Habituation Process Research Articles

PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN MENULIS TEKS PROSEDUR DENGAN MODEL ACTIVE LEARNING

Writing is not an ability that can be mastered by itself, but must go through a process of learning and habituation. Writing procedure text is a container that can be used as a habit. Especially in the 2013 curriculum, procedure text is mandatory material that must be studied in grade VII SMP students. Based on observations during online learning in the midst of the Covid 19 pandemic at SMP Mutiara 4 Bandung, students find it difficult to learn. expressing ideas and ideas in written form, because the learning models and media used by the teacher are not attractive so that learning feels boring and unpleasant. Based on the descriptions presented above, the authors are interested in conducting Classroom Action Research (CAR) with a model. Acitive Learning through gamabar media. This classroom action research was carried out in two cycles, each of which contained four components, namely planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. The results showed that the application of the active learning model through image media could improve the ability to write procedural texts. The application of the Active Learning learning model through image media is more effective, it is proven that students are more active and more creative in developing writing and are able to improve the quality of students' writing as evidenced by an increase in the results of the average score in cycle I (62,) and the acquisition of average scores cycle II (78,6), so there is a difference in the average value (16,). Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the active learning model through image media is effective in learning to write procedural texts.

Cultural Differences in Stress-Related Psychological, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Oral Health Factors of Professors.

With the aim to explore cultural differences in stress-related psychological, nutrition, physical activity, and oral health factors between Spanish and Latin American professors, we analysed stress-related factors in 598 professors (39.9% male, 60.1% female, 41.3 ± 9.8 years) by a collection of questionnaires, which involved psychological, nutritional, physical activity and oral health items. Results showed how Spanish professors presented significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher scores than Latin American professors in perceived stress (Spanish: 21.40 ± 4.32 vs. Latin American: 20.36 ± 4.31), teaching stress (Spanish: 6.59 ± 2.28 vs. Latin American: 6.00 ± 2.99) and neuroticism (Spanish: 5.40 ± 2.10 vs. Latin American: 4.58 ± 1.72). Spanish professors also showed healthier nutritional and physical activity habits than their Latin American counterparts, presenting higher consumption of milk products and a higher numbers of meals per day, greater weekly meat and fish consumption and higher weekly resistance training, as well as less eating between hours and snacking consumption. Nevertheless, Spanish professors brushed their teeth less and showed a higher smoking habit than Latin American professors. We concluded that there were cultural differences between Spanish and Latin American professors. In the present research, Spanish professors showed significantly higher burnout levels, teaching stress, perceived stress, and neuroticism than Latin American professors, and several differences were also found around health behaviours. These differences in perceived stress, teaching stress and burnout syndrome may be due to the habituation process of Latin American professors, and probably are associated with a higher stressful and demanding socio-cultural context.

The guidance of attention by templates for rejection during visual search.

The hypothesis that foreknowledge of nontarget features in visual search is represented by negative search templates ("templates for rejection") that facilitate attentional guidance remains disputed. In five experiments, we investigated this proposal by measuring search performance and electrophysiological markers of target selection (N2pc components) and nontarget suppression (PD components). We compared search tasks where positive or negative cues signaled the color of targets or nontargets, respectively, and tasks with neutral non-informative cues. Positive cues elicited performance benefits relative to neutral cues. Negative cues produced behavioral and electrophysiological costs for target selection, and some evidence for the inhibition of negatively cued nontargets, but there was no support for the proposal that these items initially attract attention. Performance costs for negative cues dissipated after practice with the same negatively cued nontargets for approximately 25-50 trials, and eventually turned into benefits after several hundreds of trials. However, the emergence of negative cue benefits was not accompanied by electrophysiological evidence for faster or more efficient inhibition of nontargets, indicating that they are not produced by learned suppression mechanisms mediated by negative search templates. We conclude that templates for rejection do not facilitate search but normally interfere with target selection. Although negative cue benefits can be observed after extended exposure to the same nontarget features, these benefits do not reflect active attentional guidance, and are likely to be the result of passive habituation processes.

