Use Of Habits Research Articles

Prevalence and Correlates of Substance Use in rural Bhubaneswar – A Community based Cross sectional Study

Background: Substance use is an ever-increasing public health problem in the Indian society. Besides being a personal health risk, it is also a social and economic issue. The present study was undertaken to find out the prevalence and pattern of substance use in rural Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Material & Methods: A cross sectional community-based study was undertaken in rural Bhubaneswar in two phases, a pre survey qualitative assessment followed by the quantitative assessment. The prevalence, pattern and habit of use of different psychoactive substances were accessed using a predesigned pretested questionnaire among 574 study participants of greater than ten years of age. Results: The prevalence of use of at least one substance was 44.1%. Tobacco (smokeless) was the most commonly used substance followed by alcohol and smoked tobacco. Male gender, age greater than 40 years, joint family and being illiterate were the important predictors of substance use. Conclusions: A predominance of smokeless tobacco consumption was found in our study. Family members’ being the source of introduction in majority of users is a matter of serious concern. Community based intervention strategies can be helpful in targeting the rural population for deaddiction and delivering a social message for curbing the use of harmful substances.

The transformation of Traditional TV to YouTube with Social Media and its Reflections in Turkey

Today, YouTube attracts more people than the mostly-watched television channels due to its audience reaching up to one billion viewers every month. YouTube is the biggest video sharing social media network of the world and has started to challenge the traditional television media with the investments it makes recently. The platform does not broadcast only the videos shared by its users but also the special programs which it produces in its production studios and took one more step further than the traditional television media with the unique contents created. This study analyses the race of YouTube platform against the traditional television media in historical processes and the youth’s habit of use of YouTube, a social media platform.

Reúso de água cinza tratada em sistema de alagado construído com resíduos da construção civil

A crise hídrica tem levado a sociedade a mudar seus hábitos de uso dos recursos hídricos e o reúso de água torna-se uma alternativa para essa crise. Os sistemas de alagados construídos são de baixo custo de operação e manutenção e podem viabilizar o reúso d’água, além de contar com uma grande eficácia na remoção de impurezas da água. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência de um sistema de alagado construído vertical utilizando como substratos resíduos da construção civil e planta ornamental no tratamento de águas cinza escura provenientes de pias de cozinha, além de direcionar a água tratada para o reúso não potável adequado. A água cinza escura foi coletada na cantina da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande campus Pombal, de maio a junho de 2017, e inserida no sistema. O sistema foi construído em um garrafão plástico de 20 litros, formado por camadas de restos de materiais da construção civil. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos da água cinza bruta e da água pós tratamento para verificar a eficiência do sistema. Alguns parâmetros tiveram redução maior que 80% que foi o caso da turbidez e coliformes totais, e acima de 90% sendo este para sólidos sedimentáveis. No reúso, foi verificado que a água tratada poderia ser reutilizada na lavagem de veículos e calçadas, rega de jardins, reúso em forragens e pastagem para gado. Espera-se que este estudo possibilite a utilização de sistemas de alagado construído em larga escala para uma maior disponibilidade hídrica.

Flipped Classroom para la Formación del Profesorado: Perspectiva del alumnado.

<p>Actualmente, el “Flipped Classroom” es uno de los modelos pedagógicos que están revolucionando el ámbito educativo, y puede que sea una palanca de cambio en la educación superior. Sin embargo, aún no existen suficientes evidencias de sus ventajas e inconvenientes en esta etapa educativa. Es por ello que con el presente trabajo de investigación se pretende analizar la percepción y valoración que hace el alumnado que ha experimentado Flipped Classroom y cuál es su efecto en el aprendizaje. Debido a las características del fenómeno objeto de estudio se decidió utilizar una metodología cualitativa basada en Estudios de Casos tomando como unidad de análisis una materia de la titulación de grado en Educación infantil y primaria. Como instrumento de recogida de información se optó por entrevistas dirigida basada en preguntas con respuestas abiertas.<em> </em></p><p><em>Los resultados evidencian que no hay un acuerdo en el alumnado respecto al Flipped Classroom. Por un lado, se encuentran estudiantes que valoran positivamente el modelo y que valoran las posibilidades educativas que tiene realizar las actividades prácticas en el aula, y trabajar de forma colaborativa. Y por otro, están un grupo de estudiantes muy críticos con el modelo y que prefieren seguir utilizando una metodología tradicional, debido principalmente a la falta de costumbre de utilizar metodologías activas y establecer el compromiso de aprendizaje que estas exigen. Las principales propuestas de mejora del diseño metodológico, esencialmente, son fruto principalmente de esta circunstancia. </em></p>

