Determination Of Hemoglobin Research Articles

Electrochemical determination of hemoglobin on a magnetic electrode modified with chitosan based on electrocatalysis of oxygen

A simple biosensor based on a magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) modified with chitosan (CS) was developed for directly electrochemical determination of hemoglobin (Hb). Hb, as an enzyme-like catalyst, was adsorbed and immobilized by CS membrane on the MGCE to electrochemically catalyze the reduction of dissolved oxygen. In turn, Hb could be determined in terms of the reduction peak current. The biosensor, where Hb adsorbed under an alkaline condition had high electrochemical response, increased by 49.37% compared with Hb adsorption under the neutral conditions. Additionally, the biosensor increased the response by 13.77% under an external magnetic field, which was ascribed to the paramagnetism of Hb and O2. All the experimental parameters, such as pH, ionic strength and temperature of the electrolyte solution, which influenced on the Hb enzyme-like activity and saturation of dissolved oxygen were optimized. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) showed that there was a linear relationship between reduction peak current and the logarithm of Hb concentration. The determination range for Hb were from 0.05μg·mL−1 to 50μg·mL−1 with the detection limit of 0.01μg·mL−1 (S/N=3). Hb in human blood samples was determined by DPV, the determination results were in good accordance with the reference values from typical clinical analysis.

Prevalence of diabetes and frequency of glycated haemoglobin monitoring in Extremadura (Spain) during 2012, 2013 and 2014: An observational study

AimsTo analyze the prevalence of diabetes and the frequency of haemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) monitoring in the population with diabetes in Extremadura (Spain). MethodsObservational, longitudinal retrospective study in the population attended in the Extremadura Health System in 2012–2014. A total of 403,644 glycated haemoglobin determinations in 189,466 subjects (52.4% female) were studied. All patients with a prescription of antidiabetic drugs and those who, despite not having treatment, had any determination of HbA1C ≥6.5% were considered as people with diabetes. All patients without treatment but with HbA1C ≥5.7% and <6.5% were considered prediabetes patients. ResultsThe prevalence rate of diabetes was 8.3% and the frequency of HbA1C monitoring was 0.9/patient/year in the diabetic population. 48.2% of the patients with monitoring of HbA1C had diabetes, 21.2% had prediabetes, and 30.6% did not meet the criteria for diabetes or prediabetes. 12.7% of people with diabetes did not have determinations of HbA1C and only 11.8% have had ≥6 determinations in the period analyzed. ConclusionsThe frequency of HbA1C monitoring in the diabetic population is lower than that usually recommended. Moreover, there is an inadequate use of HbA1C determinations, since one out of every 3 patients does not meet the criteria for diabetes or prediabetes.

Prevalence of Anemia and Iron Deficiency Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Service at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Anemia, particularly pregnancy related iron deficiency anemia, increases the risk of maternal morbidity and mortality and the effects are more devastating in less developed and developing continents where pregnant women have low socioeconomic status. Thus, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of anemia and iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women. This institution based, cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1 to April 30, 2015 on a total of 217 pregnant women attending at University of Gondar Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. A structured, pretested questionnaire was used to obtain sociodemographic information, nutritional factors, obstetrics and gynecological factors, and clinical condition. About 3 mL blood sample was collected for hemoglobin and serum ferritin deter-mination. Hgb concentrations and other RBC parameters were analyzed using a Cell Dyne 1800 hematology analyzer. Serum ferritin was measured by an automated Elecsys 1,020 using commercial kits. The data was entered to Epi info version 3.5.3 software and analyzed using SPSS 20. Frequency, proportion, and summery statistics was used to describe the study population in relation to study variables. Bi-variable and multi-variable statistical analysis was used. P-value < 0.05 was considered as statically significant. Out of 217 women enrolled in the study, 28 (12.9%) were found to be anemic with 75% mild, 21.4% moderate and 3.6% severe type of anemia. Anemia was more prevalent in the first (21%) and third (17.9%) trimesters. The overall prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was 3.2% (7/217) while from anemic pregnant women one fourth (25%) of them developed iron deficiency anemia. The overall prevalence of anemia was low and it was considered a mild public health problem. In this study, there were no statistically associated risk factors for anemia. Based on this finding, iron supplementation should be encouraged as a prophylactic measure.

