Halal Integrity Research Articles

Literature Study of Halal UMKM Industry Development Model in Trang, Southern Thailand

The development of the halal industry sector will continue to compete again with the involvement of the Islamic banking and Islamic finance sectors. This study aims to examine the roles of the Islamic banking and Islamic finance sectors in developing halal food and SMEs in Trang, southern Thailand. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to literature studies. Based on the results of the research, it can be seen that Islamic banking has a role not only in financing that is free from usury or interest, gambling and uncertainty, but also in all stages of the halal value chain or stages of the production process. Islamic banking has an important role in developing and improving the halal food industry sector which goes through three stages of halal integrity. The first stage is the halal process, the second is logistics and the third is halal verification.

Understanding Halal Chicken Consumers: Extended Theory of Planned Behavior and Clustering Approach

This study aimed to segment consumers and explored the factors that affect consumer awareness of halal chicken in Indonesia. The extended theory of planned behavior was adopted to determine the clustering variables, such as demographics, consumption patterns, knowledge, attitude, intention, and actual action. 1185 respondents in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia, participated in the stratified random sampling. The K-means algorithm classified halal chicken consumers into three groups: “credence consumers” who have halal integrity (44%), “moderate consumers” who are rational in their purchasing (21%), and “apathetic consumers” who seem to lack knowledge and enthusiasm for implementing halal principles (35%). An indepth profiling evaluation of the consumers’ characteristics revealed that in all clusters, religious belief showed to influence willingness to pay (WTP) for halal chicken. The result also revealed that higher consumer income levels do not necessarily lead to a commensurate increase in WTP.

THE HALAL PURCHASING STRATEGIES ON MANUFACTURING PERFORMANCE

Abstract 
 Purpose – The purpose of this study is to introduce a new framework to optimize the design of halal purchasing strategies towards the manufacturing industries performance.
 
 Design/methodology/approach – The study utilizes large group of executives and managers in the purchasing and supply chain department from manufacturing firm in Malaysia.
 Findings – The finding shows that the purchasing strategies (effective negotiation, collaborative relationship and interaction, effective cost management, supply base management, and strategic sourcing management) and halal policy (responsibility, scope, assurance, and method of assurance) determine the manufacturing purchasing performance. More empirical research is needed to further refine the Halal Purchasing Strategies for different product–market combinations. Second, conduct qualitative research to various industries.
 
 Research limitations/implications – This research shows that halal purchasing strategies is different from conventional purchasing method, which requires a halal policy and specific design parameters for effective negotiation, collaborative relationship and interaction, effective cost management, supply base management, and strategic sourcing management.
 
 Originality/value – The halal purchasing strategies can be an important instrument to design and manage halal purchasing in extending halal integrity from source to point of consumer purchase. It could be implemented as a practice mediating the impact on manufacturing performance in order to remain competitive in the challenging and competitive business environment.

Exploration of risks with halal logistics: a case of emerging economy

PurposeHalal logistics play a crucial role in maintaining a product’s “halal integrity” from farm to fork. These logistics operations are exposed to risks during transportation, storage and handling, that negatively affect the halal supply chain’s operational efficiency and integrity. Therefore, the main purpose of this research is to propose a risk assessment framework for halal logistics.Design/methodology/approachInitially, the risks associated with halal logistics are identified through an extensive literature review, and then the significant ones are validated with the expert’s input. After that, an appropriate multicriteria decision-making method named best worst method (BWM) is used to prioritise the identified risks. Finally, the robustness of the obtained ranking is assessed with sensitivity analysis.FindingsThis research identifies 26 halal logistics risks and then categorises these risks into 6 significant dimensions and proposes a framework. The result obtained from the BWM analysis shows that organisational, transportation and design risks are the primary risks present in halal logistics. Among the halal logistics risks, partnership risk, risk of contamination during transportation and risks of unskilled workers are the top three halal logistics risks that need to be addressed on a priority basis for maintaining halal integrity. Furthermore, this study also suggests some valuable suggestions for mitigating these risks that the logistics providers could use.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed framework is helpful for the assessment of risks associated with halal logistics. The prioritisation of the identified risks supports the managers in formulating mitigation strategies that might reduce the effect of these associated risks in logistics operations.Originality/valueThis study focusses on halal logistics, and to the best of authors’ knowledge, this may be the first attempt to systematically examine the risks related to halal logistics.