Hábitos de Utilização das Novas Tecnologias em Crianças e Jovens

INTRODUÇÃO: O acesso e uso frequente à informação através das tecnologias está ao alcance de todos, até dos mais novos. A forma como crianças e adolescentes utilizam novos meios de informação é muito diferente de gerações an-teriores e uma realidade em mudança constante, cujo alcance e consequências não entendemos ainda por completo.METODOLOGIA: Este estudo pretende caracterizar a utilização das novas tecnologias dos 0 aos 18 anos de idade. Para tal, 412 pais responderam a um questionário que visa caracterizar os hábitos de uso e acesso das novas tecnologias dos seus filhos.RESULTADOS: Os resultados demonstram que 90% das crianças dos 0 aos 18 anos utiliza novas tecnologias e que 69% tem uma utilização diária superior a 1 hora e 30 minutos. O tablet é a tecnologia mais usada, com 82% de utili-zadores, seguido do smartphone com 68%, do PC (computador pessoal) com 52% e da consola com 37%. Um total de 86% recorre à Internet e, destes, apenas em 51% dos casos existe um controlo parental. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização da Internet é feita para ver vídeos, jogar, ouvir música, fazer pesquisas e atividades pedagógicas.

Аlways with them: smartphone use by children, adolescents, and young adults—characteristics, habits of use, sharing, and satisfaction of needs

Because of the extensive use of smartphones by children, adolescents, and young adults, we set out to explore the characteristics and habits of usage of smartphones from their perspective, and to examine the relationship between usage habits and the satisfaction of needs. As part of a mixed-method study, 551 respondents from Israel completed the questionnaires, and 110 of the respondents were also interviewed. The study provides an explanation for the dramatic rise and the massive use of smartphones by children, adolescents, and young adults. The findings show that respondents feel that with the help of their smartphones they can maintain extensive communication with those around them, satisfying their important needs, and more. Respondents have become highly dependent on the use of various applications, which leads to an even more extensive use. As the use of smartphones increases, respondents feel that they are maximizing the potential offered by these applications.

La huella morisca en la indumentaria y enseres de la casa noble sevillana. Siglos XV y XVI

A través de las relaciones de bienes del linaje Ribera y Enríquez de Ribera, desde mediados del siglo XV hasta fines del XVI, se estudia la influencia islámica en la cultura material doméstica de la élite cristiana en Sevilla. En especial, respecto al gusto decorativo y hábitos de uso, buscando determinar los enseres producidos por artesanos andalusíes, mudéjares o moriscos. Así como la evolución en el uso de dichos objetos en relación con los acontecimientos políticos y bélicos coetáneos. Para ello, se han seleccionado casi un millar de objetos ordenados en las siguientes categorías: bienes relacionados con la guerra y representación del poder, enseres domésticos con diferentes utilidades -decorar y vestir la casa, de uso en la cocina o incluidos en la capilla-, y la indumentaria.

Uso responsável de água no ambiente doméstico

The present work was developed within the scope of the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Piauí - IFPI, Campus São Raimundo Nonato, having as main objective, to highlight the need to make adequate use of water, through understanding the relationship between the habits of use of this resource by the internal community of the Campus in domestic activities, and the water availability of the reservoirs of the city of São Raimundo Nonato. The methodology employed was divided into four (04) stages: first, a survey was carried out to find out how the respondents used water in their homes; then, a survey was carried out at Águas e Esgotos do Piauí S/A – AGESPISA, to check the water levels of the main reservoirs that supply this region; in the third stage, images were pasted on the institute's walls, with a view to attracting the community's attention to the need to make prudent use of water; finally, there was a socialization in the Campus patio, through a banner, with images and graphics containing the information collected, together with illustrations and information that suggest more appropriate ways to use water. Thus, it was detected that the way people use water does not match its availability, making it clear the need to acquire conscious habits.

