H2SO4 Catalyst Research Articles

Solubility of Isobutane in H2SO4 by the COSMO-RS Model and Mechanisms for Additives to Enhance the H2SO4 Performance

A method for the prediction of isobutane solubility in H2SO4 was developed based on the COSMO-RS model and applied to predict the isobutane solubilities and isobutane–olefin ratios (I/O) in (H2SO4 + additives) and [H2SO4 + ASO (acid-soluble oil) compounds]. The results were used to investigate the mechanisms by which the additives increase the C8 selectivity of the isobutane alkylation. The principal finding is that all the additives considered enhance the C8 selectivity by increasing the I/O value, rather than the isobutane solubility, which presents a challenge to the common belief that the additives promote the C8 selectivity by increasing the isobutane solubility in H2SO4. Typical ASO monocyclic compounds increase the isobutane solubility and the I/O value in the acid phase, indicating that these compounds can enhance the performance of the H2SO4 catalyst. The results can be used to optimize the isobutane alkylation process and to design and develop innovative additives for the isobutane alkylation.

Effect of Concentration of NaOH and H2SO4 Catalysts on Hydrogen Gas Production Efficiency

Indonesia has an ocean area of ​​5.8 million km2, water is the event of the decomposition of water compounds (H2O) into hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen (O2) by using an electric current through water. In this study, the electrolysis of water at an electrolytic concentration containing NaCl can take place quickly with various catalysts of NaOH, and H2SO4 with concentrations of 0.1M, 0.25M, 0.5M, 0.75M, and currents of 15A, 25A and 35A. From the results of the study, it was found that the greater the current and the concentration of the catalyst, the greater the volume of gas produced and the efficiency of the flow, and a significant effect. The highest hydrogen gas produced was 0.4745 L at a concentration of 0.75M with a current of 35A for a NaOH catalyst and with a H2SO4 catalyst, gas with a volume of 0.48823L was produced at a current of 35A and a concentration of 0.75M and the highest current efficiency at a current of 35A the highest efficiency at a concentration of 0.75M was 89.354% for the NaOH catalyst, and the H2SO4 catalyst obtained the highest current efficiency at a concentration of 0.75M, which was 43.325%.

Strategies for fuel property enhancement for second-generation multi-feedstock biodiesel

Fatty acids from non-edible bioresources are highly sought after as biofuel feedstock and the use of multi-stream feedstock for biodiesel production is of interest. This study explores the potential of using blended feedstock consisting of inedible jatropha oil (JO) and waste cooking oil (WO) for biodiesel production. Prior to blending, the unfavourable high acid value of jatropha oil was esterified under the most optimal conditions of 60 °C, 1% H2SO4 catalyst and alcohol to oil molar ratio of 11:1 to maximise the esterified yield (81.1 %). Based on the acid value measurement, the optimum volumetric blend of WO/EJO was determined to be 90/10 with the lowest acid value of 1.9 mg KOH g−1, which was then utilised as feedstock for base-catalysed transesterification. The KOH catalysed transesterification was optimised at 60 °C, 1 wt% KOH catalyst and alcohol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 to produce biodiesel with low acid value (0.2 mg KOH g−1), high calorific value (38.4 MJ kg−1), high oxidation stability (∼11 h) and favourable viscosity (4.7 mm2 s−1). The results show that the produced biodiesel has acceptable physicochemical properties but its properties can further be improved by blending with petroleum diesel and antioxidant. Among those produced blend derivatives, petroleum diesel and biodiesel blend (80:20) or B20 showed the best improvement with high calorific value (46.6 MJ/kg), high oxidation stability (∼37 h) and low acid value (0.3 mg KOH g−1). Based on the study, in situ feedstock blending of WO/EJO can improve the physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel and reduce the dependency on single feedstock. Biodiesel blending with commercial diesel can enhance the biodiesel fuel properties and such derivatives can be directly applied in an existing engine.

Molecular Characteristics and Antioxidant Activity of Spruce (Picea abies) Hemicelluloses Isolated by Catalytic Oxidative Delignification.