LINKING CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND DEMAND FOR HALAL LOGISTICS — EVIDENCE FROM BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

This study aims to investigate elements associated with consumer behavior towards the demand for halal logistics, namely concern about halal (COHA), knowledge of halal (KNHA), awareness of halal logistics (AWHL), and perceptions of halal logistics (PEHL). This research applied a quantitative methodology that gathered primary data from Muslim consumers residing in Brunei Darussalam. Data were collected using an online self-administrated survey questionnaire, and regression and correlation analyses were tested to investigate the proposed hypotheses. The result demonstrates that COHA, KNHA, AWHL, and PEHL constructs significantly influence demand for halal logistics (DEHL). All four elements show a medium to strong positive correlation with the dependent variable, inferring that the independent variables and the DEHL construct are closely related or associated — suggesting that an increase in the independent variables will increase DEHL and vice versa. This research does not fully represent the general consumers in Brunei markets as this research solely focuses on Muslims. Future research on non-Muslim consumers might be an option to give a bigger picture of the need for halal logistics in Brunei Darussalam. This study is beneficial to relevant stakeholders such as halal businesses, logistics service providers (LSP), policymakers, and consumers to reconsider the extent of halal logistics in not only safeguarding halal integrity across the logistics chain but also its significance in shaping continuous and viable demands in the pursuit of competitive advantage. This paper is among the first attempts to investigate Muslim consumer demand for halal logistics in Brunei, considering that past research focused heavily on Malaysian and Indonesian markets. This paper could contribute to future theoretical and empirical studies and suggest practical initiatives towards relevant stakeholders.

Best Practice Halal Integrity Management in The Logistic Chain Scheme: Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges

Nowadays, consumers are increasingly aware and concerned about halal status, and activities in the supply chain are truly halal guaranteed for them to buy. This article aims to explore the development of halal logistics, analyze the opportunity and challenge factors in its development stage, and create a best practice scheme to realize halal integrity. This research method uses a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) using secondary data from a number of previous studies discussing halal logistics and halal integrity in the supply chain. From this study, it is known that countries in Southeast Asia have shown a positive response to the existence of a halal logistics scheme as an innovation in the supply chain. Several opportunities known for the development of halal logistics mainly lie in the high demand for halal products, the positive growth of the sharia economy, the use of information technology, and the strengthening of the halal ecosystem. Meanwhile, regarding challenges, there is no special regulation regulating halal logistics, low stakeholder knowledge about halal, a lack of experts and researchers, and the absence of special infrastructure that handles halal products. In the end, the author develops a halal integrity scheme in the supply chain with a logistics management approach. It is hoped that this article can provide a better understanding of halal integrity in the supply chain. Further research can empirically test the relationship between logistics management and halal integrity.

A review of halal supply chain research: Sustainability and operations research perspective

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of halal supply chain optimization from the perspective of sustainability and the application of operation research (OR) methodology. There are three issues in the halal supply chain that could describe its close relationship with sustainability. The first is halal integrity to ensure the halal-ness of a product. The second is the limited adoption of halal supply chain, and the third issue is limited number of studies that discuss sustainability in halal supply chain. To the best of our knowledge, there are very few researches in halal supply chain, particularly which consider sustainability in halal supply chain and which apply operation research (OR) method. The literature review is done through a comprehensive review of publications from 2000 to 2022. The review papers are classified based on eight categories in the taxonomy developed in this study. This paper may contribute to giving comprehensive review and identifying research challenges in sustainable halal supply chain optimization with OR approach. Based on the review, halal supply chain studies have been showing an increasing trend starting from 2011. Most publications are from Malaysia, while Indonesia comes second even though Indonesia has the largest Moslem population in the world. Most of the studies focus on whole supply chain and strategic decision level. Limited research is found in operation level decision. Most of the study focus on the study of food and beverages. Only a few studies have considered sustainability issue in halal supply chain. The review found that there is a balance between the application of quantitative and qualitative approach in halal supply chain. However artificial intelligence (AI) approach has not yet been applied in the research area of halal supply chain. Based on those findings, it is necessary to conduct more studies in the area of halal supply chain and relate it with sustainability using OR/AI methodology.