E-Safety in the Use of Social Networking Apps by Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

Aim/Purpose: Following the widespread use of social networking applications (SNAs) by children, adolescents, and young adults, this paper sought to examine the usage habits, sharing, and dangers involved from the perspective of the children, adolescents, and young adults. The research question was: What are the usage habits, sharing, drawbacks, and dangers of using SNAs from the perspective of children, adolescents, and young adults? Background: Safety has become a major issue and relates to a range of activities including online privacy, cyberbullying, exposure to violent content, exposure to content that foments exclusion and hatred, contact with strangers online, and coarse language. The present study examined the use of social networking applications (SNAs) by children, adolescents, and young adults, from their point of view. Methodology: This is a mixed-method study; 551participants from Israel completed questionnaires, and 110 respondents were also interviewed. Contribution: The study sought to examine from their point of view (a) characteristics of SNA usage; (b) the e-safety of SNA; (c) gender differences between age groups; (d) habits of use; (e) hazards and solutions; and (f) sharing with parents and parental control. Findings: Most respondents stated that cyberbullying (such as shaming) happens mainly between members of the group and it is not carried out by strangers. The study found that children’s awareness of the connection between failures of communication in the SNAs and quarrels and disputes was lower than that of adolescents and young adults. It was found that more children than adolescents and young adults believe that monitoring and external control can prevent the dangers inherent in SNAs, and that the awareness of personal responsibility increases with age. The SNAs have intensified the phenomenon of shaming, but the phenomenon is accurately documented in SNAs, unlike in face-to-face communication. Therefore, today more than ever, it is possible and necessary to deal with shaming, both in face-to-face and in SNA communication. Recommendations for Practitioners: Efforts should be made to resolve the issue of shaming among members of the group and to explain the importance of preserving human dignity and privacy. The Internet in general and SNAs in particular are an integral part of children’s and adolescents’ life environment, so it can be said that the SNAs are part of the problem because they augment shaming. But they can also be part of the solution, because interactions are accurately documented, unlike in face-to-face communication, where it is more difficult to examine events, to remember exactly what has been said, to point out cause and effect, etc. Therefore, more than ever before, today it is possible and necessary to deal with shaming both in face-to-face and in the SNA communication, because from the point of view of youngsters, this is their natural environment, which includes smart phones, SNAs, etc. Recommendations for Researchers: The study recommends incorporating in future studies individual case studies and allowing participants to express how they perceive complex e-Safety situa-tions in the use of social networking apps. Impact on Society: Today more than ever, it is possible and necessary to deal with shaming, both in face-to-face and in SNA communication. Future Research: The study was unable to find significant differences between age groups. Fur-ther research may shed light on the subject.

The use of contact lenses among university students in Chengdu: Knowledge and practice of contact lens wearers.

To assess the prevalence and general knowledge of contact lens wearers among college students in Chengdu, a metroplolitan of Chinaand find out the routine habits of use and hygienic conditions when wearing contact lenses. The questionnaire was distributed to 1,600 ametropic participants who were from 8 different universities. Data about demographics, general contact lens handling habits, personal attitudes, hygiene behaviors and eye health conditions were collected. We made the analysis ofthe demographics and wearing of contact lenses. Possible reasons for behaviors related to the care of contact lenses were analyzed. The prevalence of contact lens use was 19.80%. Most users (82.15%) were females. An aesthetic effect was cited as the first reason for using (57.91%). The comfort of eyes was the first consideration (75.76%) when buying. To keep clean and use safe, 86.20% subjects washed hands before handling and 83.50% cleaned the lens carefully after removing. There was significant difference between males and females regarding the replacement of the solution (p=0.014). 32.66% wears knew the removal of protein deposits. A total of 54.88% were not informed of the potential complications of contact lens. The incidence of ocular discomfort was 44.78%. Only 3.03% of the students paid regular visits to ophthalmic clinics. The prevalence of contact lenses was relatively low in Chengdu. The wears had limited knowledge about using and careof contact lens. More education on standard lens wear and care should be provided to wearers.