Spruce (Picea abies) wood hemicelluloses have been obtained by the noncatalytic and catalytic oxidative delignification in the acetic acid-water-hydrogen peroxide medium in a processing time of 3–4 h and temperatures of 90–100 °C. In the catalytic process, the H2SO4, MnSO4, TiO2, and (NH4)6Mo7O24 catalysts have been used. A polysaccharide yield of up to 11.7 wt% has been found. The hemicellulose composition and structure have been studied by a complex of physicochemical methods, including gas and gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The galactose:mannose:glucose:arabinose:xylose monomeric units in a ratio of 5:3:2:1:1 have been identified in the hemicelluloses by gas chromatography. Using gel permeation chromatography, the weight average molar mass Mw of hemicelluloses has been found to attain 47,654 g/mol in noncatalytic delignification and up to 42,793 g/mol in catalytic delignification. Based on the same technique, a method for determining the α and k parameters of the Mark–Kuhn–Houwink equation for hemicelluloses has been developed; it has been established that these parameters change between 0.33–1.01 and 1.57–472.17, respectively, depending on the catalyst concentration and process temperature and time. Moreover, the FTIR spectra of the hemicellulose samples contain all the bands characteristic of heteropolysaccharides, specifically, 1069 cm−1 (C–O–C and C–O–H), 1738 cm−1 (ester C=O), 1375 cm−1 (–C–CH3), 1243 cm−1 (–C–O–), etc. It has been determined by the thermogravimetric analysis that the hemicelluloses isolated from spruce wood are resistant to heating to temperatures of up to ~100 °C and, upon further heating, start destructing at an increasing rate. The antioxidant activity of the hemicelluloses has been examined using the compounds simulating the 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radicals.

MICROALGAL LIPID FROM Chaetoceros calcitrans AND ITS CONVERSION TO BIODIESEL THROUGH Ex AND In-situ TRANSESTERIFICATION

The manufacture of biodiesel from lipids can be carried out by ex and in-situ methods. The difference lies in the continuity of lipid extraction and its transesterification into biodiesel, either separately or simultaneously. The paper reported the FAME productivity from lipid Chaetoceros calcitrans that were created by both methods. The research was started by culturing Chaetoceros calcitrans in seawater media with the addition of trace elements, it produced a dry cell weight of 15 g/L on the fifth day of fermentation. The highest yield of lipid was 61.40% (w/w) obtained when the extraction was carried out from the biomass in a mixed solvent between n-hexane and 96% ethanol (1:1) assisted by a combination of hydrothermal acid and ultrasonication treatments. The transesterification of lipid that was carried out with methanol and 6% (v/v) H2SO4 catalyst for one hour at 60oC in an ex-situ process, produced FAME of 19.15% (w/w). Meanwhile, the in-situ method which joined the lipid repealing and transesterification steps simultaneously produced 21.59% (w/w) of biodiesel. The in-situ process exhibited higher FAME than the ex-situ. The main FAME component on the biodiesel of Chaetoceros calcitrans was methyl oleic (C17H33COOCH3, C18:1(Δ9 )). With insight into the cell’s pre-treatment and simultaneous process of the in-situ method, it is feasible to apply the techniques for biodiesel production in the future

Improvement of esterification conversion by rapid pervaporation dehydration using a high-flux and acid-resistant MOR zeolite membrane

Esterification coupled with pervaporation (PV) is an effective method to improve conversion by thoroughlyand rapidly removing the water product. In this study, a high-flux and acid-resistant mordenite (MOR) zeolite membrane was applied to enhance the esterification of acetic acid and ethanol. The effects of catalysts, catalyst loading, reaction temperature and initial acid/alcohol molar ratio on the conversion of ethanol for the esterification with PV were investigated systematically. Results showed that a high conversion (99.3%) was obtained in a short reaction time of 480 min when the operating conditions were optimized as reaction temperature of 353 K, concentrated H2SO4 catalyst loading of 0.1 wt% and initial acid/alcohol molar ratio of 1.5:1. The conversion of esterification without PV reached equilibrium was 76.7% but enhanced to 99.3% with PV in 480 min. The conversion of ethanol was up to 98.4% even at a low initial acid/alcohol molar ratio of 1.2:1. Importantly, the membrane showed good acidic stability in the esterification with PV after 8 reaction cycles. Thus through the coupling of PV and esterification, the conversion of ethanol was greatly improved due to the water from esterification was removed timely. On the other hand, the usage of acetic acid could be reduced, which enormously decreased the energy consumption in the production process.

