Gyromagnetic Ratio Research Articles

Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole absorption in carbon dioxide

Magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole absorption in carbon dioxide are addressed in details. The selection rules for both processes are presented. The equations for the line intensities are given. In the case of the quadrupole absorption the Herman-Wallis functions are derived. The results of the present paper were used in the analysis of the carbon dioxide absorption band at 3.3 µm in the atmosphere of Mars (Trokhimovskiy A, Perevalov V, Korablev O, Fedorova A, Olsen KS, Bertaux JL, Patrakeev A, Shakun A, Montmessin F, Lefèvre F, Lukashevskaya A. First observation of the magnetic dipole CO2 absorption band at 3.3 µm in the atmosphere of Mars by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter ACS instrument. A&A 639, A142 (2020)). The retrieved from the Martian atmosphere spectra vibrational transition magnetic dipole moment for the 01111–00001 (ν2+ν3) band of 12C16O2M01111←000001|Δℓ2|=1=0.96μN (where μN is nuclear magneton) is one order of magnitude larger than the gyromagnetic ratio in the case of the rotation-induced magnetic dipole moment.

Spin depolarization induced by self-generated magnetic fields during cylindrical implosions

Spin-polarized fuels are promising for inertial confinement fusion due to the enhanced fusion cross section. One significant concern of spin-polarized inertial confinement fusion is whether the nuclei polarization could survive in the implosions and contribute to ignitions. Here we present numerical simulation methods and results of spin dynamics of polarized deuterium-tritium fuels in strong self-generated magnetic fields during the implosions of dense cylindrical shells. The magnetic field generation and evolution is modeled with generalized Ohm's laws combined with hydrodynamic equations. The spin dynamics is investigated with a particle-tracking method, by solving the spin precession equations of tracked particles. Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities and Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities are found to be the main cause of depolarization. Hydrodynamic instabilities lead to depolarization of nuclei near the hot-spot shell interface, and an asymmetric shock front leads to depolarization of nuclei inside a hot spot. Deuterium polarization is more stable than tritium polarization due to its smaller gyromagnetic ratio. Low-mode perturbations can lead to higher depolarization inside a hot spot than high-mode perturbations. In the multimode simulations, the modes around 16-32 are significant for hot-spot depolarization.

Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction in as grown and annealed X/Co/Y ultrathin systems

The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (iDMI) are investigated in as grown and 300 °C annealed Co-based ultrathin systems. For this, Co films of various thicknesses (0.8 nm ⩽ tCo ⩽ 5.7 nm) were deposited by magnetron sputtering on thermally oxidized Si substrates using Pt, W, Ir, Ti, Ru and MgO buffer or/and capping layers. X-ray diffraction was used to investigate their structural properties and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) was used to determine the magnetic dead layer thickness and the magnetization at saturation (Ms). VSM revealed that the Ms for the Pt and the Ir buffered and capped films is the largest. Microstrip line ferromagnetic resonance (MS-FMR), used to extract the gyromagnetic ratio of the thicker Co films, revealed the existence of a second order PMA term, which is thickness dependent. Brillouin light scattering (BLS) in the Damon–Eshbach configuration was used to investigate the thickness dependence of the iDMI effective constant from the spin wave vector dependence of the frequency difference between Stokes and anti-Stokes lines. BLS and MS-FMR techniques were combined to measure the spin wave frequency variation as a function of the in-plane applied magnetic field (where the second order PMA contribution vanishes). The thickness dependence of the effective magnetization was then deduced and used to investigate PMA. For all the systems, PMA results from interface and volume contributions that we determined. The largest interface PMA constants were obtained for Pt- and Ir-based systems due to the electron hybridization of Co with these heavy metals having high spin orbit coupling. Annealing at 300 °C increases both the interface PMA and iDMI for the Pt/Co/MgO most probably due to de-mixing of interpenetrating oxygen atoms from the Co layer and the formation of a sharp Co/O interface.

Frontiers of Sodium MRI Revisited: From Cartilage to Brain Imaging.

Sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na‐MRI) is a highly promising imaging modality that offers the possibility to noninvasively quantify sodium content in the tissue, one of the most relevant parameters for biochemical investigations. Despite its great potential, due to the intrinsically low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of sodium imaging generated by low in vivo sodium concentrations, low gyromagnetic ratio, and substantially shorter relaxation times than for proton (1H) imaging, 23Na‐MRI is extremely challenging. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature that has been published in the last 10–15 years and which has demonstrated different technical designs for a range of 23Na‐MRI methods applicable for disease diagnoses and treatment efficacy evaluations. Currently, a wider use of 3.0T and 7.0T systems provide imaging with the expected increase in SNR and, consequently, an increased image resolution and a reduced scanning time. A great interest in translational research has enlarged the field of sodium MRI applications to almost all parts of the body: articular cartilage tendons, spine, heart, breast, muscle, kidney, and brain, etc., and several pathological conditions, such as tumors, neurological and degenerative diseases, and others. The quantitative parameter, tissue sodium concentration, which reflects changes in intracellular sodium concentration, extracellular sodium concentration, and intra–/extracellular volume fractions is becoming acknowledged as a reliable biomarker. Although the great potential of this technique is evident, there must be steady technical development for 23Na‐MRI to become a standard imaging tool. The future role of sodium imaging is not to be considered as an alternative to 1H MRI, but to provide early, diagnostically valuable information about altered metabolism or tissue function associated with disease genesis and progression.Level of Evidence1Technical Efficacy Stage1

Spin Pumping and Magnetic Anisotropy in La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/Pt Systems

La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (LSMO) thin films of various thicknesses (6, 8, 10, 20, and 30 nm), capped by 7 nm‐thick Pt layer, are grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3 (001) substrates. X‐ray diffraction revealed that LSMO films are (001) oriented. Vibrating sample magnetometer is used to determine the magnetization at saturation and the magnetic dead layer thickness. This latter is around 3.4 nm, significantly thicker compared with the one induced at interfaces of Pt with ferromagnetic transition metals. Microstrip line ferromagnetic resonance (MS‐FMR) is used to extract the gyromagnetic ratio, which is found to increase with LSMO thickness. MS‐FMR revealed that the in‐plane magnetic anisotropy is dominated by a uniaxial contribution for the Pt capped film, whereas the noncapped 10 nm‐thick LSMO layer shows a fourfold anisotropy. Furthermore, the thickness dependence of the effective magnetization reveals the existence of a second‐order perpendicular anisotropy term, which is thickness‐dependent, and of a weak uniaxial interface anisotropy. The Gilbert damping coefficient is found to vary linearly with the inverse of the effective LSMO thickness due to spin pumping leading to relatively low spin mixing conductance of LSMO/Pt interface.

Combining fast magic angle spinning dynamic nuclear polarization with indirect detection to further enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and indirect detection are two commonly applied approaches for enhancing the sensitivity of solid-state NMR spectroscopy. However, their use in tandem has not yet been investigated. With the advent of low-temperature fast magic angle spinning (MAS) probes with 1.3-mm diameter rotors capable of MAS at 40 ​kHz it becomes feasible to combine these two techniques. In this study, we performed DNP-enhanced 2D indirectly detected heteronuclear correlation (idHETCOR) experiments on 13C, 15N, 113Cd and 89Y nuclei in functionalized mesoporous silica, CdS nanoparticles, and Y2O3 nanoparticles. The sensitivity of the 2D idHETCOR experiments was compared with those of DNP-enhanced directly-detected 1D cross polarization (CP) and 2D HETCOR experiments performed with a standard 3.2-mm rotor. Due to low CP polarization transfer efficiencies and large proton linewidth, the sensitivity gains achieved by indirect detection alone were lower than in conventional (non-DNP) experiments. Nevertheless, despite the smaller sample volume the 2D idHETCOR experiments showed better absolute sensitivities than 2D HETCOR experiments for nuclei with the lowest gyromagnetic ratios. For 89Y, 2D idHETCOR provided 8.2 times better sensitivity than the 1 D89Y-detected CP experiment performed with a 3.2-mm rotor.

The Spinning Particles – Classical Description

The classical model of the spinning particle is analyzed in detail in two versions – with single spinor and two spinors put on the trajectory. Equations of motion of the first version are easily solvable. The system with two spinors becomes nonlinear. Nevertheless, the equations of motion are analyzed in detail and solved analytically and numerically. In either case the trajectories are illustrated and their properties are discussed. There is also discussion of possible physical quantities associated with the spinning motions. Among others: the size of particles and their gyromagnetic ratios.

