Physical Education Research Articles

“Don’t Forget the Whistle”: Novice Physical Education Teachers’ Reflections on Their Beliefs, Teaching Practices, and Identities

The purpose of the current study was to investigate novice PE teachers’ reflections regarding beliefs and how they played out in teaching practices and identity formation within the settings of their profession. We recruited 31 PE teachers in their early careers to participate in this study. Data were collected through their written accounts of their reflection and in-depth interviews. Analysis of the collected data followed the procedures of thematic analysis through which reflexivity had been emphasized during the analysis process. The results showed three constructed themes. These were teachers’ reflections on their beliefs, PE teaching practices, and PE teachers’ professional identities. We conclude that PE teachers’ reflections on belief systems, as well as the purpose of the subject, have, in one way or another, shaped practices and professional identities. Teachers take up contemporary discourse regarding education, which is not fully aligned with available professional development programs that effectively improve the practices. Teachers form, maintain, and negotiate their professional identities in relation to their beliefs and their actual practices.

Student physical education teaching achievement test incorporating biomechanics analysis via decision tree algorithm

In the context of China’s economic growth, building a “sports power” is crucial. With the Internet’s development, the nation focuses on physical education curriculum and students’ test results. Currently, Chinese students’ physical education achievements are mainly evaluated by storage, inquiry, and basic statistics. Digital mining is under - utilized, leaving much data unexplored. But digital education’s progress has brought educational data to the fore, enabling schools to find value and patterns for better teaching decisions. In this case, this paper delves into the integration of biomechanics analysis into the assessment of student physical education teaching achievements. Biomechanics offers invaluable insights into the mechanical aspects of human movement during physical activities. By examining biomechanical factors such as joint angles, muscle forces, and movement velocities during various sports, a more profound understanding of students’ physical capabilities and performance can be achieved. Taking the physical test results of students in a specific school as a case study, this research employs data mining technology to explore the rich dataset. The optimized decision tree algorithm is then utilized to analyze the biomechanics - related data. This algorithm enables the identification of key factors that influence students’ physical test outcomes. For instance, it can pinpoint how a student’s running gait mechanics, including stride length, frequency, and leg - muscle activation patterns, affect their performance in track - and - field events. Through this comprehensive approach, the paper not only aims to uncover hidden information within the physical test data but also to elucidate the intricate interplay between biomechanics and students’ overall physical education performance. By dissecting the factors that influence physical test results from a biomechanical perspective, this study provides actionable insights for enhancing physical education teaching methods. Educators can leverage these findings to design personalized teaching programs that cater to the unique biomechanical characteristics of each student, thereby optimizing the effectiveness of physical education and promoting students’ physical development and athletic performance.

Wearable sensor-based real time monitoring system for physical education teaching and training

The comprehensive progress of mental and physical quality is majorly influenced by the college physical education, which is considered a part of the educational system. Developing a scientific and efficient evaluation index is significant to compute physical education teaching quality. The traditional methods of assessing performance in physical education often rely on subjective evaluations or delayed feedback from manual data collection. To overcome these challenges, a design based on a real-time monitoring system is introduced that leverages wearable biosensor technology to improve physical education teaching and training. Initially, some physiological indicators, namely heart rate, respiration rate, body temperature, and motion activity, were recorded and analysed to provide individualized insights into physical performance. Data pre-processing is performed using a median filter to reduce noise and Z-score normalization to standardize the input dataset. Key features are extracted using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), enabling the identification of critical performance metrics. A Rat Swarm Optimized Efficient Random Forest (RSO-ERF) algorithm was introduced to enhance classification accuracy and optimize system performance. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed system’s effectiveness in providing real-time feedback, identifying individual fitness levels, and supporting adaptive teaching strategies. The increased system’s analysis tendency allows for customized training regimens, ongoing feedback, and improved physical health metrics monitoring. It also gives educators the ability to make data-driven decisions, encourage safety, and improve the educational experience for athletes and students. The findings underscore the potential of wearable biosensor technology combined with advanced algorithms in transforming physical education methodologies for improved engagement and performance outcomes.