TEACHER LANGUAGE AS A MIRROR IN SHAPING CRITICAL CHARACTER AND CREATIVE OF STUDENTS: Shaping Critical and Creative Character of Student

Recently, it takes people who have critical and creative character. Both characters can be develop through a process of education, including through language subjects. The critical and creative character of students can develop or be developed with a process of habituation, either through learning or exemplary they get naturally through what students see in their teachers. Likewise people learn language, what is gained through acquisition will make a lasting impression than what is gained through learning. The process of learning to read and write can be used as a means of developing student’s critical and creative thinking. Reading can be much help in developing critical thinking skills, and learning to write can be much help develop creative thinking abilities. However in teaching of writing, teachers should be exemplary in terms of writing, in the end, students writing creativity will develop faster. Therefore, it is not enough for the language teacher to convey the theory well, but also must be able to be a model as well as an example in producing good writing.

Regeneration of active endogenous IAA in rice calli following acclimation to 2,4-D free medium

The habituated rice calli grown on an auxin-free medium were isolated from rice embryo-derived calli previously cultivated on medium supplemented with 2,4-D. The habituated rice calli grow faster than the non-habituated ones, particularly during the first week. We performed microarray analysis to unravel the changes in the transcriptomic level of rice calli grown on hormone-free medium. Several genes related to hormone metabolism and signaling were differentially expressed between the two calli types. Especially, the expressions of two amido-transferase enzymes genes Gretchen Hagen 3s (GH3.1 and GH3.8) were down-regulated and one indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid (IAA-AA) hydrolase gene ILR1-like 3 was up-regulated in habituated calli compared to non-habituated. We further assessed the contents of different hormones in these two calli kinds. The IAA content was indeed significantly increased by about 7 times in habituated calli compared to non-habituated, initially grown in plant hormone-free medium. In parallel to the increase in the endogenous auxin, IAA-AA conjugates, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene and GA12, GA19, GA29 were decreased in the habituated calli. Our results indicate that the regeneration of endogenous auxin is essential and required for the habituation of callus cells. The changes in the endogenous hormones might be coordinated and monitored during the habituation process by various biological pathways. Eventually, this study debates the interrelated changes and adjustment in endogenous plant hormones occurred (happened) in the habituated calli. This report exhibits also a completely different hormonal composition status for each rice calli, which might potentially be responsible for the calli growth regulation and its acclimation process.

Implementasi pendidikan karakter dan pengajaran bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah dasar Inklusi Kota Madiun

Learning is an activity designed for the student learning process. Learning is a process of interaction between students and teachers by utilizing learning resources in a learning environment. One of the learning objectives is to build the character and character of students. In building character, it cannot be done once, but requires a long process. Character in other terms is said to be character or character. By implementing character education in inclusive schools, students are expected to have the same potential and do not feel that they are differentiated from normal children. Inclusive education requires a good environment so that students can emulate and habituate from childhood and provide reinforcement. The environment is the first and foremost shape of the child's character from the womb, birth, and until adulthood. Through parenting and the environment (family-community-school), the process of intervention and character habituation is formed. Inclusive education or children with special needs is very unique and special. In some aspects, adjustments, patience, and enthusiasm from the teacher are needed in guiding, guiding, and modeling. In this article, it is necessary to study character building, character education, types of character, inclusive education, and the implementation of character education in inclusive schools in order to get a clear picture for all parties.

Pola Penanaman Toleransi Melalui Interaksi Sosial Berbasis Multikultural

The case of intolerance in the educational environment has recently become increasingly unsettling. This problem threatens the integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). For that we need a special approach or pattern in preventing the development of intolerance in the educational environment. Tolerance education must be strengthened, especially in the school environment. Tolerance education is actually practiced in the learning process and outside the classroom so that it becomes school culture. Tolerance education must be broad, not only covering internal tolerance of Muslims but also between religious communities. The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of cultivating tolerance through multicultural-based social interactions among Muslim and non-Muslim students. This type of research is field research (field research) with a qualitative approach with Muslim and non-Muslim student respondents in Elementary School (SD) N 13 Argamakmur. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the application of the value of tolerance carried out by teachers in schools, especially Islamic religious education teachers in the learning process through an attitude that is able to understand the differences by placing in the position of each student, is able to generate mutual respect between one another. The habituation process that is pressed directly and intensively can create positive habits towards students. Students can view each other positively even though they have a religion, ethnicity, race, ethnicity and customs that are different from others.