Optimizing Sharia Insurance in Building Halal Value Chain

<em>The phenomenon of the halal lifestyle demands modern society to fulfill sharia principles in almost all aspects of life. In order to improve the quality of halal integrity to reach the global market potential of US$ 2.3 trillion, a system is built that can accommodate halal products. In the end, a halal value chain was formed that could integrate various companies and industries to work hand in hand to build a halal ecosystem. One aspect that cannot be abandoned in the development of the halal ecosystem is the financial sector in which transactions and financial mobilization occur. Of course, the system used is Islamic finance, in accordance with the principles of the halal value chain. One of the Islamic finance sectors is sharia insurance. In general, insurance is used as a guarantee if one day there is a loss to the related party. The halal industry certainly does not guarantee the avoidance of business actors from losses. From this, it can be understood that Islamic insurance plays a vital role in developing the halal value chain. Therefore, further research is needed regarding the identification of the role of Islamic insurance in optimizing the halal value chain. This research using qualitative methods and library research aims to analyze the role of sharia insurance in developing the halal value chain. The results found that almost all halal value chain clusters such as food and beverage clusters, halal tourism, fashion, cosmetics, and recreational media require sharia insurance to develop the halal value chain. This is because sharia insurance can guarantee the continuity of sharia-based businesses if there is an unthinkable loss one day. The government needs to pay more attention to implementing the Islamic financial system, one of which is sharia insurance, if it wants to create a halal ecosystem in Indonesia.</em>

From the chef’s kitchen to your doorstep: Implementation of halal supply chain management for online food delivery services

The increase of Online Food Delivery Services (OFDS) is a result of rising consumer demand. Halal food's integrity has been questioned by customers particularly on issues of hygiene and quality. There are a few OFDS literature reviews that have examined halal supply chains in-depth. The use of Halal Supply Chain Management Systems (HSCMS) by food delivery services is examined in this study. Traceability mechanisms and barriers to halal supply chain implementation will be identified. Qualitative methods are used to collect data and semi-structured questions are used to quantify information. Interviews are conducted to assess halal supply chain management practices. The Informants were the upper management of two halal food delivery companies in Klang Valley, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. The companies were L and B. HSCMS are crucial for addressing halal integrity concerns. This study provides valuable insights into how halal supply chains are currently managed. Through a traceability system for OFDS, multidimensional parties and academia will discover how to ensure halal integrity, safety and quality.

THE IMPACT OF ISLAMIC FINANCE TOWARDS HALAL PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT AND PATRONISING HALAL SMES IN NIGERIA

The study assesses the level of Islamic finance on halal awareness, products, certification, and brands through the behavioural intention to patronise Islamic SMEs products for better Halal production, as most of the SME's products neglect Halal certification in their daily production. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used the Confirmatory Factor Analysis under Structural Equation modelling using a qualitative data collection technique through convenience sampling. The cluster sampling of selecting the SMEs with their consumer. The validity and reliability were also tested for data justification. This paper designed and collected data from the three categories of stakeholders, Consumers and others in Northern Nigeria, considering the vast population of the states in the Northern part of the country. The result shows that the priority issues that enhanced social awareness, halal products, certification and halal brands have a positive relationship with market patronage. Further, describes the weak factors hindering halal certification through a cluster model based on the categories of the responses proposed by the halal integrity network. The practical implication addressed and developed an alternative way of managing factors that hamper the concerned Halal certification towards Halal industries and their ingredients and logistics for Muslim markets patronage. Originality/Value: It is challenging to find a paper that discusses factors that hamper Halal certification in Northern Nigeria and with a new method introduced of using CFA under SEM for model development industries in Northern Nigeria.

