Half Of 20th Century Research Articles

Confronting Nationalism and the Recurring Crisis of Liberal Democracies: Mosse’s Contribution to the Public Debate

George L. Mosse was one of the greatest historian of fascism. However, his works clearly reveal that he was a true 20th century intellectual. This article aims at highlighting Mosse's thought on how to defend individual freedom and liberal democracies from the assaults of irrationalism, myths and intolerance in the second half of 20th century. In the midst of a western world dealing with the spreading of illiberal movements, Mosse's research offers tools for understanding the appeal of antidemocratic politics. Worried about the power of the States during the fifties, Mosse underlined the necessity of transforming the political action of democracies into a drama. The only way to prevent mass politics from being captured during the times of crisis by nationalism and by the demand for new forms of more direct democracy (including the desire for a leader) was both to adopt and to make tolerant the new politics diffused by nationalist mass movements. In Mosse's opinion, the antidote to the spread of exclusionary nationalism and the crisis of liberalism were the concept of Bildung and, following the first nationalists and Zionists, the humanisation of nationalism, by transforming the greatest ideological force of the 20th century, just as happened to socialist and Christian ideologies, into a liberal force.

Ernst Cassirer’s Legacy: History of Philosophy and History of Science

AbstractThe paper is devoted to an overview of Cassirer’s work both as historian of philosophy and historian of science. Indeed, the “intelletcual cooperation” between history of philosophy and history of science represents an essential feature of Cassirer’s style of philosophizing: while the roots of a wide exploration stretching from Renaissance thought to modern physics go back to the Neo-Kantianism of the Marburg School, the results of a similar cross-fertilization of research fields have deeply contributed to shaping new standards of inquiry. Cassirer’s relationship with the Warburg milieu in Hamburg and late in his life with the American intellectual scenario (for instance, with the “Journal of History of Ideas”) are surely worthy of closer investigation. Distinguished scholars such as Meyerson, Brunschvicg, Burtt, Koyré, Metzger, Lovejoy, Kristeller, have disussed, appreciated, critizised Cassirer’s still today fascinating studies devoted to Pico della Mirandola, Galileo, Newton, Leibniz, to mention but a few. To explore some of these aspects focusing both on affinities and differences within a cosmpolitian intellectual community can provide a better understanding of philosophy and history of science in the first half of 20th century. Cassirer’s legacy requires, therefore, a new assessment.

조선후기 압록강 하안의 신도(薪島) 범월과 신도진(薪島鎭)의 설치

The Shindo island of Joseon was located on the Abrok-gang riverline which faced Chinese dynasties, first Ming and later Qing. Fishery was good in the area and there was also ample land that could be cultivated. So the Chinese people would frequently cross the border to come here, and engage in illegal activities. The Joseon government recognized Shindo as part of its territory, but was unable to actually move some Joseon people there and establish administrative control over the island. As a result, the island became a hotbed for illegal fishery and trades, and an island frequently violated by the Chinese via illegal trespassing.<BR> In order to put an end to all these illegal activities continuing on the Shindo island, the Joseon government decided to initiate a Suto(搜討) search and investigation. Such investigation seems to have begun around the latter half of 17th century when the Qing government’s ban on the sea was lifted, and was to be conducted ‘three times a month(月三搜討).’ Yet such plan was not successfully implemented, and the Joseon government finally decided in 1808–with the Qing’s approval- to establish a Naval headquarters (“Jin”) on Shindo, which was located near one of the farthest positions of the northern part of the Korean peninsula.<BR> The “Shindo-jin” office was a reestablishment of the Yongcheon area’s Migot-jin office, which had originally been maintained as an on-land facility. An administrative office was built on Shindo, and people were ordered to live there. The office itself was established not to defend the area from external enemies, but to monitor and minimize all the illegal trespassing and smuggling, so not a lot of soldiers were required. Unlike other naval facilities, only around a hundred soldiers were stationed at Shindo-jin.<BR> Meanwhile, the functions of the original Migot-jin also needed to be maintained. So the Joseon government had the Shindo Cheomsa official to man Shindo from March to September, and then regulate the Migot-jin area from October to February. In other words, the Shindo Cheomsa had to regulate the late Migot-jin on land and the new Shindo-jin on an island, and as a result the Shindo-jin in the 19th century had to be operated with two centers: one on the island(Dojin, 島鎭) and one on the land(Yukjin, 陸鎭). Shindo-jin served as an important checkpoint on the farthest North region of the West sea throughout the 19th century, and in the early 20th century actually enabled Joseon to have an upper hand in a series of territorial disputes with China over areas such as Hwangchopyeong and Shindo.