Gorilla habituation and the role of animal agency in conservation and tourism development at Bwindi, South Western Uganda

Discussions of gorilla habituation often emphasise human control of gorillas, whereby gorillas are usually singularly defined by their species membership. This perspective leaves little room for imagining the role of gorillas in habituation, conservation and tourism development processes. In this paper, we use insights from Actor Network Theory and more-than-human geography to explore and reconstruct the practice of gorilla habituation in order to understand gorillas as actors in habituation, conservation and tourism development at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park (hereafter Bwindi), Uganda. To do so, we use the concept of relational animal agency to trace the various ways in which gorillas interact with each other, various groups of people, and their environment. Ethnographic observations, unstructured interviews and document study indicate that gorillas are ‘multiple’ and thus need to be understood beyond their species membership alone. They are involved in intricate relations with each other, with other non-human and human subjects, and their shared environment. Furthermore, gorillas are not completely and passively controlled by humans through habituation: we argue that habituation as a relational process is more complex. Gorillas also habituate other gorillas and arguably can be seen to habituate humans as well. As a result, gorillas co-produce multiple versions of the Bwindi landscape, of conservation, tourism and development practices, as well as multiple ways of being gorillas. Based on these insights, we argue that instead of focusing on control, the dynamics between gorillas and their landscapes could be harnessed to explore a dynamic range of possibilities for living together with gorillas, while continuously adapting to issues that will arise in places such as Bwindi.

No game, more pain - Examining possible long term effects and underlying mechanisms of habitual violent video gaming on the acquired capability for suicide

According to Joiner`s interpersonal-psychological theory of suicide repeated engagement in suicidal behavior or so-called painful and provocative events constitutes the acquired capability for suicide (ACS) comprising two facets: enhanced pain tolerance and fearlessness about death (FAD). Recent research showed that single bouts of violent-video-gaming (VVG) increase pain tolerance. It is unknown whether individuals who habitually play VVGs at a high frequency rate show higher signs of ACS in terms of low pain sensitivity, high tolerance and lowered FAD compared to non-gamers. In a cross-sectional case-control study, we compared pain sensitivity and tolerance during a 5-min Cold-Pressor-Test (CPT) besides FAD in young males, playing VVGs highly frequent (n = 18) vs. non-gamers (n = 17). Mood was rated before and after the CPT. We found higher CPT-pain tolerance, lower intensity ratings and higher FAD scores among gamers compared to non-gamers. A significant time x group interaction of pain ratings indicated a process of habituation in the gamers. An increase of positive mood in the gamers emphasizes the role of opponent processes. The results suggest that habitual VVG might reflect a repetitive behavior enhancing the ACS.

Locomotion and habituation to novel experimental environments in a social fish species

Abstract The response of animals to novel environments forms the basis of open field tests, an assay extensively used in the study of animal behaviour. However, to assess an animal’s routine behaviour or measure their response to novel environments, researchers must provide enough time for proper exploration and habituation. Unfortunately, no study has ever explicitly characterized the habituation process, except on isolated individuals, which represents an unusual situation for many social species. We analysed the movement characteristics and group-level dynamics of a shoaling fish species (Gambusia holbrooki) in an open-field arena for 1.5 h. We tested groups of 4 fish with varying sex ratios and found that behaviour changed over time with exploratory behaviour followed by a decreasing then plateauing trend, which only stabilised after 29 min. This movement pattern was consistent across all different sex ratios, however, female-skewed groups showed higher levels of activity during the first few minutes. Finally, median nearest neighbour distance was initially low before increasing and finally stabilising at around 9 min (with some exceptions) following the introduction of fish to the arena.

Internalization of School Culture to Foster Awareness of Pancasila Values in Elementary School Students

School culture is an integral part of the school that can affect the quality of behavior and can change students' cognitive patterns. The values of Pancasila as the ideology of the nation can be incorporated into school culture as a special feature of education in Indonesia. The importance of internalizing school culture as a process of habituation in growing student awareness must have the support of all school members. The purpose of this study is to foster student's awareness of the values of Pancasila as a view of the life of the Indonesian nation through the internalization of school culture. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection used in this study was field observations, interviews, and document analysis. Analysis of the data used is the display of data, data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The results showed that the internalization of school culture to foster awareness of Pancasila values can be done through structuring the maintained and maintained physical environment of the school, structuring the school's social environment with social activities, structuring school personnel with the creation of security, order, and comfort of school residents, classroom management by applying the values of Pancasila in each learning process, the leadership of the principal by synergizing all components of the school, building a solid work spirit, improving school quality. The contribution of this research is that fostering awareness of the values of Pancasila must be done by all schools by optimizing the culture of the school they have.