Low-field microwave absorption in Ga-doped polycrystalline La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 in the frequency range from 0.1 to 4 GHz

We investigated the magnetic-field-dependent microwave absorption in polycrystalline La0.6Sr0.4Mn1-xGaxO3 samples (x = 0.0–0.3) over a wide frequency spectrum (f = 0.1–4 GHz) and up to a magnetic field of Hdc= 2.5 kOe at room temperature. The field dependence of microwave power absorption (ΔP) in each sample exhibits a peak at a critical value of Hdc and the peak moves towards higher fields as frequency increases. The shift is at a faster rate for x = 0.2 and 0.3 compared to x = 0.01 and 0.1. Based on the line shape analysis, we attribute the observed features to ferromagnetic resonance for x ≤ 0.1 and a combined effect of electron spin resonance and superparamagnetic resonance for x ≥ 0.2. Our results are also verified by magnetic resonance spectra recorded using a coplanar waveguide spectrometer. We extracted the gyromagnetic ratio, saturation magnetization, and anisotropy field in our samples. Frequency-tunable microwave absorption at resonance found in these materials will be of interest for high-frequency device applications.

The precious fluorine on the ring: fluorine NMR for biological systems.

The fluorine-19 nucleus was recognized early to harbor exceptional properties for NMR spectroscopy. With 100% natural abundance, a high gyromagnetic ratio (83% sensitivity compared to 1H), a chemical shift that is extremely sensitive to its surroundings and near total absence in biological systems, it was destined to become a favored NMR probe, decorating small and large molecules. However, after early excitement, where uptake of fluorinated aromatic amino acids was explored in a series of animal studies, 19F-NMR lost popularity, especially in large molecular weight systems, due to chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) induced line broadening at high magnetic fields. Recently, two orthogonal approaches, (i) CF3 labeling and (ii) aromatic 19F-13C labeling leveraging the TROSY (Transverse Relaxation Optimized Spectroscopy) effect have been successfully applied to study large biomolecular systems. In this perspective, we will discuss the fascinating early work with fluorinated aromatic amino acids, which reveals the enormous potential of these non-natural amino acids in biological NMR and the potential of 19F-NMR to characterize protein and nucleic acid structure, function and dynamics in the light of recent developments. Finally, we explore how fluorine NMR might be exploited to implement small molecule or fragment screens that resemble physiological conditions and discuss the opportunity to follow the fate of small molecules in living cells.

Changes of Magnetism in a Magnetic Insulator due to Proximity to a Topological Insulator.

We report the modification of magnetism in a magnetic insulator Y_{3}Fe_{5}O_{12} thin film by topological surface states (TSS) in an adjacent topological insulator Bi_{2}Se_{3} thin film. Ferromagnetic resonance measurements show that the TSS in Bi_{2}Se_{3} produces a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, results in a decrease in the gyromagnetic ratio, and enhances the damping in Y_{3}Fe_{5}O_{12}. Such TSS-induced changes become more pronounced as the temperature decreases from 300 to 50K. These results suggest a completely new approach for control of magnetism in magnetic thin films.

Efficient Quantum Gates for Individual Nuclear Spin Qubits by Indirect Control.

Hybrid quantum registers, such as electron-nuclear spin systems, have emerged as promising hardware for implementing quantum information and computing protocols in scalable systems. Nevertheless, the coherent control of such systems still faces challenges. Particularly, the lower gyromagnetic ratios of the nuclear spins cause them to respond slowly to control fields, resulting in gate times that are generally longer than the coherence time of the electron. Here, we demonstrate a scheme for circumventing this problem by indirect control: we apply a small number of short pulses only to the electron and let the full system undergo free evolution under the hyperfine coupling between the pulses. Using this scheme, we realize robust quantum gates in an electron-nuclear spin system, including a Hadamard gate on the nuclear spin and a controlled-NOT gate with the nuclear spin as the target qubit. The durations of these gates are shorter than the electron coherence time, and thus additional operations to extend the system coherence time are not needed. Our demonstration serves as a proof of concept for achieving efficient coherent control of electron-nuclear spin systems, such as nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond. Our scheme is still applicable when the nuclear spins are only weakly coupled to the electron.

Observation of Low-γ Quadrupolar Nuclei by Surface-Enhanced NMR Spectroscopy.

