authority records. Prominent authors have name headings, but the groups they are associated with do not. Covens or stand-alone groups also lack name authorities. Occasionally, when an authority does exist for an entity, the creator of the authority record misinterpreted the verbiage on the publication, creating relationship errors to other organizations. On a positive side, Resource Description and Access (RDA) brings possibilities of linking names to the groups they are associated with. One of the most frustrating cataloging tasks is in the adding of Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) and Library of Congress Genre/Form Terms (LCGFT). From the beginning, no Wiccan sect had been established in LCSH, even with cataloged resources in OCLC specifically on these sects. Many of the common subjects lacked appropriate subject headings. Past practice for non-SACO (Subject Authority Cooperative) libraries was just to add the broadest subject of Occultism, Paganism, or Wicca when a more specific subject heading would be beneficial to patrons. Libraries and archives in the last decade have experienced an influx of contemporary Pagan and Wiccan collections coming to them as religious leaders have begun building collections to preserve their legacy. This article will provide helpful insight on how to describe serial resources and clarify what publications show, as well as introduce some of the new MARC fields. The discussion of RDA and new MARC fields used to catalog Neopagan resources can also be applied to all serials regardless of subject.

Relations of Human Rights Documentations with Constitutional Regulation of Rights

Human right is an old subject, and an endeavor to achieve it has an old historical root. Human beings in their early existence and in early human community, endeavored to achieve their rights and freedom, and this endeavor still continues. The effect of these endeavors led to the upspring of a group of national documents about human rights in their countries. In the first half of twentieth century, humanity set the base of human rights through declarations and international agreements, and humanity get benefit from these rights now. Later, constitutions of countries which have the highest status in the countries, under the effect of these documents, national documents in particular, contained the subject of rights and freedom with regulation of the ways of governing the country. constitutional regulation of rights and freedom is mentioned differently in comparative constitutions.

Incest in Contemporary Literature

Incest in Contemporary Literature