Seeing as Cognizing: Perception, Concepts and Meditation Practice in Indian Buddhist Epistemology

Abstract As Buddhist literature makes abundantly clear, the Buddha’s knowledge is an instance of yogic perception; it radically differs from the ordinary cognition of empirical objects and results from a special training that includes ascetic toil and meditative practices. This essay aims to explore the role of special cognitive processes – in particular the Buddha’s vision of the Truths and cognitive processes relating to meditation practices – in the Buddhist epistemological tradition of South Asia. It argues that, given the Indian philosophical context, an epistemology with Buddhist presuppositions had to consider why and how meditation practices can make a difference as regards the results of cognition. Passages from Dharmakīrti’s work will be examined that show how Dharmakīrti represents yogic perception and the function of meditation practices (especially visualization) in transforming habitual processes of conceptualization.

Kegiatan Jam’iyah Shalawat Solusi Pembentukan Akhlakul Karimah Remaja Di Jatirejo Diwek Jombang

Abstract:Congregation of shalawat, the term itself only appeared around the mid 2000s and above. Previously, the public was more familiar with the terms diba'an, float and so on. The terms of prayer and prayer are very familiar to the people of Indonesia, especially Muslims. Formation of adolescent morality akhakul through activities jam'iyah shalawat Ds. Jatirejo Kec. Diwek Kab. Jombang, the efforts that can be made to establish morality are: Through the habituation process. Intercommunication with people who have noble character (noble character) who are in the environment around the residence and through the teaching process (spiritual splash). adolescents behave well as a polite example to older people and can sort out something good and something bad to do. Supporting factors faced by Jatirejo village adolescents in the efforts to establish the morality of adolescents through adolescent jam'iyah shalawat activities namely the existence of facilities that can support the activities, and most importantly the motivation or interest possessed by adolescents so that in the process of moral formation takes place and makes him moved to follow the activity. Meanwhile, the inhibiting factor is the decline in motivation in participating in activities and alsoenvironmental factors due to unfavorable interactions

Transmission of Islamic Values in Public School: A Study at State Senior High School 5 Yogyakarta

The process of transmitting Islamic values to the younger generation remains an appealing study as Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world. Unfortunately, previous studies on this topic focused more on the process of transmitting these values through formal and informal religious based educational institutions. This research took a unique position to study the Islamic values transmission within non-religious based public school. This qualitative research employed the case study approach to examine the process of instilling Islamic values in public schools. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and study of relevant documentation. The collected data were analyzed using the inductive interactive techniques of the Miles and Huberman models. This study showed that 1) the values of iman-taqwa (faith-piety) and akhlaq mulia (good morals) were an important embodiment of affection-based educational programs in schools. 2) These values were instilled by the school through a habituation process, supported by the function of the principal and teachers as role models and the important role of Rohis (Islamic organization). The inculcation of Islamic values was not only carried out by religious education teachers, but also transmitted by secular subject teachers as well as extracurricular activities. The findings of this study confirmed that public schools in Indonesia were now transformed as important instruments for the transmission of Islamic values to young Muslims. This research suggests important recommendations on the need to develop the capacity of teachers in schools to make them agents of moderation of Islamic values.

Researchers' ethical concerns regarding habituating wild-nonhuman primates and perceived ethical duties to their subjects: Results of an online survey.

While the process of habituation is essential for researchers to observe primates in their natural habitats, ethical dilemmas may arise from its consequences. We collected data from 286 participants via an online survey to investigate: (a) how primatologists perceive their ethical duties toward their subjects; (b) the extent to which primatologists are concerned about the potential ethical consequences of habituation; and (c) the methods primatologists use to reduce potential harms caused by habituation. Overall, primatologists felt an extremely strong duty to mitigate harms that they may cause (e.g., to not stress individuals during observation, treat injuries, and reunite separated individuals) and expressed very high concern for habituation's potential to increase the vulnerability of their subjects to poaching and disease transfer. Ratings for those items were so high that they could not be included in subsequent exploratory factor analyses that were designed to reveal constructs underlying respondents' ratings of their ethical duties and concerns. Factor analysis of ratings of ethical duties revealed that primatologists reported a strong duty to mitigate harms caused by other humans and a lower perceived duty to mitigate naturally occurring harmful events. Factor analysis on ethical concern ratings revealed that respondents were concerned about harms during the habituation process, the presence of unhabituated behavior after habituation had been established, and indirect harms of habituation. Concerns for unhabituated behavior and indirect harms were rated slightly higher than concern for harms during the habituation process. To mitigate potential harms, primatologists primarily reported engaging in strategies to reduce stress in their subjects. Our findings reveal a disconnect between primatologists' ratings of their ethical concerns and their reported mitigation practices that may, in part, stem from gaps in knowledge about the true impacts of habituation. We suggest areas of discussion and research in the field necessary to address those gaps.

