H2 Production Research Articles

Hydrogen Production Through Water Splitting Reactions Using Zn-Al-In Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Photocatalysts Induced by Visible Light

In this study, the synthesis of hybrid photocatalysts of Zn-Al-In mixed metal oxides were activated by using visible light, derived from Zn-Al-In layered double hydroxide (ZnAlIn-LDH), and these nanocomposites demonstrated high efficiency for photocatalytic H2 production under UV light when using methanol as a sacrificial agent. The most active photocatalytic material produced 372 μmol h−1 g−1 of H2. The characterization of these materials included X-ray diffraction (DRX), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray spectroscopy (XEDS), scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and N2- physisorption. In addition, the materials were characterized by photoelectrochemical techniques to explain the photocatalytic behavior. Subsequently, the photocatalytic performance for the water-splitting reactions under visible irradiation was evaluated. The ZnAlIn-MMOs with an In/(Al + In) molar ratio of 0.45 exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity in tests under visible light, attributed to the efficient separation and transport of photogenerated charge carriers originating from the new nanocomposite. This discovery indicates a method for developing new types of heteronanostructured photocatalysts which are activated by visible light.

CFD Simulation of Moving-Bed Pyrolizer for Sewage Sludge Considering Gas and Tar Behavior

This study focused on the small-scale dual fluidized-bed gasifier for hydrogen (H2) production from sewage sludge. One of the current problems with the pyrolizer is tar condensation. Tar could reduce the efficiency of the H2 yield by adhering and condensing on walls and pipes. It was revealed that more tar can be decomposed with higher reaction temperatures. Therefore, this study aimed to increase the tar decomposition efficiency with raising the heat carriers’ (HCs) temperature and analyzing the temperature distribution in the furnaces using a CFD simulation. The tar decomposition rate in the pyrolizer was +34.4%pt. by 100 °C of the HCs’ temperature rising. It is implied that less tar trouble and a longer lifetime of the H2 production plant could be expected by raising the HCs’ temperature. However, comparing the heat transfer efficiency of the whole system, the lower HC inlet temperature of +7.4%pt., because of the hot gas, which supplies heat to the HCs, required more heat, making the thermal efficiency poorer. In addition, the environmental impact of the AGM was increased by 27.2% with the HCs’ temperature rising to 100 °C. Thus, the heat exchange efficiency of the preheater needs to be improved to raise the HCs’ inlet temperature and reduce the amount of hot gas required.

Effect of Different Partial Pressures on H2 Production with Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius DSM 6285

The ability of Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius to produce H2 from CO via the water–gas shift (WGS) reaction makes it a compelling microorganism for biofuels research. Optimizing this process requires evaluating parameters such as pressure. This study aimed to understand how H2 production is affected by increasing CO, N2, and H2 partial pressures to 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 bar. Increasing CO partial pressure can improve the solubility of the gas in the liquid phase. However, raising CO partial pressure to 3.0 bar had an inhibitory effect, delaying and reducing H2 production. By contrast, increasing N2 and H2 partial pressures to 3.0 bar had positive effects, reaching a H2 production of 9.2 mmol and 130 mmol, respectively. Analysis of the electron balance at the end of the fermentation process showed that the selectivity toward H2 production reached 95%, with the remainder of electrons deriving from CO and glucose directed at organic acid production, mainly acetate, followed by formate.

Energy-saving electrochemical green hydrogen production coupled with persulfate or hydrogen peroxide valorization at boron-doped diamond electrodes

Persulfate (S2O82−) and hydrogen (H2) electrosynthesis has gained prominence valorization in recent times. This study reports, for the first time, a techno-economic analysis of the electrochemical boron-doped diamond (BDD)-SO42−/SO4•−/S2O82−/H2O2||H2 system. BDD is an eco-friendly material for S2O82− and H2 formation, where S2O82− is economically attractive replacements for oxygen reaction in electrochemical H2 production to valorize it as an integrated-hybrid approach. The results clearly showed that current efficiencies of up to 75.3 % and 99.4 % at 45 mA cm−2 were observed for S2O82− and H2 production with anodic accumulation of 1.77 mmol L−1 and cathodic rate 0.3 µmol min−1, respectively. A techno-economic estimation indicated a significant levelized cost of H2 (∼$ 3.78 kg−1) for this hybrid-integrated process where it was improved decreasing the anode cost or increasing the current density (j). BDD||Ni-Fe based stainless-steel (SS) mesh system could be more appropriate to be commercialized for producing persulfate and green H2, according to the techno-economic analysis. This electrochemical strategy described here is a promising green alternative to conventional processes for the simultaneous electrogeneration of oxidants and green H2, both as high value-added products.