Malaysian Muslim consumers’ awareness, confidence, and purchase behaviour on halal meat and its products after the meat cartel scandal

Many issues of halal food fraud involved the misuse of halal logo and certificate, mislabeling of products, and adulteration of halal products with non-halal ingredients. The sensitivity concern pertaining to halal meat and its products, particularly regarding the incident of the meat cartel scandal that happened in Malaysia had impacted consumers’ trust and confidence, particularly among the Muslim communities. This research aimed to assess the degree of confidence and purchase behaviour among Muslim consumers on halal meat and its products following the issue of the imported meat cartel scandal. The extent of consumer awareness of the issue was also asked. The survey was performed among 1,045 Muslim consumers via a structured questionnaire to measure their awareness, confidence and purchase behaviour on halal meat and its products. The results highlighted that the issue had affected the Muslim consumers’ perception of their confidence and purchasing behaviour majorly on imported meat and meat products. In addition, the confidence and purchasing trend of consumers has also reduced towards meat products other than the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) certified halal logo. Overall, the concern on the issue has impacted Muslim consumers’ behaviours towards halal meat and its products which demanded more serious attention and action to assure the halal integrity of the products.

Risk assessment model for halal supply chain using an integrated approach of IFN and D number

PurposeHalal integrity assurance is the primary objective of Halal supply chain management. Several halal-related risks are present that have the potential to breach halal integrity. Therefore, this study aims to develop the framework for the assessment of halal-related risk from a supply chain perspective.Design/methodology/approachRisk related to halal is identified through the combined approach of the systematic literature review and experts’ input. Further, these risks are assessed using the integrated approach of intuitionistic fuzzy number (IFN) and D-number based on their severity score. This integrated approach can handle fuzziness, inconsistency and incomplete information that are present in the expert’s input.FindingsEighteen significant risks related to halal are identified and grouped into four categories. These risks are further prioritised based on their severity score and classified as “high priority risk” or “low priority risks”. The findings of the study suggests that raw material status, processing methods, the wholesomeness of raw materials and common facilities for halal and non-halal products are more severe risks.Research limitations/implicationsThis study only focusses on halal-related risks and does not capture the other types of risks occurring in the supply chain. Risks related to halal supply chain management are not considered in this study. Prioritisation of the risks is based on the expert’s input which can be biased to the experts' background.Practical implicationsThe proposed risk assessment framework is beneficial for risk managers to assess the halal related risks and develop their mitigation strategies accordingly. Furthermore, the prioritisation of the risks also assists managers in the optimal utilisation of resources to mitigate high-priority risks.Originality/valueThis study provides significant risks related to halal integrity, therefore helping in a better understanding of the halal supply chain. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study for developing a risk assessment model for the halal supply chain.

Hazards In Poultry Feed Production: An Appraisal From The Halal Perspective

Animal feed is any processed, semi-processed of raw materials or compound which are fed to animals. Poultry feed are food for farm poultry, including chickens, ducks, geese and other domestic birds (Gallus domesticus), whether it is in mash, crumbles or pellets form. Feed supply is central to all animal production systems and any factor that affects the security of the feed supply is a significant constraint to production. In Malaysia, most of the poultry feed comprises of 95% of the sources that are imported and only 5% are obtained locally. In this situation, feed producers are responsible to communicate with crop producers and at the same time connected with primary food producers involved, such as poultry breeders. These phenomena are crucial in maintaining the halal integrity along the supply chain. To produce halal food materials, it is important to make sure that the feed fed to edible animals are Ḥalālan ṭoyyiban. This paper reviews the hazards presence in poultry feed and its production which include biohazards, chemical hazards and physical hazards. In so doing, it employs library research methodology by reviewing the relevant literatures and analysed using content analysis method. Further to that, it also appraises the presence of the respective hazards from the halal perspective. From the halal point of view, the sources of human food shall not only be halal, but shall also be safe for human consumption, non-poisonous and non-hazardous to human health. In the context of poultry feed, the usage of antibiotics, GMOs with hazardous issue or potential toxicity or allergenicity, toxin contamination and presence of physical contaminants in poultry feed, if not properly controlled and regulated seriously, adverse effects might take place in human and this is indeed not in line with the goal of the Shariah to safeguard the interests of human and the universe, to protect life and lineage, and to bring benefits and repelling harms. Nevertheless, considering that contaminants are present everywhere, and that total elimination is almost impossible, taking proactive actions to reduce their presence to the minimum level possible is in compliance with the spirit of Maqasid Shariah. This could be done by putting in place a comprehensive legislation for the control of several of these chemical compounds, pathogens and physical contaminants in poultry feed, or by implementing feed safety management system such as HACCP in feed plants. In addition, to protect the interest of the Muslim consumers particularly in Malaysia, it is also recommended that a Halal standard for Poultry Feed Production should be developed.