La relevancia de trabajar el uso crítico y seguro de internet en el ámbito escolar como clave para fortalecer la competencia digital

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and the Internet have become indispensable means for the daily life of almost sectors of the population. Likewise, digital development has had a great impact on the younger population and, due to the frequent and continuous use of ICT, children are exposed daily to the multiple risks that exist in the network. This work has collected data, answers, attitudes and perceptions about the habits of use of ICT, the risks of the internet and the relevance of working this topic in the school. For this purpose, a training action has been designed and implemented with fifth year grade Primary Education students. The results have corroborated that the use of ICT and Internet connectivity are part of the day-to-day life of the adolescent population but they lack the necessary maturity to deal with the conflicting situations that they will have to face in the network. At the same time, the students have valued positively the formative action and that confirm the relevance of working on security aspects related to digital competence in the school.

Nurturing user creative performance in social media networks

Purpose– Creative performance relies on the capability of developing and presenting an original concept or idea, and the collaborative production of creative content which enhances feeling of connection with others and formation of strong community. The purpose of this paper is to apply the theory of work performance containing four dimensions (capacity, opportunities, willingness, and performance) to investigate how the capabilities of social network sites enhance user creative performance through collective social capital and information capital (opportunities) for and individual habit of use (willingness) of the user to engage in social learning process.Design/methodology/approach– Many measurement items are adapted from the literature, except those measuring the constructs of social media capabilities (i.e. transmission velocity (TV), parallelism, symbol sets, rehearsability, and reprocessability) and user creative performance. The study uses survey method to collect data from social media network (SMN) users in Taiwan. Facebook is chosen as the source because it is the most prevalent and sophisticated social media platform that provides a home for users to interact and communicate. Structural equation modeling with partial least square is used to analyze the usable data collected from 533 Facebook users.Findings– The results show that the constructs are significantly and positively correlated, meaning that social media capabilities enable social capital, information capital, and habit of use to improve user creative performance in SMNs. Three out of five social media capabilities (i.e. TV, parallelism, and rehearsability) are identified as the key enablers.Research limitations/implications– Because of the sampled surveyed subjects and the single research method, there are some limitations in this study. The research results may lack generalizability that should be taken into account when they are interpreted. The authors encourage researchers to test the proposed theoretical model further with additional subjects, variables, and linkages.Practical implications– The findings of this research shed light for managers of SMN platforms on how to manage the platforms more effectively. A healthy SMN platform must implement at least these three media capabilities: the functions of news feed (i.e. TV), chat (i.e. parallelism), edit (i.e. rehearsability), in order to sustain its service.Social implications– This study confirmed that user creative performance can be increased in various ways through social capital, information capital, and habit of use. Company management should use SMNs (e.g. Facebook or Twitter) to enable employees to interact and exchange ideas and promote “coopetition” among employees across the company. If the organizational culture supports free expression of ideas and sharing of opinions, the development and robustness of group creativity can be enhanced, leading to higher competitive advantage for a company against its competitors.Originality/value– Past studies related to individual creativity have mostly discussed it as a personality trait or talent; yet, personality trait or talent is implicit until it is shown by one’s behavior. Thus, for the collective performance of user creativity on SMNs, the authors elicit individual creativity through the creative performance manifested by user behavior. Furthermore, the authors confirm that social capital, information capital, and habit of use are the critical antecedents of user creative performance, and that the five social media capabilities are the enablers of social capital, information capital, and habit of use on SMNs.