Prevalence and risk factors of anaemia among pregnant women in eastern Nepal

Anaemia is the commonest problem in pregnancy throughout the world and vast majority of this burden oc­curs in developing countries especially in Nepal. The study was aimed for determining the various risk factors of anaemia in group of pregnant women of eastern region located in Nepal. To assess prevalence of anaemia and to identify the association between the demographic variables of pregnant women of eastern region. Thus there is necessity for investigate the prevalence of anaemia for pregnant women. This was a follow-up study design was for the study in Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, Birat Medical College &amp; Teaching Hospital, Biratnagar conducted from Oct. 2014 to Jan. 2016.A total of 545 pregnant women were enrolled in this study. Venous blood was obtained for determination of haemoglobin and questionnaire was designed to collect age of marriage, age of first child birth and socioeconomic status. Women were followed up at delivery. Haemoglobin levels of 10-10.9 g/dl, 7.0-9.9 g/dl and &lt;7 g/dl were considered as mild, moderate severe anaemia respectively. The collected data were analysed using SPSS 2, programme. Chi-square test and p-value was used. A total of 545 pregnant women were included in this study. Their mean age was 25.93±4.60. The overall prevalence of anae­mia was 40.7% (N=222). The mild, moderate and severe anaemia were at rates of 55.0% (N=122),39.2% (N=87) and 5.9% (N=13) respectively. Women aged 20-24 years were found more anemic with prevalence by severity of 42.8% (N=95). The mean age of marriage and first child birth were 21.92±3.02 and 23.47±2.96 respectively. Majority of pregnant women were at high school level with nuclear family and monthly income NRs&lt;5000 were 35.0% (N=191). Anaemia is significant risk factor for maternal mortality in Nepal. Prevalence of anaemia dur­ing pregnancy was 40.7% and this rate is higher to those indicated in others developing countries. In our study population Women with pregnancy had a higher risk of anaemia at the age group 20-24 years by severity of 42.8%. The study revealed that anaemia present at considerable levels in eastern Nepal.

The Glycaemic Index-Food-Frequency Questionnaire: Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire Designed to Estimate the Dietary Intake of Glycaemic Index and Glycaemic Load: An Effort by the PREVIEW Consortium.

Dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) are indices used to quantify the effect of carbohydrate quality and quantity on postprandial glycaemia. GI/GL-health associations are widely studied but data on the validity of integrated GI/GL measurements are scarce. We evaluated the performance of a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) specifically developed to assess GI/GL. In total, 263 Dutch men and 212 women (aged 55 ± 11 years) completed a 58-item GI-FFQ, an 183-item general-FFQ and a 2-day 24 h-recall and donated blood for glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) determination. The level of agreement between these methods was evaluated by (1) cross-classification, (2) correlations and (3) Bland and Altman plots. The three dietary assessment methods provided comparable mean intake estimates for total carbohydrates (range: 214–237 g/day), mono/disaccharides (100–107 g/day), polysaccharides (114–132 g/day), as well as bread, breakfast cereals, potatoes, pasta, rice, fruit, dairy, cakes/cookies and sweets. Mean (±SD) GI estimates were also comparable between the GI-FFQ (54 ± 3), general-FFQ (53 ± 4) and 24 h-recalls (53 ± 5). Mean (±SD) GI-FFQ GL (117 ± 37) was slightly lower than the general-FFQ GL (126 ± 38) and 24 h-recalls GL (127 ± 37). Classification of GI in quartiles was identical for the GI-FFQ and general-FFQ for 43% of the population (r = 0.58) and with 24 h-recalls for 35% of the population (de-attenuated r = 0.64). For GL, this was 48% (r = 0.65) and 44% (de-attenuated r = 0.74). Correlations between GI and HbA1c were low (r = −0.09 for GI-FFQ, r = −0.04 for general-FFQ and r = 0.07 for 24 h-recalls). In conclusion, compared to a general-FFQ and 24 h-recalls, the GI-FFQ showed a moderate to good relative validity for carbohydrates, carbohydrate-rich foods and GI/GL. No metric predicted HbA1c.