USE OF MALAY-ARABIC SCRIPTURES OF JAWI/PEGON IN NUMBER OF ANCIENT METAL CURRENCIES IN INDONESIA FROM PRE-INDEPENDENCE TO EARLY INDEPENDENCE

Currency since the early times has a significant historical value, it was representing the culture from different periods. The Jawi/Pegon script has in long term isues since the emergence of Islam to the Nusantara archipelago in 7th century CE. This script can be found in Indonesian old coins which dated from 13th Century CE until the early Indonesian Republic in the first half of 20th Century. Therefore, it is important to do a research for the existence of the Arab-Malay scipt through coins. Moreover, deeper research is needed to know its true role in history. It is very necessary to do because the Arab Jawi/Pegon script as a part of the Nusantara cultural heritage has been “forgotten” for so long time. In studying the Arab Jawi/Pegon script existence and its role in old Indonesian monetary system, the writer prefers using literature studies. It means that this article will focused on library research because the analysis is directed the books and writings related to the discussion.

Vulnerability of Temperate Fruit Production to Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation Measures: A Review

Climate change refers to a statistically significant variation in either the mean state of the climate or in its variability, persisting for an extended period (typically decades or longer). As per United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), change of climate is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time period. The earth’s climate, although relatively stable over the past 10,000 years or so, has always been changing, mainly due to natural causes such as volcanic activity. However, since the second half of 20th century more rapid change has taken place, which has been attributed mainly due to human activities. Plausible climate change scenarios include higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, and higher atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Temperate region of the country, comprising mainly north-west and north east Himalayan region has witnesses a dramatic change in climate over the past 30 years, where adverse effect of climate change on temperate fruit production has been noticed. The carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulpherdioxide, etc. form greenhouse gas (GHG) pools in the atmosphere. Increase in the concentration of these gases is responsible for global climate change. According to Inter Governmental Panel on climate Change (IPCC), the climate is defined as the average weather, or more rigorously, as the statistical description of the weather in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over periods of several decades (typically three decades as defined by Meteorological Organization). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind, but in a wider sense the climate is the description of the state of the climate system. Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease pest incidence, etc. and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world. Mitigation is the most important measures to reduce the devastating effect of climate change.

O dobro Rzeczypospolitej czy własne. Supliki i listy szlachty koronnej i litewskiej na sejmik generalny Prus Królewskich w drugiej połowie XVII stulecia