Governance of Halal Logistics Compliance

The sudden turbulence in the economy because of the pandemic in 2020 did not deter logistics operations. The ability of many logistics networks was put to the test when being overwhelmed by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. As an industry trying to realise the fourth industry revolution (4IR) with blockchain technology, challenges are perceived in terms of commitment among companies involved in the supply chain, mainly the logistics of small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Visualising itself as a leading global Halal hub, Malaysia needs to zoom in on the logistics SMEs to understand their readiness for halal compliance to support them in halal traceability issues possible to be solved with 4IR technology. Currently, only the manufacturer or producer of food is required to be awarded halal certification, instead of every company within the supply chain, bringing out doubts on how the transportation and movement of the products comply with the halal integrity and regulations. This study zooms into the operational level of logistics SMEs by performing qualitative research on a few logistics SMEs approachable during the pandemic year. Case studies on the responding companies are produced based on the interview survey and observations made on the business processes during the interview. The results from the interview survey are summarised in terms of issues and challenges at ground zero that need to be considered for the governance of halal logistics compliance. The outcome of this study is the proposed framework of 3Es for the Governance of Halal Logistics Compliance.

Qualitative study on processes, issues and challenges in implementation of islamic obligatory cleansing (Sertu) in halal pharmaceutical industry

Islamic obligatory cleansing known as sertu in Malay language is one of the essential elements to ensure the halal integrity of products including in pharmaceuticals [1], [2]. It is an islamic cleansing required to be conducted when tools and equipment in the production facility are contaminated with severe najs (Naj Mughallazah) which are of pork or dog-based contaminant. Islamic law has prescribed the way to cleanse Naj Mughallazah by using one time of clay and clean water suspension followed by six times of rinsing with pure water (mutlaq) [3]. The study on the implementation of sertu cleansing especially in halal pharmaceutical industry is very limited if any [4]. Hence this study was conducted to explore the process, issues, and challenges as well as to discover the success factors in the implementation of sertu cleansing in pharmaceutical facilities from the perspective of sertu providers. This study used the qualitative in-depth interview and purposive sampling technique where participants were selected among sertu providers who have the experience of conducting sertu cleansing in pharmaceutical facilities. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and validated through triangulation with data from a few sources.

Factors Affecting The Use Of Digital Financial Services Among Moslems: An Attempt To Extend The Technology Acceptance Model

Digital financial services has been popular, particularly in the Covid-19 pandemic where human mobility is limited and sosial distancing is strictly enforced. Therefore, it is not surprising if the use of digital financial services has been increasingly significant. Based on Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this study aims at examining the effect of perceived benefit and perceived ease of use on moslems’ intention to adopt digital financial services. To improve the explanatory power of TAM, this study also examines the effect of halal integrity and digital leadership which are expected to be relevant for moslems and implementing at individual level. Quantitative data were obtained from 92 respondents which were selected using convenience technique sampling. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression and the findings indicate that perceived benefit, perceived ease of use, and digital leadership have a positive effect on moslems intention to use digital financial services. These findings imply that digital technology providers need to pay attention to these three key factors when developing a new digital technology, particularly in case of moslems adopters.