Optimization of Esterification and Transesterification Processes for Biodiesel Production from Used Cooking Oil

Various treatments were carried out to produce biodiesel optimally. This research was conducted to process used cooking oil (UCO) into biodiesel. UCO with high FFA has saponification in the transesterification reaction. Transesterification experiment UCO with % FFA 4.261 and acid number 8.42 mg-KOH/g produced saponification. This experiment was carried out at different temperatures, speeds, and times. It is necessary to carry out initial esterification treatment. Simultaneously the biodiesel synthesis process is carried out by esterification and transesterification processes. The esterification process with 3%wt H2SO4 catalyst, 1:6 molar ratio of oil and alcohol with temperature treatment of 50 °C, speed of 300 rpm for 60 minutes can reduce % FFA in UCO to 2.115 and acid number 4.208 mg-KOH/g. The transesterification process using a NaOH catalyst of 0.5% wt, the molar ratio of oil and alcohol 1:6 with a temperature treatment of 60°C, a speed of 400 rpm for 60 minutes, can produce biodiesel with an acid number of 0.28 mg-KOH/g and 0.141 of % FFA according to SNI 7182-2015 standard. These results after purification on biodiesel.

Anaerobic mono-digestion of sugarcane trash and bagasse with and without pretreatment

The effect of organic loading on process performance and methane yields during anaerobic mono-digestion of sugarcane trash (ST) and sugarcane bagasse (SB) with and without dilute sulphuric acid impregnated steam explosion was investigated. At first, biochemical methane potential (BMP) of ST and SB was performed at 37 °C in batch assays with an inoculum to substrate (ISR) ratio of 2 on VS basis. Methane yields of 161.8 ± 4 and 187.9 ± 2.4 N mL g−1 VSadded were obtained for ST and SB, respectively. These yields were 55.6 and 53.8 % of the theoretical methane potentials for ST and SB respectively. Later, semi-continuous reactor experiments were conducted using four stainless steel reactors with working volume of 10 L and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 35 d at 37 °C. Reactors were fed with untreated ST, untreated SB, steam exploded trash (TT) and steam exploded bagasse (TB). In all four reactors, methane production increased with increase in organic loading rate (OLR) from 1.5 to 2.5 gVS L-1 d-1. However, higher methane yields were noticed in TT (226 ± 37 NmL g-1VSfed) and TB (236 ± 22 NmL g-1VSfed) than for ST (121 ± 24 mL g-1VSfed) and SB (148 ± 25 mL g-1VSfed). Increase in OLR from 2.5 to 3.5 gVS L-1d-1 resulted in decreased methane yields and pseudo state stable conditions. Thus, steam explosion with dilute H2SO4 catalyst can improve the methane yields of both ST and SB.

POLIURETAN MINYAK AMPAS KOPI ARABIKA ( Coffea arabica L.)

Polymerization of coffee grounds oil with Diphenyl Methane 4,4 Diisocyanate (MDI), epoxidation with performic acid and H2SO4(p) catalyst at 40-45°C, followed by hydrolysis to obtain polyols. The synthesis was carried out by reacting the polyol with Diphenyl Methane 4,4 Diisocyanate (MDI) with a ratio (polyol: MDI) 9:1; 8:2 ; 7:3 ; 6:4 ; 5:5 (v/v) in dichloromethane solvent. Each was characterized and the density values were 0.9086 gr/cm to 0.4979 gr/cm-1, the tensile strength and elongation values were 0.113 Mpa to 0.299 Mpa and 3.23% to 6.85%, respectively.

Production of renewable fuels and chemicals from fats, oils, and grease (FOG) using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts: Design, validation, and optimization

Fats, oils, and grease (FOG) is a waste which collected from the kitchen and restaurant wastes. This waste causes sewer blockage in many countries because of the rising of human activities. The new FOG waste-to-chemicals processes for producing biodiesel and side products of glycerol and K2HPO4 are developed in Aspen Plus®, where thermodynamic and kinetic models are successfully validated. To address the trade-off process design of two-step esterification and transesterification reactions with different homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, (i) the esterification reaction [Step-1] by using homogenous catalyst is specified as Est-Design-1 and by using heterogenous catalyst is specified as Est-Design-2, (ii) the transesterification reaction [Step-2] by using homogenous catalyst are specified as TransEst-Design-1 and TransEst-Design-2, and by using heterogeneous catalyst is specified as TransEst-Design-3, (iii) five frameworks of FOG waste-to-chemicals processes (Scheme-1 to Scheme-5) are presented. As compared to Scheme-1 (H2SO4 and KOH catalysts for Est-Design-1 and TransEst-Design −1, respectively), Scheme-2 (H2SO4 and KOH catalysts for Est-Design-1 and TransEst-Design-2, respectively) and Scheme-5 (Amberlyst-15 and KOH catalysts for Est-Design-2 and TransEst-Design-2, respectively) could reduce 29.63% and 22.34% of energy duties, respectively. From the environmental aspects, Scheme-5 is superior to Scheme-2 due to Est-Design-1 discharging acidic wastewater. The Box-Behnken design combined with response surface methodology (RSM) is employed to maximize the biodiesel yield and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of Scheme-5, the optimum operating conditions of Est-Design-2 and TransEst-Design-2 are 100 °C of reaction temperature at 480 min, and the molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid with 9:1, and 75 °C of reaction temperature at 63 min, and the molar ratio of methanol to triolein with 3.84:1, respectively.