Obrady sejmiku generalnego Prus Królewskich przyciągały uwagę mieszkańców Korony i Wielkiego Księ�stwa Litewskiego. Po wojnach szwedzkich w Prusach Królewskich zaczęła coraz liczniej osiadać szlachta koronna a magnateria sięgać po starostwa i urzędy. W związku z tym szlachta koronna przede wszystkim zaczęła zabiegać o nadanie pruskiego obywatelstwa czyli indygenatu. Szukała zatem poparcia na sejmikach powiatowych, woje�wódzkich a przede wszystkim na sejmikach generalnych. Wierzono, iż prośby listowne a czasami osobisty przyjazd na sejmik generalny okażą się skuteczne. Korespondencji sejmikowej mimo, że spaliło się toruńskie archiwum stanowe zachowało się dużo. Tylko w gdańskim archiwum naliczono 364 listów i suplik skierowanych na sejmiki generalne. Udało się ustalić 364 suplik i listów nadesłanych na adres stanów Prus Królewskich czyli do zgromadzo�nych na sejmiku generalnym. Najwięcej zachowało się suplik szlacheckich, 45% całej sejmikowej korespondencji oficjalnej, 166 listów szlachty i magnaterii zarówno koronnej jak i Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Dużo suplik przysyłali duchowni – biskupi, przełożeni zakonów, księżą świeccy, 21% korespondencji to listy duchownych (75 listów). Sporo pism na sejmik generalny kierowały małe miasta Prus Królewskich zwłaszcza, gdy zostały odsunięte od obrad sejmikowych. Małe miasta przysłały 39 listów i suplik – 11% całej oficjalnej sejmikowej korespondencji. O wsparcie sejmiku generalnego zwracali sie też chłopi głównie z Żuław Malborskich, zachowały się 24 supliki chłopskie – 7% korespondencji.

Anthropogenic records in a fluvial depositional system: The Odra River along The Czech-Polish border

Industrial revolution induced contamination of lowland rivers and floodplain soils with heavy metals worldwide. This pollution was particularly significant in former coal mining regions where hard coal was utilised in various industrial facilities like coke, iron and steel works. The upper Odra River draining Ostrava Coal District in Czech and Upper Silesia mining region in Poland is an example of such a European river with strong historical pollution followed by modern one originating from heavy industry in times of communistic industrialisation in both countries. In the presented studies we sought 19th and 20th century transboundary contamination of the upper Odra River waters recorded in floodplain soil by the most common potentially toxic elements, i.e. lead and zinc as well as by the presence of magnetic particles (spherules). We expected to reveal the general pattern of the Odra River floodplain soil contamination with risk elements which allow us to differentiate sediments of the industrial and pre-industrial era. We used robust regression and robust principal component analysis, using a log-ratio methodology of compositional data analysis, which is a fast and effective tool in assessing contamination levels. Significant increases in risk element concentrations were found downstream from the Ostrava–Bohumín agglomeration, and in some places they exceed the safety limits for agricultural soils in Poland. A comparison of sediments within and outside of the inter-embankment zone showed no systematic difference in their contamination levels suggesting that the sediments were probably contaminated before dike construction mainly since the half of 19th century.

Luba R. Charlap, Language and Textuality in Byzantine Karaism: Grammatical Concepts, Biblical Text Traditions, and Hermeneutic Aspects in the Constantinople Center (Late 11th-First Half of 14th Centuries)

<scp>Luba</scp> R. <scp>Charlap</scp>, <i>Language and Textuality in Byzantine Karaism: Grammatical Concepts, Biblical Text Traditions, and Hermeneutic Aspects in the Constantinople Center (Late 11th-First Half of 14th Centuries)</i>

The Assessment of Global Surface Temperature Change from 1850s: The C-LSAT2.0 Ensemble and the CMST-Interim Datasets

Based on C-LSAT2.0, using high- and low-frequency components reconstruction methods, combined with observation constraint masking, a reconstructed C-LSAT2.0 with 756 ensemble members from the 1850s to 2018 has been developed. These ensemble versions have been merged with the ERSSTv5 ensemble dataset, and an upgraded version of the CMST-Interim dataset with 5° × 5° resolution has been developed. The CMST-Interim dataset has significantly improved the coverage rate of global surface temperature data. After reconstruction, the data coverage before 1950 increased from 78%–81% of the original CMST to 81%–89%. The total coverage after 1955 reached about 93%, including more than 98% in the Northern Hemisphere and 81%–89% in the Southern Hemisphere. Through the reconstruction ensemble experiments with different parameters, a good basis is provided for more systematic uncertainty assessment of C-LSAT2.0 and CMST-Interim. In comparison with the original CMST, the global mean surface temperatures are estimated to be cooler in the second half of 19th century and warmer during the 21st century, which shows that the global warming trend is further amplified. The global warming trends are updated from 0.085 ± 0.004°C (10 yr)−1 and 0.128 ± 0.006°C (10 yr)−1 to 0.089 ± 0.004°C (10 yr)−1 and 0.137 ± 0.007°C (10 yr)−1, respectively, since the start and the second half of 20th century.