Optimized distribution of halal products using tabu search

PurposeThis paper aims to optimize the halal product distribution by minimizing the transportation cost while ensuring halal integrity of the product. The problem is considered as a capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP), based on the assumption that two different types of vehicles are used for distribution: vehicles dedicated for halal product distribution and vehicles dedicated for nonhalal products distribution. The problem is modeled as an integer linear program (ILP), termed CVRP-halal and nonhalal products distribution (CVRP-HNPD). It is solved using tabu-search (TS)-based algorithm and is suitable for application to real-life sized halal product distribution.Design/methodology/approachTwo approaches are used in solving the problem: exact approach (integer-linear program) and approximate approach (TS). First, the problem is modeled as ILP and solved using CPLEX Solver. To solve life-sized problems, a TS-based algorithm is developed and run using MATLAB.FindingsThe experiments on numerical data and life-sized instances validate the proposed model and algorithm and show that cost-minimizing routes for HNPD are developed while ensuring the halal integrity of the products.Practical implicationsThe proposed model and algorithm are suitable as decision support tools for managers responsible for distribution of halal products as they facilitate the development of minimum cost distribution routes for halal and nonhalal products while maintaining the integrity of halal products. The model and algorithm provide a low transportation cost strategy at the operational level of halal products distribution while fulfilling the halal logistics requirement.Originality/valueTo the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that specifically deals with the CVRP of halal products distribution by proposing CVRP-HNPD model and TS-CVRP-HNPD algorithm. The proposed model and algorithm ensure the integrity of halal products along the distribution chain, from the warehouse (distribution center) to the retailer, while achieving lowest transportation cost.

Text Analytic on Halal Research

The word “halal” experiencing developments in its application in daily life. Traditionally, halal was seen to refer only to meet and poultry, especially refer to the method of slaughter. More recently, this has grown to include non-meet foods such as baked goods, snacks, confectionery, ready-made meals and other processed food and beverage products. as halal is a 'farm-to-fork' process with halal compliance needed all the way through the supply chain, aspects such as warehousing, transportation and logistics all play a role in maintaining and demonstrating halal integrity This study aims to determine the trend development and text analytic on “halal” uses a text analytic method with R tools, which processes the metadata of 884 Scopus indexed articles with the keywords with “halal” in the subject areas of Economics, Econometrics, finance (EEF), and Business, Management, and Accounting (BMA). The results of the text analysis show that the research related to “halal”, dominated by halal food and halal tourism. Further research is needed in other halal industrial sectors, namely halal pharmaceuticals, halal cosmetics, halal media, and halal fashion. This study also indicates that from object side, research documents on halal are still concentred on several countries. Further studies need to be conducted with the case of various countries. Laslty, this paper also provide several recommendations regarding to the theme of future researchs potential about each sectors on halal industry.

The investigation of key factors for successful implementation of sustainable halal food supply chain management

Halal food plays an important role in the economic development in various countries. However, halal food supply chains could threaten the environment in several ways. This study was aimed to analyse the best practice of the implementation of a sustainable halal food supply chain from many data sources. The data then transform into managerial knowledge for the halal food industry. The data was collected using SAS Text Miner and analyzed using the decision tree. The analysis shows four key features of sustainable halal food supply chains: pre-slaughtering, warehousing, halal integrity, and packaging. From these features, the two most important factors of successful sustainability implementation in the halal food supply chain are found to be warehousing and packaging. The present study applies a relational view theory and an analysis theory of natural resource-based view, creating and extending new sustainable strategies of halal food chain management to sustainable halal food chain management.

The effect of halal supply chain management on halal integrity assurance for the food industry in Malaysia

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to outline the results of the empirical testing in the field of halal food supply chain and halal integrity assurance (HIA), as well as to provide a research framework of their relationships.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on the exploratory research paper using quantitative data collection to empirically experimented with concepts and provide practical solutions for halal industry players to optimize their halal food supply chain integrity assurance.FindingsThe findings show the halal supply chain of the food and beverage industry has a significant effect on HIA. The results also suggest the halal industry with a high focus on supply chain business processes and supply chain network structure are expected to have better HIA.Research limitations/implicationsAs this study only focuses on the halal industry in Malaysia specifically on food and beverages, its findings cannot be generalized to other categories. Issues of applicability of this study to other countries also need to be considered.Practical implicationsThis study addresses the assurance of halal integrity is a crucial element in managing a halal food supply chain in the halal industry. It has empirically identified the important elements to strengthen halal food supply chain integrity assurance in the halal industry.Social implicationsIt is important to manage knowledge, commitment and trust in any halal organization as a catalyst for HIA. This study presents a better understanding of the halal concept application in society.Originality/valueThere is a lack of empirical study on halal food supply chain integrity assurance even though the issue of HIA is widely discussed in the halal industry. Thus, this study has used an industry survey to empirically experimented with concepts and provide practical contributions to enhance halal food supply chain integrity assurance.