We introduce a novel NMR approach that extends the capabilities of indirect dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) under magic-angle spinning to probe the local environment of half-integer spin quadrupolar nuclei. Compared to cross-polarization, this novel method based on the refocused INEPT scheme with adiabatic dipolar recoupling is easier to optimize and does not distort the quadrupolar line shapes. Furthermore, the use of this technique, instead of the PRESTO (Phase-shifted Recoupling Effects a Smooth Transfer of Order) scheme or direct DNP, greatly improves the sensitivity of DNP-NMR for the detection of quadrupolar isotopes with small dipolar couplings to protons, including notably those located in the subsurface of inorganic materials or with low gyromagnetic ratio (γ). This technique has been applied to identify the atomic-level structure of Brønsted acid sites of hydrated titania-supported MoO3, MoO3/TiO2, a widely used heterogeneous catalyst. The spectra of protonated and unprotonated 17O sites, acquired in natural abundance, indicate the presence of various oxomolybdate species as well as HOMo2 and HOMo3 Brønsted acid sites. The enhanced sensitivity of this new method has also enabled the acquisition of the first DNP-enhanced spectra of 95Mo and 47,49Ti low-γ quadrupolar isotopes. This possibility has been demonstrated by detecting the signals of these nuclei near the surface of MoO3/TiO2. This technique has allowed the observation of 49Ti surface sites, which are absent from the bulk region of TiO2. Furthermore, both 95Mo and 47,49Ti DNP spectra have shown an increased structural disorder of TiO2 and MoO3 phases near the surface of the particles and notably the preferential location of the amorphous TiO2 phase at the surface of the particles. The proposed polarization transfer is also employed to acquire the first DNP-enhanced spectrum of 67Zn, another low-γ quadrupolar isotope. This possibility is demonstrated for Al-doped ZnO nanoparticles used in optoelectronic devices. The obtained 17O, 27Al, and 67Zn DNP-NMR data prove that the surface region of these nanoparticles contains ZnO phase as well as secondary phases, such as α-Al2O3 and partially inverse ZnAl2O4 spinel.

SABRE polarized low field rare-spin spectroscopy.

High-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an indispensable technique for identification and characterization of chemicals and biomolecular structures. In the vast majority of NMR experiments, nuclear spin polarization arises from thermalization in multi-Tesla magnetic fields produced by superconducting magnets. In contrast, NMR instruments operating at low magnetic fields are emerging as a compact, inexpensive, and highly accessible alternative but suffer from low thermal polarization at a low field strength and consequently a low signal. However, certain hyperpolarization techniques create high polarization levels on target molecules independent of magnetic fields, giving low-field NMR a significant sensitivity boost. In this study, SABRE (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange) was combined with high homogeneity electromagnets operating at mT fields, enabling high resolution 1H, 13C, 15N, and 19F spectra to be detected with a single scan at magnetic fields between 1 mT and 10 mT. Chemical specificity is attained at mT magnetic fields with complex, highly resolved spectra. Most spectra are in the strong coupling regime where J-couplings are on the order of chemical shift differences. The spectra and the hyperpolarization spin dynamics are simulated with SPINACH. The simulations start from the parahydrogen singlet in the bound complex and include both chemical exchange and spin evolution at these mT fields. The simulations qualitatively match the experimental spectra and are used to identify the spin order terms formed during mT SABRE. The combination of low field NMR instruments with SABRE polarization results in sensitive measurements, even for rare spins with low gyromagnetic ratios at low magnetic fields.

Chiral Magnonics: Reprogrammable Nanoscale Spin Wave Networks Based on Chiral Domain Walls.

SummarySpin waves offer promising perspectives as information carriers for future computational architectures beyond conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology, owing to their benefits for device minimizations and low-ohmic losses. Although plenty of magnonic devices have been proposed previously, scalable nanoscale networks based on spin waves are still missing. Here, we demonstrate a reprogrammable two-dimensional spin wave network by combining the chiral exchange spin waves and chiral domain walls. The spin-wave network can be extended to two dimensions and offers unprecedented control of exchange spin waves. Each cell in the network can excite, transmit, and detect spin waves independently in the chiral domain wall, and spin-wave logics are also demonstrated. Our results open up perspectives for integrating spin waves into future logic and computing circuits and networks.

Bose-Einstein Condensate Comagnetometer.

We describe a comagnetometer employing the f=1 and f=2 ground state hyperfine manifolds of a ^{87}Rb spinor Bose-Einstein condensate as colocated magnetometers. The hyperfine manifolds feature nearly opposite gyromagnetic ratios and thus the sum of their precession angles is only weakly coupled to external magnetic fields, while being highly sensitive to any effect that rotates both manifolds in the same way. The f=1 and f=2 transverse magnetizations and azimuth angles are independently measured by nondestructive Faraday rotation probing, and we demonstrate a 44.0(8)dB common-mode rejection in good agreement with theory. We show how the magnetometer coherence time can be extended to ∼1 s, by using spin-dependent interactions to inhibit hyperfine relaxing collisions between f=2 atoms. The technique could be used in high sensitivity searches for new physics on submillimeter length scales, precision studies of ultracold collision physics, and angle-resolved studies of quantum spin dynamics.