Gotyckie malowidło z Ukrzyżowaniem w kościele Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu w świetle najnowszych badań

This paper presents the results of recent studies (stylistic analysis and non-destructive testing) of the painting located in the first Eastern span of the ground floor of the northern aisle (former cloister) in the church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Torun. Regardless of the poor state of preservation of the painting, of which just the general outlines are recognizable, there are two subsequent chronological layers visible, detectable also by the near infrared and UV-induced fluorescence analyses. The younger layer can be dated back to the late 14th century, which is indicated by its typology (the image of the Crucified) and by its general stylistic features rooted in Bohemian art; the older layer can be dated to the first half of 14th century. The painting made a part of decoration of the brothers’ space (with possible access of lay people). Its original function is not known. Surely, it documents the existence of the Passion cult with strong Eucharistic colouring as well as to the Franciscan observances (processional liturgy?). It also makes a proof of actualisation of the interior decor and of the transmission of Bohemian patterns in late 14th century.

Українсько-польські відносини першої половини ХХ ст. у рецепції сучасних українців (за матеріалами соціологічних опитувань 2013–2018 рр.)

Background: Ukrainian-Polish relations have a centuries-old component and an ambiguous, contradictory history, which is filled with joint victories and cooperation, as well as with antagonisms and bloody conflicts, especially when it comes to the first half of the 20th century. The problem of the attitude of Ukrainians to the history of Ukrainian-Polish relations of the 20th century is relevant in modern historical research. Studying this topic will allow us to better know and understand Poland and its citizens, which has been almost the main lobbyist for Ukrainian interests in the European Union in recent years. After all, as of today, not a single specialized study has been identified that could exhaustively reveal the mentioned problematics. Purpose. The purpose of the proposed article is to search on the basis of materials of Ukrainian and Polish sociological centers for a comprehensive analysis of the perception of modern Ukrainians of the history of Ukrainian-Polish relations of the first half of 20th century. Results. Ukrainian-Polish relations in the first half of the 20th century remained a heavy burden for future generations of Ukrainians and Poles. At the same time, at the beginning of the 21th century, the historical grievances of the past no longer divide Ukrainians in the perception of Poland and Poles as before. The old stereotypes about Poles as "the eternal enemies of Ukrainians" are gradually being overcome, but they are still being traced. The main sources from which the сitizens of Ukraine draw information about the history of Ukrainian-Polish relations are: conversations with family, school, books, movies, Ukrainian channels and Internet resources. At the same time, Ukrainians have not formed a clear idea of the historical grievances of the past. Thus, in particular, Polish statesman Józef Piłsudski remained unknown to respondents. In our opinion, these indicators show a low interest in history among the Ukrainians, as well as the lack of information about Poland and Poles and their role in the history of Ukraine. Key words: Ukraine, Poland, Poles, Ukrainians, Ukrainian-Polish relations, perception, sociological poll. Baturina, S., 2020. The image of Poles and Poland in Ukrainian School Textbooks. Siverian chronicle, 6, pp.52–62. (In Ukrainian) Fomina, J., Konіechna-Salamatin, J., Kukharchyk, Ya. and Venerski, L., 2013. Poland – Ukraine, Poles – Ukrainians. Opinions from abroad. Warshawa: Instytut hromads’kykh sprav. (In Ukrainian) Hud’, B., 2012. Revindication policy in the Kholm and Volyn’ regions in 1937–1938 and its cosequences for the Ukrainian-Polish relations. Ukraine: cultural heritage, national consciousness, statehood, 21, pp.256–266. (In Ukrainian) Kipiani, V., ed., 2019. The war of two truths. Poles and Ukrainians in the bloody 20th century. Kharkiv: Vivat. (In Ukrainian) Koniechna-Salamatin, J., Otrischenko, N. and Stryiek, T., 2018. History. People. Events. Research report on the memory of contemporary Poles and Ukrainians. Warshawa: Collegium Civitas. (In Ukrainian) Kupriianovych, H., 2008. 