Contribution of Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyping in Diagnostic of Acute and Chronic Leukemias

BACKGROUND: Today immunophenotyping by flow cytometry is an useful adjunct to cytomorphologyc analysis to correct diagnostic of leukemias. It provides objective and quantitative data allowing for a high level of sensitivity detection and better characterization of acute and chronic leukemias. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the contribution of the immunophenotyping by monoclonal antibodies (Mo.Ab.) in leukemic cells from patients with acute and chronic leukemias. METHODS: Analyzed 76 patients with leukemias before the treatment. The diagnostic of leukemias was based on the morphological and immunophenotyping analysis of leukemic cells from peripheral blood and bone morrow. The cytomorphologycal analysis was based on French - American - Britsh criteria (FAB classification) in blood and bone marrow films stain by leishmann and the immunophenotyping by flow cytometry with a panel of Mo.Ab. specific to acute leukemias as: CD1a, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD8, CD7, CD10, CD13, CD19, CD20, CD103, CD22, CD33, CD34, CD117, CD38, HLADR, TdT, anti-mieloperoxidase, anti-IgM and anti-kappa and lambda light chain. Further clinical and laboratory information as age, sex, presence of tumoral mass, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, hemoglobin determination, total and specific white cell count and cytomorphological analysis of blood film and bone morrow smear. RESULTS: Thirty four patients presented acute myeloid leukemia (AML), twenty acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), nineteen B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), two T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and one case was hairy cell leukemia (HCL). Males were more frequently found in all types of leukemias. ALL were more observed in children (age < 15 years old) and in AML however were more frequently in adults patients. The chronic leukemias were presented in patients with 50 years old or more in all cases. The correlation between the immunophenotyping and clinical pathological profile of these leukemias demonstrated that ALL were more associated to lymphadenopathy, AML to hepatosplenomegaly, and CLL to lymphadenopathy and high count of white cells in peripheral blood. The thrombocytopenia and anemia were found in more cases of acute leukemia. CONCLUSION: This date suggest that today the immunophenotyping by flow cytometry is an important methodology to diagnostic and classification of leukemias. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Effect of complementary foods fortified with Moringa oleifera leaf powder on hemoglobin concentration and growth of infants in the Eastern Region of Ghana.

Complementary foods that are deficient in both macronutrients and micronutrients coupled with a high burden of infections during the complementary feeding period are major underlying causes of child malnutrition in developing countries. Among the recent efforts to combat malnutrition by improving the quality of complementary foods in the developing world is the use of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MLP) as a food fortificant. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to test the effect of feeding MLP‐fortified complementary food on hemoglobin concentration and growth of infants and young children after 4 months of feeding. Infants aged 8–12 months were randomly assigned to receive one of three study foods; Weanimix a cereal‐legume blend formulated with Moringa (MCL‐35g), MLP sprinkled on infants’ usual complementary foods (MS‐5g) and the control food Weanimix without Moringa (CF‐35g). Blood samples for hemoglobin determination as well as dietary intake and anthropometric data were collected at baseline and endline for 237 infants who completed the study. Data analysis was performed with SPSS (version 20) and comparisons were done by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). There were no significant differences in hemoglobin concentration or growth indicators at endline between the three study groups. Findings of this study indicated that feeding infants a 5 g daily dose of MLP, either as part of a cereal‐legume blend or as a supplement which was sprinkled on infants’ usual complementary foods for 4 months, did not significantly improve infants’ hemoglobin concentration or growth indicators.

Perspective: Will We Ever Know the Optimal Hgb Level in ESRD?

The determination of an optimal hemoglobin (Hgb) level in patients with ESRD requires a thorough assessment of the risks and benefits of the Hgb level itself and the therapy required to achieve it. The 1997 Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative anemia treatment guideline[1][1] recommended against

Assessment of Accuracy of Continuous Noninvasive versus Invasive Method of Hemoglobin Estimation in Patients Undergoing Pituitary Surgery

Abstract Aim Determination of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration by standard methods is time consuming, invasive, and intermittent. Noninvasive (NI) methods of Hb estimation are less time consuming, and reduce the risk of infection, number of required working personnel, and long-term costs. In this study, we aimed to find the accuracy of Hb values at various time points using noninvasive (NI) Hb monitoring and standard invasive techniques such as laboratory (LabHb) and arterial blood gas (ABG). Methods All American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical grade I and II adult patients between 18 and 65 years of either gender undergoing pituitary surgery under general anesthesia were included over a period of 1 year. Samples were collected for Hb estimation from the arterial line (aHb) using ABG analyzer machine and LabHb using automated Hb analyzer. Simultaneously, Hb reading from the NI Hb monitor was recorded using Masimo Spot Hemoglobin Check Device. Bland–Altman plot was used to find out agreement between Hb values drawn from three different techniques. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 30 patients participated in the study. The male to female ratio was 13:17. Statistical analysis showed poor correlation between the invasive and NI methods of Hb estimation. Conclusion NI method of Hb estimation may be successfully used in clinical practice, replacing estimation from ABG analysis or laboratory tests. However, NI method cannot replace the invasive methods of Hb estimation.