Balancing the Charge Separation and Surface Reaction Dynamics in Twin-Interface Photocatalysts for Solar-to-Hydrogen Production.

Solar-driven photocatalytic green hydrogen (H2) evolution reaction presents a promising route toward solar-to-chemical fuel conversion. However, its efficiency has been hindered by the desynchronization of fast photogenerated charge carriers and slow surface reaction kinetics. This work introduces a paradigm shift in photocatalyst design by focusing on the synchronization of charge transport and surface reactions through the use of twin structures as a unique platform. With CdS twin structure (CdS-T) as a model, the role of twin boundaries in modulating surface reactions and facilitating charge migration is systematically investigated. Utilizing transient absorption (TA) and time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopies, it is revealed that CdS-T achieves charge separation on a picosecond timescale and, importantly, the surface reaction at the twin boundary with the involvement of holes also occurs within 100ps to 3ns. This synchronization of charge donation and surface regeneration significantly enhances the hydrogen evolution process. Accordingly, CdS-T exhibits superior activity for visible light photocatalytic H2 production, withthe H2 production rate of 55.61mmol h-1 g-1 and remarkable stability (>30h), outperforming pristine CdS significantly. This study underscores the transformative potential of twin structures in photocatalysis, offering a new avenue to synchronize charge transport and surface reactions.

Free-Standing Carbon Nanofiber Films with Supported Cobalt Phosphide Nanoparticles as Cathodes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell.

High-performance and cost-efficient electrocatalysts and electrodes are needed to improve the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) for the hydrogen (H2) generation in electrolysers, including microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). In this study, free-standing carbon nanofiber (CNF) films with supported cobalt phosphide nanoparticles have been prepared by means of an up-scalable electrospinning process followed by a thermal treatment under controlled conditions. The produced cobalt phosphide-supported CNF films show to be nanoporous (pore volume up to 0.33 cm3 g-1) with a high surface area (up to 502 m2 g-1) and with a suitable catalyst mass loading (up to 0.49 mg cm-2). Values of overpotential less than 140 mV at 10 mA cm-2 have been reached for the HER in alkaline media (1 M KOH), which demonstrates a high activity. The high electrical conductivity together with the mechanical stability of the free-standing CNF films allowed their direct use as cathodes in a MEC reactor, resulting in an exceptionally low voltage operation (0.75 V) with a current density demand of 5.4 A m-2. This enabled the production of H2 with an energy consumption below 30 kWh kg-1 H2, which is highly efficient.

Unraveling the Multifunctional Sites of Ag Single-Atom and Nanoparticles Confined Within Carbon Nitride Nanotubes for Synergistic Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

The development of novel nano-single-atom-site catalysts with optimized electron configurations and active water adsorption (*H2O) to release hydrogen protons (*H) is paramount for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE), a multi-step reaction process involving two electrons. In this study, an atom-confinement and thermal reduction strategy is introduced to achieve synergistic Ag single-atoms (Ag1) and nanoparticles (AgNPs) confined within carbon nitride nanotubes (Ag1+NPs-CN) for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Mechanistic investigations reveal that H2O adsorption/dissociation predominantly occurs at Ag1 sites, while AgNPs sites notably facilitate H2 release, indicating the synergistic effect between Ag1 and AgNPs in the H2 evolution reaction. Furthermore, the effective confining of Ag species is beneficial for trapping electrons in highly active reaction regions, while the "electronic metal-support interactions" (EMSIs) of AgNPs and Ag1-C2N sites regulate the d-band centers and effectively optimize the adsorption/desorption of intermediates in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, leading to enhanced H2 production performance. This work demonstrates the potential of the construction of synergistic photocatalysts for efficient energy conversion and storage; Hydrogen production; Nanoparticles; Photocatalysis; Single atom; and Synergistic effect.