1938. Action of destruction of Orthodox churches in Kholm and Southern Podlasie. 2 ed. Kholm: Liublins’ko-Kholms’ka pravoslavna ieparkhiia. (In Ukrainian) Mędrzecki, W., 2018. Borderline kaleidoscope. Journeys through the eastern territories of the Second Polish Republic, 1918–1939. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. (In Polish) Research &amp; Branding Group, 2017. Ukrainian-Polish relations [online]. Available at: https://rb.com.ua/blog/ukrainsko-polskie-otnoshenija/ [Accessed 1 February 2021]. (In Ukrainian) Rosół, K., 2019. National image, media discourse – Poland and Ukraine. In: M. Apollo i M. Krupska-Klimczak, ed. Poland and Ukraine: Problems and prospects. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Pedagogicznego, pp.67–81. (In Polish) Strilchuk, L., 2015. Problems of migration across the state border in modern Ukrainian-Polish relations. Local Lore Studies, 4–5, pp.105–109. (In Ukrainian) Stryjek, T. and Sklokin, V., ed., 2021. Historical Cultures of Poland and Ukraine. On the Sources of Misunderstandings Between Neighbors. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar, Collegium Civitas. (In Polish) Stryjek, T., Konieczna-Sałamatin, J. and Zacharuk, K., 2017. Ukrainians about history, culture and Polish-Ukrainian relations. Warszawa: Narodowe Centrum Kultury. (In Polish) Ukraine. Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, 2015. On the Legal Status and Honoring the Memory of Fighters for Ukraine’s Independence in the 20th сentury. Law of Ukraine № 314-VIII [online]. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/314-19#Text [Accessed 5 February 2021]. (In Ukrainian) V’iatrovych, V., 2011. The Gordian Knot: the second Polish-Ukrainian war 1942–1947. Kyiv: Kyievo-Mohylians’ka akademiia. (In Ukrainian) Zarembo, K., 2016. Foreign Policy Audit: Ukraine–Poland. Kyiv: Instytut svitovoi polityky. (In Ukrainian) Zashkilnyak, L., 1997. Attempts at Ukrainian-Polish understanding in the interwar Poland: expectation and reality. In: Ukrainian-Polish relations in Halychyna in the 20th century: materials of the international scientific-practical conference. Ivano-Frankivs’k, Ukraine, November 21–22, 1996. Ivano-Frankivs’k: Plaj. (In Ukrainian) Zashkilnyak, L., 2005. Ukraine between Poland and Russia: historiography and social consciousness. Ukrainian Historical Journal, 5, pp.93–113. (In Ukrainian) Zashkilnyak, L., 2008. Ukrainian-Polish relations of 20th century in social consciousness of Ukrainians and Poles. Visnyk of the Lviv University. Sociological series, 2, pp.127–137. (In Ukrainian)

Lands Utilization of the Yaskolbinskie Tatars as a Reflection of Economic Development of the Territory (Second Half of 20th Century - 2010s)

Lands Utilization of the Yaskolbinskie Tatars as a Reflection of Economic Development of the Territory (Second Half of 20th Century - 2010s)

Methodological discussions of Soviet and Polish historians in the second half of 1950s on problems of history of Russia and Poland in the first half of 19th century: An Episode from the history of the Institute of Slavic studies of Russian Academy of Sciences

The paper focuses on discussions of Soviet and Polish historians on problems of history of Poland and Russia in the Late modern period. It was exemplified in the debate that took place in the Institute of Slavic Studies in April, 1957 over the second volume of the “History of Poland”, that had been prepared by Polish historians. The discussion reflected some fundamental problems: the crisis of the feudal serfdom system, the genesis of capitalism, the Polish nation-building process, the history of Polish liberation movement and Polish culture in the end of the 18th — the first half of the 19th centuries. The whole discussion was very productive both for Russian and Polish historical science, as it contributed to the elaboration of new methods and theories of studies of history.