Correction of Q Factor Effects for Simultaneous Collection of Elemental Analysis and Relaxation Times by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

A new method for measurement of elemental analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) of unknown samples is discussed here as a quick and robust means to measure elemental ratios without the use of internal or external calibration standards. The determination of elemental ratios was done by normalizing the signal intensities by the frequency dependent quality factor (Q) and the gyromagnetic ratios (γ) for each measured nucleus. The correction for the frequency dependence was found by characterizing the output signal of the probe as a function of the quality factor (Q) and the frequency, and the correction for γ was discussed in a previous study. A Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence was used for evaluation of the relative signal intensities, which allows for derivation of elemental ratios, and was correspondingly used to simultaneously measure the T2* of samples for an added parameter for more accurate identification of unknown samples.

Determination of the Magnetogyric Ratio and Death line for the Neutron stars

Determination of the Magnetogyric Ratio and Death line for the Neutron stars

Calculated coupling constants 1 J(X-Y) and 1 K(X-Y), and fundamental relationships among the reduced coupling constants for molecules Hm X-YHn , with X, Y ═ 1 H, 7 Li, 9 Be, 11 B, 13 C, 15 N, 17 O, 19 F, 31 P, 33 S, and 35 Cl.

Equation-of-motion coupled-cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) calculations have been performed to determine coupling constants 1 J(X-Y) for 65 molecules Hm X-YHn , with X,Y ═ 1 H, 7 Li, 9 Be, 11 B, 13 C, 15 N, 17 O, 19 F, 31 P, 33 S, and 35 Cl. The computed 1 J(X-Y) values are in good agreement with available experimental data. The reduced coupling constants 1 K(X-Y) have been derived from 1 J(X-Y) by removing the dependence on the magnetogyric ratios of X and Y. Patterns are found for the reduced coupling constants on a 1 K(X-Y) surface that are related to the positions of X and Y in the periodic table.

Increasing the sensitivity of hyperpolarized [15N2]urea detection by serial transfer of polarization to spin‐coupled protons

PurposeHyperpolarized 15N‐labeled molecules have been proposed as imaging agents for investigating tissue perfusion and pH. However, the sensitivity of direct 15N detection is limited by the isotope's low gyromagnetic ratio. Sensitivity can be increased by transferring 15N hyperpolarization to spin‐coupled protons provided that there is not significant polarization loss during transfer. However, complete polarization transfer would limit the temporal window for imaging to the order of the proton T1 (2‐3 s). To exploit the long T1 offered by storing polarization in 15N and the higher sensitivity of 1H detection, we have developed a pulse sequence for partial polarization transfer.MethodsA polarization transfer pulse sequence was modified to allow partial polarization transfer, as is required for dynamic measurements, and that can be implemented with inhomogeneous B1 fields, as is often the case in vivo. The sequence was demonstrated with dynamic spectroscopy and imaging measurements with [15N2]urea.ResultsWhen compared to direct 15N detection, the sequence increased the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) by a factor of 1.72 ± 0.25, where both experiments depleted ~20% of the hyperpolarization (>10‐fold when 100% of the hyperpolarization is used). Simulations with measured cross relaxation rates showed that this sequence gave up to a 50‐fold increase in urea proton polarization when compared to spontaneous polarization transfer via cross relaxation.ConclusionThe sequence gave an SNR increase that was close to the theoretical limit and can give a significant SNR benefit when compared to direct 13C detection of hyperpolarized [13C]urea.

Soft theorems from compactification

We analyze the single subleading soft graviton theorem in (d + 1) dimensions under compactification on S1. This produces the single soft theorems for the graviton, vector and scalar fields in d dimension. For the compactification of 11-dimensional supergravity theory, this gives the soft factorization properties of the single graviton, dilaton and RR 1-form fields in type IIA string theory in ten dimensions. For the case of the soft vector field, we also explicitly check the result obtained from compactification by computing the amplitudes with external massive spin two and massless finite energy states interacting with soft vector field. The former are the Kaluza-Klein excitations of the d + 1 dimensional metric. Describing the interaction of the KK-modes with the vector field at each level by the minimally coupled Fierz-Pauli Lagrangian, we find agreement with the results obtained from the compactification if the gyromagnetic ratio in the minimally coupled Fierz-Pauli Lagrangian is taken to be g = 1.