Optimization microwave assisted transesterification insitu for biodiesel production from Chlorella sp. using response surface methodology

Chlorella sp. is a potential raw material for biodiesel production because of its high lipid content. Microwave assisted transesterification insitu from Chlorella sp. was investigated to determine the effect of reaction time, catalyst concentration and microwave power on biodiesel yield using response surface methodology for optimization. In this process the use of microwave irradiation to speed up the lipid extraction process and the transesterification reaction is simultaneously converted to methyl-esters. Faced-centered Central Composite Design (FCCD) design was applied to evaluate the effects of three independent variables: reaction time (10-50 minutes), microwave power (300-600 W), and H2SO4 catalyst concentration (0.1-0.9 gr/mL). The results showed that biodiesel yield increased with reaction time, power and catalyst concentration. Through optimization with response surface, this methodology with Face-Center Central Composite (FCCD). gave the highest biodiesel yield of 19.5% at 561 W, 40.5 minutes and 0.42 gr/mL catalyst concentrations with p-values from lack of fit insignificance, indicating that the model was a good representation of experimental.

Siklisasi Sitronelal Menggunakan Polimer Penyangga Katalis H2SO4 Berbahan Dasar Eugenol

Research on citronellal cyclization using a polymer based on eugenol supported H2SO4 catalyst has been carried out. The study aim was to determine the ratio of the addition of polymer based-eugenol supported H2SO4 catalyst used to produce the highest isopulegol. Citronellal cyclization was carried out using variations of catalyst concentration (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) and reaction time (30, 60, and 90 minutes). The results have obtained a yield of 50.67% found in the catalyst concentration of 1% and 90 minutes reflux time. From the results of GC-MS analysis, 29 compounds were read and among them isopulegol which was read at retention time 19.703 at peak 9 and peak area 4.76%. And the isopulegol results obtained are 11.34%.

Synthesis and Characterization of Biodiesel from Tofu Dregs Oil through Esterification and Transesterification Irradiated by Microwave

Biodiesel has become an alternative energy source that continues to be developed. In this research, biodiesel synthesis from tofu dregs oil has been carried out through two stages of the reaction, namely the esterification stage using H2SO4 catalyst to reduce the content of FFA (Free Fatty Acid) and the transesterification stage using KOH catalyst to produce biodiesel. The esterification reaction using 2% H2SO4 catalyst was carried out by microwave heating at power variation of the microwave power 150, 300, 450, 600, 800 Watt with a reaction time of 10 minutes. The transesterification reaction was carried out with variations in microwave power of 150, 300, 450, 600, 800 watts and variations of the reaction time of 5, 10,15,20, and 25 minutes. Biodiesel products were characterized using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS), Hydrogen-1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) spectrometer, and feasibility test with the American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM). The characterization results showed that tofu dregs oil biodiesel has been successfully synthesized. The optimum biodiesel was achieved at 600 Watt microwave power with a reaction time of 20 minutes at 92%. The formation of biodiesel is evidenced by several methyl ester peaks, namely methyl oleate (59.98%), methyl linolenic (28.13%), methyl palmitate (8.54%), and methyl stearate (2.32%). Based on the results of ASTM biodiesel tofu dregs oil has met SNI-04-7182-2006 standards, namely the specific density parameter 60/60 ° F (0.87 g/cm3), kinematic viscosity at 40 ° C (4.3 mm2/s), pour point (8 °C), flash point (202 °C) and cloud point (7 )° C for biodiesel.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Buah dan Sayur Sebagai Bahan Bakar Bioetanol dengan Variasi Konsentrasi Katalis

Fossil fuels are included as non-renewable energy sources, so its presence in Indonesia is decreasing. One of the renewable energy sources that can be obtained easily is bioethanol, this energy is obtained from organic materials containing cellulose fibers. Cellulose is hydrolyzed on a catalyst and fermented to obtain bioethanol. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of catalysts in the production of bioethanol from market organic waste (fruit peels and vegetables). There are three stages of converting organic waste into bioethanol, including converting green vegetables waste and fruit peels (polysaccharides / cellulose) into monosaccharides (simple sugars) through a hydrolysis process followed by a fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and EM4, then separating ethanol and water using a distillation process. The resulting products are analyzed using a quantitative test to determine density and a qualitative test to determine color change. The results showed that the ethanol obtained from the addition of H2SO4 catalyst with concentrations of 0.5% and 1% had almost the same specifications as standard ethanol based on density calculations and color change tests. The highest ethanol yield percentage was obtained from the concentration of H2SO4 1%.