Exploring homeowners’ perception and experiences in using a domestic smart home heating controller

Space heating in the UK is responsible for 60% of the total UK energy consumption by domestic buildings. The UK has committed to reduce heating consumption through its ‘Smarter Heating Controls Research Programme’, by educating people on how they heat their homes. UK utility companies have trialed smart home heating controls and claim that these packages, consisting of a smart thermostat, a mobile application and an online portal, can save energy. However, there is little robust evidence on people’s perceptions and reported experiences of using smart heating controls. This study aimed to understand homeowners’ perceptions and experiences in using a domestic home heating controller in order to develop recommendations for the technology and its implementation into people’s homes. Perceptions and experiences were investigated in three phases focusing on (a) the pre-use phase, which collected demographic information, awareness and expectations, (b) the in-use phase, which included habits of use, and (c) the post-use phase, which addressed satisfaction, motivation and feedback. Four online questionnaire surveys (with closed and open-ended questions) were used throughout the study, supplemented with telephone interviews in the post-use phase. Together these generated an understanding of the finer nuances of perceptions towards the smart home heating controller and underpinned recommendations for future technology development. The results showed that the smart home heating controller was perceived by 70% of participants as successfully influencing and changing their home heating behaviour. In order for smart home heating controllers to be successful, more intuitive technology with additional personalised information throughout the installation and familiarisation process may be beneficial.

THE HABITS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITE (SNS) USE AMONG POSTGRADUATE STUDENTS

The rise of social networking sites (SNSs) is currently overwhelming. Individuals are now able to interact, connect, and share information, photos, and other media in various SNSs. Facebook is one of the largest and most populated SNS in the world that is accessible by anyone including university students. Hence, it is interesting to understand the habits of use of such application by students, how they interact on these sites, and the nature of their influence on the deployment of Facebook into formal learning and as course communication tool. Findings from this research revealed that majority of the respondents use Facebook approximately 30 minutes to 2 hours daily. They also use Facebook not only to share entertainment materials but also communicating with their classmates on course related topics. Similar to the findings from another study, the students communicated on Facebook using a one-to-many style however in a more passive manner as most of the instances, they are not the creator of the content but only as viewer. This study could be extended to study more in-depth habits of SNS use by postgraduate students.

Actitudes y Creencias del Consumo de Energía Eléctrica en los Hogares: Caso aplicado al Área Metropolitana de Monterrey.

The main purpose of this work is analyse the impact of certain proactive attitudes and knowledge that people have about the consumption of electricity in homes. For this, a survey was applied to 1100 households in the metropolitan area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. We used a regression model to explore some relations within the sample selected. The results show that income levels are important to determine the habits of use, for that reason, a higher income level implies a greater willingness to consume electricity at home. Also, it is found that the price of energy service, is a variable that helps to ration electricity use, like some attitudes and beliefs.

Uso, consumo y conocimiento de las nuevas tecnologías en personas mayores en Francia, Reino Unido y España

Our population is ageing very quickly. This increase is added to the rapid, exponential breakthrough of new technologies in our everyday lives. These two factors are generating great interest and many studies have been published on how information technology and communication simultaneously exist in ageing western societies. This paper analyses the main habits of use and consumption of new technologies by older people, in particular, the level of knowledge and their level of education. The purpose is to analyse whether the technological skills of our elderly are sufficient, as well as to know if the audio-visual resources are appropriate. This study wants to know if the ageing society is prepared to handle everything the internet has to offer. This study has taken place in three countries of the European Union: the United Kingdom, France and Spain. An attempt is made to generate comparisons and conclusions that help to increase the opportunities and to take on challenges of our current digital society. This study has used a methodology based on surveys which collect information on the use and habits in the three countries and the level of media literacy, as well as the interest of our elderly in training in new technologies. La población está envejeciendo de una manera muy rápida. A esta realidad hay que añadir el exponencial y rápido avance de las nuevas tecnologías en nuestras vidas cotidianas. Este binomio está generando gran interés y muchos son los estudios sobre la convivencia de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación en los diferentes colectivos de las envejecidas sociedades occidentales. Este trabajo analiza los principales hábitos de uso y consumo de las nuevas tecnologías en las personas mayores pero, sobre todo, el nivel de conocimiento y preparación que tienen. La finalidad es comprobar si la competencia mediática en materia tecnológica de nuestros mayores es la adecuada, así como conocer la adecuación de la oferta audiovisual actual. Este trabajo quiere responder a la cuestión de si los públicos de una sociedad europea envejecida están preparados ante la gran oferta online. Con este fin, se estudian los datos de tres grandes países de la Unión Europea como son Francia, Reino Unido y España, intentando establecer comparaciones y conclusiones que ayuden a aumentar las oportunidades y retos de nuestra actual sociedad digital. Para ello, se ha utilizado una metodología basada en encuestas de elaboración propia en los tres países en las que se retratan tanto los hábitos de uso y consumo como el nivel de competencia mediática, así como el interés o no por parte de los mayores en la formación en las nuevas tecnologías.