Breaking barriers in electrocatalysis: unleashing the power of highly efficient Mn/CoS@S-g-C3N4 nanocomposite for electrocatalytic water splitting and superior H2 production

Breaking barriers in electrocatalysis: unleashing the power of highly efficient Mn/CoS@S-g-C3N4 nanocomposite for electrocatalytic water splitting and superior H2 production

Single-atom Barium Promoter Enormously Enhanced Non-noble Metal Catalyst for Ammonia Decomposition.

As a well-established topic, single-atom catalyst has drawn growing interest for its high utilization of metal. However, researchers prefer to develop various active metals with single-atom form, the intrinsic roles of single-atom promoters are usually underrated, which are significant in boosting reaction activity. In this work, Ba single atoms were in situ prepared in the Co-Ba/Y2O3 catalyst with crystallized BaCO3 as the precursor under the ammonia decomposition reaction condition. The optimized Co-Ba/Y2O3 catalyst achieves extremely high H2 production rate of 138.3 mmolH2·gcat-1·min-1 at very low temperature (500 °C, GHSV = 840,000 mL·g-1·h-1) and Co-Ba/Y2O3 exhibits excellent durability during the 350 h test, which realizes the highest activity among all non-noble catalysts, and reaches or even exceeds numerous reported Ru-based catalysts. Both Y2O3 and Co demonstrate positive interactions with Ba, which significantly facilitates the dispersion of Ba species at high temperatures (≥ 600 °C). Ba single atoms significantly enhance the charge density of Co and form additionally active Co-O-Ba-Y2O3 interfacial sites, which alleviates hydrogen poisoning and decreases the reaction barrier of the N-H bond activation of *NH. The exploration of atomically dispersed promoters is groundbreaking in heterogeneous catalysis, which opens up a whole new domain of catalytic material.

High-efficiency electrocatalytic hydrogen generation under harsh acidic condition by commercially viable Pt nanocluster-decorated non-polar faceted GaN nanowires

Electrochemical water splitting is vital for green hydrogen production and clean energy. This study introduces a novel approach: platinum nanoclusters (Pt NCs) decorated GaN nanowires (GNWs) on p++-Si substrates to enhance hydrogen generation efficiency. Highly-crystalline GNWs synthesized via commercial metal-organic chemical vapor deposition provide a scalable platform for hydrogen evolution. To address the cost limitations of Pt-based electrocatalysts, we developed a method for loading ultralow Pt NCs via photoelectrochemical deposition. Investigations underscore the Pt–Ga sites' crucial role in promoting efficient H2 production. The Pt NCs/GNWs/p++-Si electrode achieved −10 mA/cm2 current density at +50 mV vs. the RHE and sustained −20 mA/cm2 for 90 h under harsh acidic conditions at room temperature and atmospheric pressure with nearly 100% retention. This study offers insights into efficient and stable electrodes for electrochemical H2 generation.

Membrane-Free Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Generation with Low Cost.

Conventional water electrolysis relies on expensive membrane-electrode assemblies and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, which makes the cost of green hydrogen (H2) generation much higher than that of grey H2. Here, we develop an innovative and efficient membrane-free water electrolysis system to overcome these two obstacles simultaneously. This system utilizes the thermodynamically more favorable urea oxidation reaction (UOR) to generate clean N2 over a new class of Cu-based catalyst (CuXO) for replacing OER, fundamentally eliminating the explosion risk of H2 and O2 mixing while removing the need for membranes. Notably, this membrane-free electrolysis system exhibits the highest H2 Faradaic efficiency among reported membrane-free electrolysis work. In situ spectroscopic studies reveal that the new N2Hy intermediate-mediated UOR mechanism on the CuXO catalyst ensures its unique N2 selectivity and OER inertness. More importantly, an industrial-type membrane-free water electrolyser (MFE) based on this system successfully reduces electricity consumption to only 3.78 kWh Nm-3, significantly lower than the 5.17 kWh Nm-3 of commercial alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE). Comprehensive techno-economic analysis (TEA) suggests that the membrane-free design and reduced electricity input of the MFE plants reduce the green H2 production cost to US$1.81 kg-1, which is lower than those of grey H2 while meeting the technical target (US$2.00-2.50 kg-1) set by European Commission and United States Department of Energy.