Back Cover: Development of an electrophoretic method based on nanostructured materials for HbA1c determination

DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700484 The cover picture shows artistically the women action in science since the electrophoretic method developed for glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) determination was achieved by a group of three young women. HbA1c detection is performed routinely in hospitals as it is the most widespread confirmatory diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. We present a novel CE method for measuring HbA1c by introducing silica nanoparticles modified with a boronic acid derivative as pseudo-stationary phase using a phosphate buffer pH 6.5 and a UV/VIS absorbance detector at 415 nm.

Hemichrome Determination by Thermal Lensing with Polyethylene Glycols for Signal Enhancement in Aqueous Solutions

ABSTRACTThe thermal lens technique is proposed for the determination of total hemoglobin in the form of reversible hemichrome. The conditions were optimized (concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 2 mM) to attain the maximum sensitivity with the use of polyethylene glycols as signal enhancers. For polyethylene glycols with molecular weights 1500–35000 Da in a concentration range of 5–15% w/w (5–25 mM), the influence on thermal lens signal enhancement was estimated. It is shown that the use of 5% w/w polyethylene glycol 2000 provides the maximum increase in the thermal lens enhancement factor (by 40%) in comparison with unmodified aqueous solutions. The detection limit of iron(II) tris(1,10-phenanthrolinate) as a model system is 60 nM. Under these conditions, the thermal lens detection limit of hemichrome is 10 nM, which shows a 15-fold enhancement compared to spectrophotometry. Modification of the medium with polyethylene glycols decreases the limit of detection of hemichrome determination by 15% in comparison with unmodified aqueous solutions due to better reproducibility for the range of concentrations from 0.02 to 0.9 µM.

English

This study was designed to investigate the ability of ethanol fruit extract from Detarium microcarpum to protect erythrocytes against hemolysis and lipid peroxidation. To achieve this objective, hemolytic, anti-hemolytic and lipid peroxidation from cell membrane assays were used. Hemolytic and anti-hemolytic activities (regarding H2O2 induced hemolysis) were assessed by determination of free haemoglobin at 540 nm. Inhibition of lipid peroxidation was measured at 532 nm, using thiobarbituric acid reaction on sodium nitroprusside and ferric sulfate induced liposome peroxidation models. D. microcarpum fruit ethanol extract (100 µg/ml) did not exhibit any hemolytic effect but reduces significantly hemolysis from human and rat erythrocyte with inhibitory percentages more than 50 and 75%, respectively. Furthermore, the extract caused a significant decrease in both ferric sulfate and sodium nitroprusside inducing lipid peroxidation in each rat tissue liposomes investigated. D. microcarpum fruit ethanol extract protects erythrocytes against hemolysis and lipid peroxidation, probably due to its antioxidant potential. Therefore, animal tissues disorders caused by cell membrane lipid damage could be potentially managed/prevented by dietary intake of D. microcarpum fruit pulp. Key words: Detarium microcarpum, anti-hemolytic activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation

Ascorbic acid-A black hole of urine chemistry screening.

Study was performed in order: (i) to assess the comparability of glucose, bilirubin, hemoglobin, leukocyte esterase, and protein; (ii) to assess accuracy of glucose, bilirubin, hemoglobin, leukocyte esterase, and protein; and (iii) to evaluate interference of ascorbic acid on the glucose, bilirubin, hemoglobin, and nitrite determination using 2 different dipsticks: iChem Velocity, Iris Diagnostics and Combur-10M, Roche Diagnostics. Random urine specimens were included in the study. Comparability, accuracy, and ascorbic acid interference testing were performed. Obtained results have shown almost perfect agreement for all parameters between 2 dipsticks in samples with negative ascorbic acid. Agreement in samples with positive ascorbic acid was not acceptable for bilirubin, protein, nitrite, and hemoglobin. Accuracy was not acceptable for hemoglobin and leukocyte esterase on both dipsticks. Ascorbic acid interference examination has shown that intensity of interference differs between dipsticks. Ascorbic acid interferes with glucose, hemoglobin, nitrite, and bilirubin at different concentrations causing false-negative results. Obtained results indicate that it is necessary to determine diagnostic accuracy of used dipstick in order to define purpose of urinalysis. It is very important to choose dipstick with ascorbic acid indicator and to examine ascorbic acid impact on dipstick analytes independently of manufacturer claims.