Last Orders, Please!

Semantics is the study of meaning. Words have denotations (literal meanings) and connotations (cultural or emotional associations.) In linguistics, words also have pragmatic or contextual meaning, reliant on the subject matter, the situational context, and the relative positions of the speaker and listener. TheOxford Dictionary tells us the denoted meaning of the word “order” is “an authoritative command or instruction.” The connotation of the word is that the receiver is subordinate to the giver and that the action resulting from the order is not contingent on the receiver’s agreement to undertaking it. Therefore, in the case of radiological “orders” the word would seem to be highly inappropriate. Not only does it connote that the imaging specialist has no choice in the matter of whether procedures are carried out, it also markedly undermines the roles of radiologists as consultants and gatekeepers. In 2007, the president of the American College of Radiology said that when we allow others in medicine to treat imaging studies as orders for tests rather than requests for consultations, we further enhance the danger of turning what radiologists do into a commodity. Thoughts determine our words, but conversely, our words, through habit of use, come to have lives of their own and influence our thoughts. And thoughts determine our behaviour. The Chinese philosopher, Lao Tzu, said: “Watch your thoughts; they become words. Watch your words; they become actions. Watch your actions; they become habit.” Some will argue that this is “just semantics.” However, we maintain that if we wish to emphasise the clinical consultant role we play in patient investigation and management and change the culture under which we practise our specialty, then we should avoid the use of “order” when it applies to the referral of a patient for an imaging examination. Our duty is not only to minimise the number of inappropriate examinations that are performed, but also to ensure that patients receive the most cost effective diagnostic management, and that the potential benefit of what we do outweighs the risks. So, “order” should be replaced by “request” or “referral” or, better still, a request for consultation. “Ordering” a radiological examination is not the same as ordering a pizza. In our hospital, junior clinical staff who utter the word “order” are sent away with fleas in their ears. They soon learn their error. Bearing in mind that these are the consultant clinicians of the future, we hope that the culture of “ordering” will change and be replaced with one of mutual respect and co-operation in the management of our patients.

Distinct Involvement of 9p21-24 and 13q14.1-14.3 Chromosomal Regions in Raw Betel-Nut Induced Esophageal Cancers in the State of Meghalaya, India

Raw betel nut (RBN) chewing is an important contributing factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), although associated genomic changes remain unclear. One difficulty in assessing the effects of exclusively RBN induced genetic alterations has been that earlier studies were performed with samples of patients commonly using tobacco and alcohol, in addition to betel-quid. Both CDKN2A (at 9p21) and Rb1 gene (at 13q14.2) are regarded as tumor suppressors involved in the development of ESCC. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify the RBN's ability to induce ESCC and assess the involvement of CDKN2A and Rb1 genes. A panel of dinucelotide polymorphic markers were chosen for loss of heterozygosity studies in 93 samples of which 34 were collected from patients with only RBN-chewing habit. Promoter hypermethylation was also investigated. Loss in microsatellite markers D9S1748 and D9S1749, located close to exon 1β of CDKN2A/ARF gene at 9p21, was noted in 40% ESCC samples with the habit of RBN-chewing alone. Involvement of a novel site in the 9p23 region was also observed. Promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A gene in the samples with the habit of only RBN-chewing alone was significantly higher (p=0.01) than Rb1 gene, also from the samples having the habit of use both RBN and tobacco (p=0.047). The data indicate that the disruption of 9p21 where CDKN2A gene resides, is the most frequent critical genetic event in RBN-associated carcinogenesis. The involvement of 9p23 as well as 13q14.2 could be required in later stages in RBN-mediated carcinogenesis.