Production of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural Derived Cassava Peels Using Deep Eutectic Solvent Based Choline Chloride

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel as potential sources of transportation fuels, and for being both non-toxic and biodegradable. 5- Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) has been discovered to be a precursor for biofuel production and can be produced from biomass, which is readily available, renewable, and sustainable. Cellulose content in cassava peels is an opportunity to produce bio-based chemical products called 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. This study aims to determine the proper condition of glucose dehydration reaction of cassava peels hydrolysis. The optimum condition of dehydration reaction in this study was a glucose mass ratio: deep eutectic solvent of 1:6 and a reaction temperature of 80 ᵒC and the highest yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on choline chloride/oxalic acid was 70.22% and using DES based on choline chloride/oxalic acid was 64.50% at 5.70% glucose initial concentration using 1.5% H2SO4 catalyst on hydrolysis reaction cellulose of cassava peels. Physicochemical properties of deep eutectic solvents (DES) were pH of 5.8, density of 1.1574 gr/cm3 and viscosity of 119.33 cP. The results in this study indicate that the addition of DES choline chloride/oxalic acid can increase the yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural obtained.

Biodiesel synthesis from bio-heavy oil through thermally induced transesterification

A huge amount of a mixture of unreacted fatty acids and mono/di/triglycerides, namely bio-heavy oil, is generated as a waste from biodiesel industry. Considering that the lipid (i.e., triglycerides) accounts for 80% of the total biodiesel production cost, valorization of bio-heavy oil into biodiesel can be a viable route for enhancing the economic/environmental benefits. Nonetheless, the high contents of free fatty acids and impurities have restricted practical valorization of bio-heavy oil into biodiesel because conventional acid/base catalyzed transesterification suffers from the presence of the impurities. To overcome the technical challenge, this study suggested a direct valorization platform for the conversion of bio-heavy oil into biodiesel via thermally induced transesterification. Prior to biodiesel production, the properties of bio-heavy oil, such as acid value (105 mg KOH g−1 bio-heavy oil), its elemental compositions and thermal stability were characterized. Acid-catalyzed transesterification with a H2SO4 catalyst showed the 31.1 wt% of biodiesel yield after 24 h of reaction at 60 °C. However, thermally induced transesterification exhibited 59.3 wt% of biodiesel yield after 1 min of reaction at 400 °C using a porous medium (SiO2) with no presence of a catalyst. The porous SiO2 (pore size: 6 nm) provided confined spaces for lipids and methanol, allowing the rapid transesterification reactions between them at high temperature. The biodiesel yield from thermally induced transesterification was proportionate to reaction temperature by 360 °C, but it decreased at > 400 °C due to the chemical bond scissions of unsaturated hydrocarbons. C6-22 fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were produced from thermally induced (non-catalytic) transesterifications, and weight fractions of each FAMEs were constant, regardless of the reaction conditions at ≤ 400 °C. All experimental findings offer a new recycle platform for BHO into biodiesel.

KARAKTERISASI SENYAWA ANALGETIKA-ANTIINFLAMASI N-(4t-BUTILBENZOIL)-p-AMINOFENOL YANG DISINTISES DENGAN KATALIS ASAM

The N-(4t-Butylbenzoyl)-p-Aminophenol compound was a synthesis compound between p-aminophenol and 4t-Butylbenzoyl chloride by using H2SO4 catalyst. The addition of H2SO4 catalyst purposed to accelerate the rate of rection in the synthesis of the compound and increased yield of product. The N-(4t-Butylbenzoil)-p-Aminophenol compound is beneficial as an antiinflammatory analgesic. This research were proposed to determine characteristics of the anti-inflammatory analgesic synthesis of N-(4t-Butylbenzoyl)-p-Aminophenol compound by using H2SO4 catalyst. Characterization conducted in this research were physical and chemical characterization. The physical characterization were organoleptic test, crystal form test and melting point test. While chemical characterization were UV-Vis spectrophotometry and FTIR. Result of organoleptic test showed sample had powder form, white-gray colour and not taste. Melting point of N-(4t-Butylbenzoyl)-p-Aminophenol compound was 193.33 °C. The optimum wavelength of UV-Vis spectrophotometry got 2 peaks at the wavelengths 290 and 295 nm. The result of FTIR showed that N-(4t-Butylbenzoyl)-p-Aminophenol compound had peaks.Keywords: N-(4t-butyl benzoil)-p-aminophenol, catalyst

Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Cassava (Manihot utilissima pohl) Peels through Dehydration Reaction using Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride/Citric Acid

The high cellulose content in cassava peel has an opportunity to produce bio-based chemical products in 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) form. This study aimed to determine the optimum conditions of glucose dehydration reaction as a result of hydrolysis of the best cassava peel cellulose. The variables observed in this study were H2SO4 catalyst concentrations in the hydrolysis reaction, temperature and amount of deep eutectic solvents based on choline chloride/citric acid. The optimum dehydration reaction conditions in this study was the glucose:deep eutectic solvents mass ratio of 1:6 at the reaction temperature of 80 ºC. The highest yield of 64.50% at an initial glucose concentration of 5.70% using a 1.5% H2SO4 catalyst during the hydrolysis of cassava peel cellulose. The results obtained in this study indicated that addition of choline chloride/citric acid as deep eutectic solvent can increase the yield of 5-HMF.

PEROXIDE DELIGNIFICATION OF THE VEGETATIVE PART OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE IN THE MEDIUM ACETIC ACID-WATER

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke as a raw material for the production of cellulose using redox-organosolvent delignification in the medium "CH3СOOН – H2O2 – H2O".
 The chemical composition of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke and the influence of technological parameters of the delignification process on the yield and properties of the cellulose product were studied.
 It was found that the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke collected in October (stems without leaves) with a chemical composition of more than 50 wt.% of polysaccharides in which presented the Kurshner-Hoffer cellulose more than 90 wt.% was more promising for processing. Experimental methods have been used to determine the parameters of the process of delignification of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke, which provide a high yield of cellulose (42.1 wt.%) with a low content of residual lignin (1.1 wt.%): content of H2O2 – 6.5 wt.%, CH3COOH – 23.4 wt.%, GM 15, duration – 2.5 h, catalyst H2SO4 – 0.2 wt.%.
 It is shown that pre-extraction of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke with a 0.3% solution of dicarboxylic acids at a temperature of 80 °C with a liquid modulus of 10 for 3 hours reduces the content of residual lignin in the cellulose product to 0.5 wt.% and obtain an extract whose yield is – 7.8 wt.%, including a PB of 4.2 wt.%, which makes it promising for biochemical processing. The obtained results expand the areas of use of the vegetative part of Jerusalem artichoke and show the prospects for further more depth research to optimize the process of delignification and study the properties of the cellulose product.

Optimisation of accelerated biodiesel production under near infrared radiation from de-oiled mustard and sunflower cakes

ABSTRACT An energy-efficient intensification protocol for biodiesel (fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE)) production from the mustard de-oiled cake (MDC) and sunflower de-oiled cake (SDC) through concurrent esterification-transesterification reactions has been disclosed employing near-infrared radiation retrofitted batch reactor. The triglycerides and free fatty acids of the de-oiled cake were converted to FAEE through a one-pot synthesis in the presence of ethanol and one of the co-solvents viz. acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and n-hexane. The optimal condition (75:1 (w/w) ethanol to de-oiled cake ratio, 70°C infrared radiation temperature, 2.5 wt. % H2SO4 catalyst concentration, and 1000 rpm stirrer speed) for maximum FAEE yield was evaluated deploying Taguchi L9 orthogonal method. Higher FAEE yield was achieved under infrared radiation for both MDC (82.4 ± 0.01%) and SDC (81.7 ± 0.02%), in comparison with the conventionally heated reactor (MDC: 56.1 ± 0.02%; SDC: 54 ± 0.02%) employing identical process condition. This enlightened the energy-efficacy of the infrared radiation in accelerating the FAEE yield within a much shorter reaction time. The FAEE composition was assessed by FTIR and GC-MS analyses. The fuel properties of the product biodiesel conformed to EN standards. Thus, a feasible and efficient protocol for the conversion of de-oiled cakes to biodiesel could be explored.