Membrane‐Free Water Electrolysis for Hydrogen Generation with Low Cost

AbstractConventional water electrolysis relies on expensive membrane‐electrode assemblies and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode, which makes the cost of green hydrogen (H2) generation much higher than that of grey H2. Here, we develop an innovative and efficient membrane‐free water electrolysis system to overcome these two obstacles simultaneously. This system utilizes the thermodynamically more favorable urea oxidation reaction (UOR) to generate clean N2 over a new class of Cu‐based catalyst (CuXO) for replacing OER, fundamentally eliminating the explosion risk of H2 and O2 mixing while removing the need for membranes. Notably, this membrane‐free electrolysis system exhibits the highest H2 Faradaic efficiency among reported membrane‐free electrolysis work. In situ spectroscopic studies reveal that the new N2Hy intermediate‐mediated UOR mechanism on the CuXO catalyst ensures its unique N2 selectivity and OER inertness. More importantly, an industrial‐type membrane‐free water electrolyser (MFE) based on this system successfully reduces electricity consumption to only 3.78 kWh Nm−3, significantly lower than the 5.17 kWh Nm−3 of commercial alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE). Comprehensive techno‐economic analysis (TEA) suggests that the membrane‐free design and reduced electricity input of the MFE plants reduce the green H2 production cost to US$1.81 kg−1, which is lower than those of grey H2 while meeting the technical target (US$2.00–2.50 kg−1) set by European Commission and United States Department of Energy.

High‐Entropy Phosphide Catalyst‐Based Hybrid Electrolyzer: A Cost‐Effective and Mild‐Condition Approach for H2 Liberation from Methanol

AbstractMethanol as a hydrogen carrier provides a practical solution for H2 storage and transport, but traditional reforming faces challenges with low efficiency, CO2 emissions, and the need for specialized infrastructure. In this study, a reliable approach for fabricating low‐cost electrodes is presented by in situ growing high‐entropy phosphide nanoparticles on nickel foam (FeCoNiCuMnP/NF). This cost‐effective design is specifically engineered for alkaline methanol oxidation reactions (MOR), achieving a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an applied voltage of only 1.32 V, while also demonstrating exceptional selectivity for formate products. Advanced Monte Carlo (ML‐MC) simulations identify copper as the predominant surface element and highlight phosphorus coordination as a key factor in enhancing catalytic activity. The field is advanced with a pioneering hybrid acid/alkali flow electrolyzer system, integrating FeCoNiCuMnP/NF anode and commercial RuIr/Ti cathode to enable indirect hydrogen liberation from methanol. This system requires an electrolytic voltage as low as 0.58 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and remains stable for hydrogen liberation over 300 h of operation. This achievement not only offers a highly efficient alternative to indirectly liberate H2 stored in methanol but also establishes a new benchmark for sustainable and economically viable H2 production.

Propionic acid enhances H2 production in purple phototrophic bacteria: Insights into carbon and reducing equivalent allocation

Biohydrogen is gaining popularity as a clean and cost-effective energy source. Among the various production methods, photo fermentation (PF) with purple phototrophic bacteria (PPB) has shown great opportunity due to its high hydrogen yield. In practice, this yield is influenced by several factors, with the carbon source, particularly simple organic acid, being a key element that has attracted considerable research interest. Short-chain volatile fatty acids (VFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are widely found in waste streams and dark fermentation (DF) effluent. However, most studies on these VFAs focus mainly on performance evaluation, with few exploring the underlying mechanisms, which limits their applicability in real-world scenarios. To uncover the metabolic mechanisms, this study uses metagenomics to clarify the processes of reducing power production and distribution during substrate assimilation. Meanwhile, this study presents the impact of short-chain VFAs on biohydrogen, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) and glycogen production by PPB. The results show that: (1) over long-term cultivation at similar COD consumption rates of 0.06 g COD/d, PPB possessed the highest hydrogen yield when fed with propionate (0.620 L H2·g COD-1) compared with butyrate (0.434) and acetate (0.361); (2) with propionate as the substrate, PPB accumulated less PHA (7 % of dry biomass) but more glycogen content (11 %), compared to butyrate (15 % PHA and 8 % glycogen) and acetate (21 % PHA and 5 % glycogen); (3) metagenomic analysis revealed that propionate resulted in the highest amounts of reducing equivalents, followed by butyrate and acetate; hydrogen production was the most efficient pathway for utilizing the reducing power with propionate, as the CO2 fixation and PHA or glycogen synthesis were ineffective for electron dissipation. This study offers insights into metabolic mechanism that could guide waste stream selection and pretreatment processes to provide favorable VFAs for the PF process, thereby enhancing PPB biohydrogen production performance in practical applications.