A comparative analysis of the developmental paths of physical and health education integration in higher education in China and abroad

ABSTRACT The purpose was to look into how physical and health education are integrated into higher education in China, Japan, and India. The sample of this study consisted of 1066 male (n = 562) and female (n = 504) students attending public and private universities in major cities in China (n = 530), Japan (n = 395) and India (n = 141). The physical and health education adapted task and ego orientation questionnaire, the physical and health education perceived locus of causation scale, the dispositional flow scale, and the intention to be physically active scale were all used. Factor analysis based on chi-square statistics and a few other methods were used to test how psychometric instruments could be used with the Japanese and Indian participants. The three motivational profiles were identified through a hierarchical cluster analysis using Ward’s method: the low and medium motivation; the high motivation and low ego; and highly motivated, with the highest scores across all variables.

Inclusive physical education in secondary schools: a bibliometric analysis of publications from 2000 to 2024

Introduction Inclusive physical education has gained attention globally due to its importance in fostering equity and participation for all students. However, research on this topic, particularly in secondary schools, remains limited. Objective This study investigates the field of inclusive physical education in secondary schools using a bibliometric analysis based on data from the Scopus database. Methodology A total of 129 articles were selected through keyword searches analyzed with the Publish or Perish software to extract relevant data, alongside VOSviewer for visualizing and interpreting results. The findings reveal that research on inclusive physical education in secondary schools remains relatively underexplored, with only 129 publications identified between 2000 and 2024. Results The analysis uncovered ten primary keyword clusters: including (1) Attitudes, (2) Health, (3) Secondary Schools, (4) Education, (5) Physical Education, (6) Inclusion, (7) Disabilities, (8) Self-efficacy, (9) Participation, and (10) Physical Impairments. These clusters provides a comprehensive overview of the field’s thematic areas and trends. Discussion The study concludes that significant gaps persist in the literature, emphasizing the need for further exploration to enhance understanding and practice in this field. Conclusions Recommendations include extending research to inclusive physical education at the elementary level and focusing on methods to improve the skills and participation of children with disabilities within inclusive settings.

Martine-Kushelevsky Test and Evaluation of the Functional State of the Cardiovascular System of KRSU Students

Physical fitness is most often considered as the fitness of two systems that work together: the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Furthermore, physical fitness refers to the ability of these systems to maintain normal body function during physical activity of varying duration and intensity. There are various self-monitoring methods, one of which is the Martine-Kushelevsky test. This article presents the results of assessing the functional state of the cardiovascular system based on the Martine-Kushelevsky test. This test provides objective data on the cardiovascular system's functional state in students. The data helps to evaluate the body's resistance to hypercapnia and hypoxia, which reflects the overall condition of the body's oxygen-supplying systems during physical exercise. The study involved 187 first-year students from the medical faculty of KRSU, including 115 females (61.5%) and 72 males (38.5%). The age of the participants ranged from 17 to 21 years, with an average age of 18.29±1.05 years. One of the key indicators of the functional state of the cardiovascular system is the Robinson index, which characterizes the systolic work of the heart and reflects the degree of adaptation of the body to physical loads. Generally, it is believed that the higher this indicator, the greater the functional capacity of the heart muscles. The analysis showed that most students (87.7%) have a very low level of physical recovery, and 37.5% of students have poor aerobic capacity. These two factors should be taken into account when assigning students from the medical faculty to physical education groups.