Polycythemia Vera.

Polycythemia vera (PV) is the most common myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), the ultimate phenotype of the JAK2 V1617F mutation, the MPN with the highest incidence of thromboembolic complications, which usually occur early in the course of the disease, and the only MPN in which erythrocytosis occurs. The classical presentation of PV is characterized by erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, and thrombocytosis, often with splenomegaly and occasionally with myelofibrosis, but it can also present as isolated erythrocytosis with or without splenomegaly, isolated thrombocytosis or isolated leukocytosis, or any combination of these. When PV is present, the peripheral blood hematocrit (or hemoglobin) determination will not accurately represent the actual volume of red cells in the body, because in PV, in contrast to other disorders causing erythrocytosis, when the red cell mass increases, the plasma volume usually increases. In fact, unless the hematocrit is greater than 59%, true erythrocytosis cannot be distinguished from pseudoerythrocytosis due to plasma volume contraction. Usually, the presence of splenomegaly or leukocytosis or thrombocytosis establishes the diagnosis. However, when a patient presents with isolated thrombocytosis and a positive JAK2 V617F assay, particularly a young woman, the possibility of PV must always be considered because of plasma volume expansion. The WHO PV diagnostic guidelines are not helpful in this situation, since the hematocrit is invariably normal and a bone marrow examination will not distinguish ET from PV. Only a direct measurement of both the red cell mass and plasma volume can establish the correct diagnosis. In managing a PV patient, it is important to remember that PV is an indolent disorder in which life span is usually measured in decades, even when myelofibrosis is present, that chemotherapy is futile in eradicating the disease but does increase the incidence of acute leukemia and that hydroxyurea is not safe in this regard nor is it antithrombotic. Phlebotomy to a sex-specific normal hematocrit is the cornerstone of therapy and there now exist safe remedies for controlling leukocytosis, thrombocytosis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis and symptoms due to inflammatory cytokines when this is necessary.

Computer-aided complete blood counts in dairy cattle of the Thessaloniki region: A clinical study

This study reports the findings of complete blood counts (CBC), performed in 100 Friesian dairy cattle of various cattle farms in the Thessaloniki region. Farm selection was done with the criteria of proper management standards, such as housing, feeding schedules, vaccinations and deworming. According to their age and reproductive status, the animals were allocated in following five groups:• Group I: calves 0-3 months old.• Group II: calves 3-14 months old.• Group III: cows 14 months-3 years old.• Group IV: cows older than 3 years.• Group V: cows in the dry period.Analysis included the determination of hematocrit, hemoglobin, leucocyte and platelet counts with the aid of the veterinary hematology analyzer IDEXX QBC®, using the procedure specifically proposed for this animal species. Differential leucocyte counts were also done from blood smears prepared from each sample. Mean values of all the parameters evaluated were within the normal limits, reported in the literature.

Understanding the determinants of hemoglobin and iron status: adolescent-adult women comparisons in SANHANES-1.

The study compared hemoglobin (Hb) and serum ferritin levels between adolescent and adult women with different body mass indices, dietary intake, and sociodemography. A secondary analysis of data for 3177 South African women ⩾15 years of age who participated in the SANHANES-1 study was undertaken. Abnormal Hb (≤12 g/dL) and serum ferritin (<15 μg/mL) were based on the World Health Organization's criteria for nonpregnant women aged ⩾15 years. Data were analyzed using STATA version 11. Overall, anemia was detected in 740 (23.3%) participants. Of the individuals in the subsample (n = 1123, 15-35 years) who had serum ferritin measured, 6.0% presented with iron depletion (ID) and 10.8% presented with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA). The highest prevalences of anemia, ID, and IDA were in 15- to 18-year-olds (11.2%, 8.8%, and 20.2%, respectively). Black young adults (19-24 years) were up to 40 times more likely to present with ID compared with their non-black counterparts. While overweight adolescents were three times more likely to be anemic, overweight and obese young adults, as well as obese older adults (25-35 years), were less likely to be anemic compared with normal-weight women of all age groups. Overconsumption of dietary fat increased ID by up to 54- and 11-fold (adolescents and 25- to 35-year-olds, respectively). In South Africa, anemia is most prevalent in adolescents and black women. Anemia is also an indicator of overconsumption of dietary fat and a marker of socioeconomic disadvantage.