Day-Ahead Optimization of Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Operations Considering System Efficiency and Green Hydrogen Production Constraints Imposed by the European Regulatory Framework

Clean hydrogen (H2) use (i.e., produced using either renewable or low-carbon energy sources) can help decarbonize energy-intensive industries, the transport sector, and the power sector. The European regulatory framework establishes that the production of green H2 must be supported either by the electricity grid through a power purchase agreement (PPA) or by intermittent renewable energy source (RES) plants owned by the hydrogen producer. Although the issue of the optimization of hydrogen production costs has already been approached, constraints related to the current regulatory framework and the modeling of nonlinear electrolyzer efficiency still represent open problems. In this paper, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, assuming as the objective function the overall cost minimization of the allowed energy mix for green H2 production, is formulated. Two approaches are compared: in the first one, electrolyzers can only operate at 100% load, whereas the second one allows for more flexible electrolyzer scheduling, by enabling partial-load working operations. The simulation results of several scenarios considering different H2 production targets, forecasted RES production, and cost for PPAs demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Photodissociation dynamics of H2S+ via the A2A1 (0, 8, 0) state.

The photodissociation dynamics of the hydrogen sulfide cation (H2S+) (X2B1) were investigated using the time-sliced velocity map ion imaging technique. S+ (4Su) product images were measured at four photolysis wavelengths around 393.70nm, corresponding to the excitation of the H2S+ (X2B1) cation to the A2A1 (0, 8, 0) state. The raw images and the derived total kinetic energy releases (TKERs) spectra exhibited partial rotational resolution for the H2 products. A sensitive dependence on the photolysis wavelength was observed in the TKER spectra and anisotropy parameters. Within a narrow excitation energy range of ∼12cm-1, the H2 products showed two distinct rotational excitations. Furthermore, clear differences in anisotropy parameters were observed. These phenomena indicate that the rotational excitation of the H2S+ ions plays a role in the non-adiabatic photodissociation dynamics.

Construction of CeO2/Co(OH)2/FeS@NF nanosheet arrays for high-performance electrocatalytic oxygen evolution/urea oxidation, and overall water/urea splitting reactions

To develop non-noble electrocatalysts with high activity and stability for oxygen evolution reaction (OER)/urea oxidation reaction (UOR) is crucial to boost the efficiency of overall water/urea splitting reaction (OWS/OUS) for H2 production. Herein, we synthesized novel CeO2/Co(OH)2/FeS nanosheet arrays on nickel foam (CeO2/Co(OH)2/FeS@NF) through a simple two-step hydrothermal and following solvothermal routine. In this special structure, the ultra-thin 2D nanosheet morphology can adequately offer large contact area and thus abundant of active sites, facilitating significantly the mass transfer. Furthermore, the incorporation of FeS into CeO2/Co(OH)2 will not only modify the electron structure but also provide a number of phase interfaces, which can improve the inherent electron conductivity and promote the electron transport. More importantly, the rich oxygen vacancies (Ov) sites can vary the coordination of metal centers, modulating both the charge distribution and M−O bonding strength. As results, the CeO2/Co(OH)2/FeS@NF shows superior low overpotentials of 178 mV/1.30 V at 10 mA cm−2 to OER/UOR. The activity keeps its low value of 232 mV/1.375 V even when the current density was increased to as high as 300 mA cm−2. More importantly, the electrode of CeO2/Co(OH)2/FeS@NF//CeO2/Co(OH)2/FeS@NF just requires a low cell voltage of 1.41 V to realize OUS at a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Specifically, we also realized solar-driven H2 production. Plenty of H2 bubbles were continuously generated with a high speed of 600 L h−1 m−2 on the working electrode surface once the solar panel was placed under the natural sunlight.