MODELS AS A PRIVILEGED ELEMENT IN THE ARCHITECTURE EXHIBITIONS, TWO STUDY CASES.

Very often architecture exhibitions present representations of buildings and spaces. Drawings, pictures and models are exposed in order to show an absent entity: the building, the site and the users. Somehow, we are facing a paradox. The representation elements aim to present the piece of architecture and its essence, but the real experience of architecture, as a multidimensional experience, is absent. The major theme of the investigation enquires about the use of models in architecture exhibitions. The investigation explores the range of use and appliance of models as a communication and simulation tool. Two exhibitions, in the Portuguese context, will be analysed and compared. Until renaissance, drawings were not the central communication tool for architectural building concretion. Mostly, models were used to communicate the architectural design to the construction site. In a broad perspective, models assumed the double role of simulation and communication of architecture for construction purposes. During the first half of 20th century, in Portugal, Architecture exhibition phenomenon has its beginning linked to teaching, through participation in exhibitions that brought together various artistic disciplines - Painting, Sculpture, Drawing, Architecture, etc. -. With oscillations over time, the model guarantees a mandatory and essential presence in architectural exhibitions. It gains prominence, and even autonomy vis-à-vis the projects represented, in the last decades of the 20th century. Two case studies were chosen to be developed. Both expose housing examples from 20th and 21st century. It is expected to identify the exhibition constants and variables issues. This way it is possible to clarify the architectonic use of models and establish patterns and typologies of model use.

Evolution of family law codification acts in 1st half of 20th century

Evolution of family law codification acts in 1^st half of 20th century

Early concepts on the mechanism of peritonitis with special regard to the experimental work of Karol Klecki.

The term peritonitis is relatively new in medical language, however some of its symptoms were observed and noted even in antiquity. The proper recognition of peritonitis as a distinct pathological entity was made possible when progress in the clinical and experimental sciences give birth to the methodology needed for the investigation of the etiology and mechanism of peritoneal inflammation. Research concerning this clinical topic began to yield significant results in the second half of 19th century. This paper aims to give some insight into this pioneering period of scientific investigation focused on the etiology and pathology of peritonitis. From the work of von Recklinghausen in the 1860s, through the later research of Wegner and Gravitz, the next major step in this field was made by the Polish experimental pathologist and pathophysiologist Karol Klecki.

The Prevailing Disease: Foucault on the Institutional Meaning of Epidemics and Compact Models of Power Relations

The article focuses on Michel Foucault’s work with the social history of medicine and evaluates its potential for analyzing the political impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Foucault reveals the bond between quarantine measures in European cities and the gradual perfection of techniques of power. He uses organized anti-epidemic activities applied to leprosy and plague as examples of “compact models” of power relations that he discusses in terms of exclusion and discipline. He reveals complex relationships between the physical body of an individual and what he calls the “social body” of a state. Foucault describes how “health policy” was formed during the second half of 18th century when it drastically changed urban space and became one of the key techniques of government. In Foucault’s lectures published as Security, Territory, Population, he turns to the concept of a “prevailing” or literally “reigning” disease. The countermeasures against the disease enable the development of special techniques applicable to the population in a given historical period. He uses the statistical description of patients suffering from smallpox as an example of how a regime of power and government of the population develops by invoking security and risk assessment. In the concluding section, the author estimates the potential of Foucauldian historical analysis as a tool for anticipating the tendencies inherent in the techniques of power mobilized to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.