Optimal DB-PAYGO pension management towards a habitual contribution rate

In this paper, we propose a new objective function, which reflects the costs of unstable contribution risk and discontinuity risk in DB-PAYGO pension system. The problem is to minimize the quadratic deviation between the actual contribution rate and a habitual target and the quadratic proportional deviation of the pension accumulation. A modified non-negative constraint of the contribution rate is added, which together with a stochastic habitual target process, causes difficulty in solving the minimization problem by Lagrange dual method. The results are split into two cases which depend on the habit-adjusted adequacy of the pension budget. In the inadequate case, the optimal contribution rate reveals a hump shape curve with respect to time, which is different from the exponential growth curve of the model with a fixed target. By moderately raising the contribution rate in the initial phase, it helps to increase the accumulation and reduce the contribution burden of the follow-up policyholders. Notably, the hump shape curve is a more practical policy, because of that the exponential growth curve raises anxiety about the unlimited growth of the contribution rate and harms the confidence in the sustainability of the pension fund. We also study the impacts of the certain trend in demography, and the uncertain fluctuations in salary and investment on the optimal control policies.

Independence Habituation of Autism Students in the Learning Management

This research aims to examine the independence habituation for students with autism in learning management at SMK (vocational high school) Tunas Bangsa, Malang. It covers the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the independence habituation in the learning process for students with autism. Besides, it studies the problems and solutions made during the application of the learning program. It is qualitative research with autistic students of grade XII as the subject. The informants of this research involved the headmaster; normative, adaptive, and productive teachers; the advisor of exceptional teachers; parents; and psychologists. The data collection methods include observation, interview, and documentation. The results of the study cover the planning, outcome, and learning implementation through the independence habituation of students with autism at SMK Tunas Bangsa, Malang. The learning independence appears from the development of the students’ independence. The problems found during the independence habituation process on the learning process are solved through some solutions applied by all of the educational elements of the comprehensive learning management at SMK Tunas Bangsa, Malang.

Could academic experience modulate psychophysiological stress response of biomedical sciences students in laboratory?

The aim of the present research was to analyse the subjective and objective psychophysiological stress response of experienced and non-experienced Pharmacy and Biotechnology students in laboratory practices. We analysed in 82 Pharmacy and Biotechnology degree students divided into two groups (non-experienced: n: 53; experienced: n: 29) the autonomic stress response by the analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) before, during and after and distress perception before and after a laboratory practice. Results showed how students in both groups presented a large anticipatory anxiety response at the beginning of the practise (low HRV values). During the entire laboratory practice, non-experienced students showed a maintained sympathetic modulation while experienced students presented a higher parasympathetic modulation (high HRV values) consistent with a habituation process. Laboratory practise performed by Pharmacy and Biotechnology students produced an anticipatory anxiety response independently of their experience, but, non-experienced students showed a lower habituation response in both subjective and objective stress records than experienced students at the end of the laboratory practice.

ROBOTIC AI, CRISPR, AND FREE WILL

ROBOTIC AI, CRISPR, AND FREE WILL

MENTAL FREEDOM AND FREEDOM OF THE LOVING HEART: FREE WILL AND BUDDHIST MEDITATION

AbstractIn Buddhism, Meditation and Free Will: A Theory of Mental Freedom, Rick Repetti explains how the dynamics of Buddhist meditation can result in a kind of metacognition and metavolitional control that exceeds what is required for free will and defeats the most powerful forms of free will skepticism. This article argues that although the Buddhist path requires and enhances the kind of mental and volitional control Repetti describes, the central dynamic of the path and meditation is better understood as a process of habituation. This not only involves the dis‐identification from mental and emotional content that Repetti discusses—and is commonly emphasized in modern presentations of mindfulness or insight (vipassanā) meditation—but also a transformation of the heart that is effected through the complementary psychological and somatic qualities associated with calm abiding (samatha) and concentration (samādhi) and emphasized in the Pali Nikāyas and commentaries.