스마트폰의 탐색적 사용과 충분한 활용에 대한 연구 : 지속적 사용과 습관이론을 중심으로

전화를 거듭하고 있는 IT산업의 그 중심에서 스마트폰이 활약하고 있다. 국내 시장에서도 스마트폰은 급속하게 확산되고 있지만 현재까지도 소비자들이 왜 스마트폰을 사용하는지에 대한 실증적 분석을 통한 선행 연구는 드물다. 본 연구에서는 정보시스템의 사용자 만족과 습관이론을 바탕으로 스마트 폰 사용에 대한 원인과 결과에 관해서 실증적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구는 스마트폰 사용자 278명을 대상으로 분석하였고 인지된 유용성과 사용 용이성이 스마트폰 만족에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 흥미로운 발견은 사용자 만족이 스마트폰 사용 습관과 탐색적 사용에 (+)정의 영향을 주지만 충분한 활용에는 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다는 것이다. 이는 습관이라는 매개 효과가 충분한 활용에 영향을 주고 있으며 자기효능감의 통제변수가 영향을 주기 때문이라고 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 스마트폰을 사용하면 할수록 사용자는 탐색적으로 새로운 스마트폰 기능에 관심을 기울이는 것으로 조사되었다. Smart phones play a significant part in the evolution IT industry. In domestic market, smart phones have grown rapidly. However, until today, precedent studies on smart phones, particularly about the reason why consumers use smart phones are uncommon. Thus, in this study we adopted IS continuance and habit theory to study smart phones' use behavior. The results reveal that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, satisfaction of smart phone usage, continuous use, and habit showed the causes and effects relationships. The results indicated that perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use had a positive effect on smart phone user satisfaction. Moreover, smart phone user satisfaction had a positive effect on the smart phone habits and explorative use. However, smart phone user satisfaction showed insignificant effect toward exploitive use. That is, satisfied users regularly use the smart phone but need to formulate habit of use, and then influence exploitive use. Habit showed a positive effect on both exploitive use and explorative use, Finally, we found that users are likely to pay more attention on new features of smart phones while they are using the devices.

Licit and illicit substance use by adolescent students in eastern India: Prevalence and associated risk factors.

Background:Use of tobacco, alcohol, and other substances is a worldwide problem and affects many adolescents.Objective:(1) To find out the magnitude of licit and illicit substance use among students; and (2) to find out the association between socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the students and habits of use.Materials and Methods:This was a population-based cross-sectional study conducted during June 2003 to May 2004. In a multistage random sampling among all the districts and schools in West Bengal, India, 416 high school students from two schools were selected. The main outcome measures were substance use, namely, tobacco, alcohol, and cannabinoids. From the schools, all the students in the classes VIII, IX, and X were taken as the study population and were administered a pretested close-ended anonymous self-administered questionnaire relating to pattern, frequency, and correlates of substance use.Results:The ultimate response rate was 87.02% and 416 students could be covered in our study. The overall prevalence rates among rural and urban students were 6.14% and 0.6% for illicit drug use, 8.60% and 11.04% for tobacco, and 7.37% and 5.23% for alcohol consumption, respectively. Both licit and illicit substance use was associated more with male students. Current and regular use were mostly restricted to tobacco, and the use of a substance by family members had a significant impact on its use by their children. “Enjoyment” and “Curiosity” were found to have the major influence in their decision to use a substance.Conclusions:Early identification of the magnitude and the factors related to substance use can improve scopes for planning and preventive approaches for this vulnerable group before the problems get serious after which interventions become difficult.