Пьеса Григория Горина «Прощай, Конферансье!» и ее воплощение на крымской сцене

The paper aims to investigate the figurative specificity, particularly genre and style peculiarities, image system, compositional structure of the play “Farewell, Entertainer!” by Gregory Gorin, one of the leading representatives of Russian dramaturgy in the second half of 20th century. It points out common superficiality concerning this play as not deeply dramatic and sketched one. However one can see a conceptual structure behind its postmodern inlaying of composition, which first of all shows through an original system of characters. The figure of a protagonist is in the centre of this system, which is rather traditional. Yet the lead character is not just the leading one — he, in part due to his profession, dominates the events on stage which creates the illusion of immediate telling about them to spectators, the hero’s contemporaries, including us, sitting in theatrical hall. Such two-dimensionality demands the ability of quick and spontaneous switching from the system of experience to the system of Brecht’s playful alienation or even of combining them. Along with the main character and other leads, taking an essential part in dramatic collisions, we meet a whole range of secondary and episodic figures. There are no sharp edges between different categories of characters. In the event of such compositional flickering the image of people destined to overcome the hardest adversities in war and in the post-war times obtains a special life credibility and stereoscopic quality. Author’s genre definition as “play-concert” emphasizes singularity of the play’s structure. At the same time this play involves genre features of social and psychological, lyrical and epic drama, with a pronounced tragic sound.

The problem of the abolition of slavery and maritime rights on U.S. vessels with regards to British-American relations in the first half of the 19th century

The article analyses the struggle of Anglo-American relations connected to slaves and maritime rights on the sea from 1831 to 1842. The study is based on monographs, reports, treaties and correspondences between the two countries from the explosion of the Comet case in 1831 to the signing of the Webster–Ashburton treaty in 1842. This study focuses on three fundamental issues: the appearance of Comet, Encomium, Enterprise, Hermosa and Creole as international incidents with regards to British-American relations; the view of both countries on the abolition of slavery, maritime rights as well as the dispute over issues to resolve arising from these incidents; the results of British-American diplomacy to release slaves and maritime rights after the signing of the Webster–Ashburton treaty. The study found that the American slave ships were special cases in comparison with the previous controversies in bilateral relations. The American slave vessels sailed to the British colonies due to bad weather conditions and a slave rebellion on board. In fact, Great Britain and the United States had never dealt with a similar case, so both sides failed to find a unified view regarding the differences in the laws and policies of the two countries on slavery. The history of British-American relations demonstrated that under the pressures of the border dispute in Maine and New Brunswick, the affairs were not resolved. In addition, it could have had more of an impact on the relationship between the two countries, eventually p the two countries into a war. In that situation, the diplomatic and economic solutions given to the abolition of slavery and maritime rights were only temporary. However, the international affairs related to the American slave vessels paved the way for the settlement of maritime rights for British-American relations in the second half of 19th century.

The followers of Caodaism in foreign countries and the administrative relation between believers of Caodaism in foreign countries and Cao Dai church in country

Caodaism was established in the South in 1926. It has been considered as one of indigenous religions in Vietnam in the first half of 20th century. In the first days, trend of Caodaism was to develop in foreign countries through missionary campaigns. Cao Dai’s dignitaries carried out missionary task in Cambodia, France, German, China… That was why followers of Cao Dai (Cao Dai followers) lived in these countries in the early 1930s. After 1975 many people in the South emigrated to America, Australia. Many of them were Cao Dai followers. After their lives have been stabilized, they have gathered to build temples so Caodaism in foreign countries has developed strongly. The number of believers in foreign countries is about 50,000 believers. They have created connection with Cao Dai sects through many forms. In this article we mention three main contents: 1) Cao Dai followers in foreign countries: the process of establishment and development after 1975; 2) The administrative relation between Cao Dai followers in foreign countries and Cao Dai church in Vietnam; 3) Some remarks on the administrative relation. The information in this article has been completed with two research methods: in-depth interview and participate observation.