Carbon dots-based frequency-doubling scattering probes for the ultrasensitive and highly selective determination of hemoglobin

CDs-based FDS probes for the ultrasensitive and highly selective determination of HB.

Highly Selective and Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of Hemoglobin and Folic Acid Based on the Aggregation of PHCA Modified—Gold Nanoparticles Using Partial Least Square

Highly Selective and Sensitive Simultaneous Determination of Hemoglobin and Folic Acid Based on the Aggregation of PHCA Modified—Gold Nanoparticles Using Partial Least Square

Profil de l’hémogramme et intérêt de la mesure de l’hémoglobine pré-don chez des donneurs de sang de la région Nord-Ouest du Maroc

BackgroundBlood donation in Morocco and more particularly in the northwest region is carried out without prior determination of the pre-donation hemoglobin. In addition, we note the lack of scientific research that reports data on the red blood cells, leukocytes and platelet lines in donated blood at the regional or even national level. AimsTo study hemogram profile in blood donors taken from the Northwest region of Morocco in order to provide decision makers of the National Center of Blood Transfusion and Hematology with valid scientific arguments to complete the criteria to donate whole blood, by the hemogram. MethodsProspective study, conducted in 15797 volunteer blood donors (BD) aged between 18 and 60 years, collected during mobile or fixed collections carried out by the Regional Blood Transfusion Center of Tangier and Tetouan from November 2014 to May 2016. The hemogram was performed using a Sysmex KX21N® and the analysis of the data was done by the software SPSS 20.0. ResultsAccording to the World Health Organization, anemia corresponds to a hemoglobin level less than 12g/dL in women and less than 13g/dL in men. We found that 14.5 % of women (n=1054) and 3.0 % of men (n=245) were anemic and anemia was hypochromic microcytic in 58,66 % of these BD. Analysis of the white line showed leucopenia in 2.05 % of BD and 807 cases of leukocytosis (5.27 % of BD). Platelet study showed thrombocytopenia in 3.97 % of BD and thrombocytosis in 151BD (0.99 % of cases). ConclusionThis study shows the interest of systematic pre-donation hemoglobin measurement and periodic realization of the hemogram among BD in the Northwest region of Morocco.

Effectiveness of furosemide in attenuating exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in horses when administered at 4‐ and 24‐h prior to high‐speed training

Due to the high prevalence of EIPH in racehorses and its potential impact on the horse's health, furosemide administration is permitted up to 4-h prior to post time in most North American racing jurisdictions. Anecdotal reports suggest that administration of furosemide 24-h prior to strenuous exercise may be equally effective in decreasing the severity of EIPH. To 1) compare the efficacy of furosemide in reducing the presence and severity of EIPH when administered 4- or 24-h prior to strenuous exercise 2) characterise electrolyte and blood parameters following administration of furosemide at 4- and 24-h prior to exercise. 3-way crossover. Fifteen Thoroughbred racehorses received 5mL of 0.9% NaCl or 250mg of furosemide either 4- or 24-h prior to a 5-furlong simulated race. Blood samples were collected prior to and post-run for determination of furosemide, lactate, haemoglobin and electrolyte concentrations. One-hour post-race, an endoscopic exam and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were performed. Horses were assigned an EIPH score based on predetermined criteria and the number of red blood cells in BAL fluid was determined. Endoscopic EIPH scores were lower in the 4-h vs. the 24-h (P=0.03) furosemide groups. RBC counts in BAL fluid were lower in the 4-h furosemide vs. saline treatment groups (P=0.01) but no difference was noted between the saline and 24-h furosemide groups (P=0.3), nor between the 4- and 24-h groups (P=0.5). Small sample size and large range of running times for the 5-furlong work. While none of the treatments prevented EIPH, endoscopic scores and RBC counts in BAL fluid support the efficacy of furosemide in reducing the severity of EIPH. Endoscopic scores were lower in the 4-h furosemide group compared with 24-h administration. Red blood cell counts were lower in the 4-h furosemide group compared with saline treatment.