Densely populated single‐atom catalysts for boosting hydrogen generation from formic acid

AbstractThe single‐atom M‐N‐C (M typically being Co or Fe) is a prominent material with exceptional reactivity in areas of catalysis for sustainable energy. However, the formation of metal nanoparticles in M‐N‐C materials is coupled with high‐temperature calcination conditions, limiting the density of M‐Nx active sites and thus restricting the catalytic performance of such catalysts. Herein, we describe an effective decoupling strategy to construct high‐density M‐Nx active sites by generating polyfurfuryl alcohol in the MOF precursor, effectively preventing the formation of metal nanoparticles even with up to 6.377% cobalt loading. This catalyst showed a high H2 production rate of 778 mL gCat−1 h−1 when used in the dehydrogenation reaction of formic acid. In addition to the high density of the active site, a curved carbon surface in the structure is also thought to be the reason for the high performance of the catalyst.

Experimental investigation of La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 -δ pellets as oxygen carriers for chemical-looping applications

Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite (LSF), as an oxygen carrier, is used for chemical looping H2 production and CO2 utilization. In this work, the first attempt to upscale and understand the heat and mass transfer using 400 g of LSF pellets in a dynamically operated packed bed reactor is carried out.Experiments were conducted at 650–820 °C and 1–5 barg, evaluating the pellets' reactor heat management, phase stability, and mechanical integrity over 70 h for the high-temperature redox cycling in chemical looping water-gas shift (CL-WGS) and chemical looping reverse water-gas shift (CL-RWGS) reactions.Key results at the reactor scale indicate a maximum cyclic average H2O-to-H2 conversion of 31%, with a peak oxygen carrier capacity for CL-WGS of 0.38 mmol/gLSF. In the case of CL-RWGS, a peak CO2-to-CO conversion of 99.8% was achieved, with an oxygen carrier capacity of 0.57 mmol/gLSF.Reactor heat management for exothermic and endothermic redox reactions showed the ability to maintain a high temperature profile where the heat front lagged the reaction front over a 15 cm reactive bed length. A maximum ΔT of 45 °C and 35 °C were observed during the oxidation of the LSF bed with H2O and CO2, respectively. In the case of air oxidation, a maximum ΔT of 120 °C indicates that the reaction is more exothermic and can be used to raise the temperature of the bed especially if heat is required to sustain the process.No evidence of material performance degradation was recorded over 70 h of testing, maintaining the pellets' operational cyclability, phase stability, and mechanical integrity. The results demonstrate the robustness of the material, and they are encouraging versus the scalability of LSF for chemical looping applications, into H2 production and CO2 utilization processes.

Nitrogen-deficient C3N4 coupled with AgBr construction Z-scheme heterojunction form double electric field to promote photogenerated carrier separation enhancement hydrogen evolution

g-C3N4 is an excellent and affordable photocatalyst, but its weak built-in electric field slows down its photogenerated carrier separation rate. Meanwhile, modulating the interfacial electric field is also an effective way to increase the light-generated carrier separation efficiency. In this study, the built-in electric field of g-C3N4 is enhanced by using N vacancies (from 0.742 V to 0.868 V). Subsequently, the modified Nv-C3N4 (N0CN) is utilized to create a heterojunction with AgBr to generate a synergistic effect of built-in and interfacial electric fields (from 0.868 V to 1.032 V). The photogenerated carrier separation was significantly enhanced by the synergistic interaction of the dual electric fields, leading to a notable improvement in the photocatalytic efficiency of A-N0CN. The H2 production performance reached 1884.6 µmolg-1h−1, which was measured 1047 times higher than that of N0CN (1.8 µmolg-1h−1), A-CN (969.9 µmolg-1h−1) and CN (1.1 µmolg-1h−1), representing increases of 1.94 and 1713 times, respectively. This research offers a new perspective for catalyst design involving dual electric field synergy.