Effects of dynamic stretching of different duration on lower limb flexibility in male sport dancers: A randomized controlled trial

In the field of sports training and teaching, stretching is regarded as a highly valuable technique, particularly in its capacity to facilitate gradual acclimatization of the body to the exercise state during the warm-up session and as a means of enhancing flexibility qualities. As the research on athletic training continues to deepen, the discussion on the respective advantages of static stretching and dynamic stretching is becoming increasingly prominent. In this study, dynamic stretching was selected as the primary intervention to investigate the effects of varying durations of dynamic stretching on the flexibility of the legs of male students majoring in sport dance, with a particular focus on the underlying biomechanical mechanisms. Method: The subjects were 40 male first- and second-year students majoring in physical education dance at Yichun College, randomly assigned to one of four groups of 10 students each. The methodology comprised a dynamic stretching warm-up and quality training prior to the commencement of regular sports dance teaching, after which the basic teaching session was initiated. The study employed SPSS 22.0 software to conduct a T-test to analyze the effects of different stretching durations on flexibility. SPSS 22.0 software was utilized to perform a T-test. Biomechanical parameters such as muscle fiber recruitment patterns, joint range of motion, and force generation during stretching were also measured and analyzed. Results: (1) Dynamic stretching in warm-ups and training can boost lower limb flexibility. Biomechanically, this is attributed to the activation of specific muscle groups and the modulation of connective tissue properties. A significant difference observed between dominant and non-dominant limbs, which may be related to differences in neuromuscular control and muscle fiber composition. (2) A 20-minute stretch in warm-ups and a 30-minute stretch in training were best for flexibility, showing a more pronounced effect on the dominant side. This could be due to the dominant limb's greater ability to generate force and adapt to biomechanical stress, as well as its more efficient neuromuscular coordination. (3) The right side, which corresponds to the dominant limb in most subjects, improved more than the left with dynamic stretching. This could be attributed to the greater neural activation and muscle recruitment efficiency, which are key biomechanical factors in the stretching response. (4) Although dynamic stretching is slower than static stretching in enhancing flexibility, consistent sessions exceeding 20 minutes can still yield positive results for both limbs though the dominant limb may benefit more initially., likely due to its pre-existing biomechanical advantages and more refined neuromuscular pathways. Conclusion: Dynamic stretching effectively improves lower limb flexibility, though more slowly than static stretching. Regular sessions over 20 min, especially 20-minute warm-ups and 30-minute training, can notably enhance flexibility, with a significant impact on the dominant limb, suggesting that while non-dominant limbs also benefit, the dominant limb may require less time to achieve similar flexibility improvements due to its inherent biomechanical and neuromuscular characteristics.

An analysis of knowledge, attitudes, practice and influencing factors for tuberculosis prevention and control among Hainan University students

ObjectiveTo assess the current status of knowledge, attitude, and practice pertaining to tuberculosis prevention among college students in Hainan Province, China, and to identify influential factors. The findings of this study are intended to provide valuable insights for the development and implementation of effective health education programs aimed at tuberculosis prevention and control.MethodsA convenient sampling method was employed to conduct a questionnaire-based survey among college students at a university in Hainan Province using the Wenjuanxing platform from January to February 2023. The survey evaluated students’ general information and their knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding tuberculosis prevention and control. The scores of correct knowledge, attitude, and practice were compared based on students’ demographic characteristics. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine the influencing factors of students’ knowledge, attitude, and practice related to tuberculosis prevention and control.ResultsA total of 280 questionnaires were distributed, of which 265 valid responses were collected, resulting in a valid response rate of 94.6%. The study found that medical students exhibited higher levels of correct knowledge, attitude, and practice compared to non-medical students (5.92 vs. 5.17, 3.17 vs. 2.57, 3.48 vs. 2.78, respectively). Moreover, students who had received tuberculosis education had higher correct scores compared to those who had not (5.92 vs. 5.31, 3.08 vs. 2.65, 3.31 vs. 2.93, respectively). Additionally, students in higher grades demonstrated higher scores in attitude. Three variables were found to influence students’ knowledge, attitude, and practice related to tuberculosis prevention and control, accounting for 33.4% of the explanatory power (F = 11.930; p < 0.001). Grade, major, and whether they had received tuberculosis education included.ConclusionThe study revealed a generally poor level of awareness among college students regarding tuberculosis prevention and control knowledge and the importance of regular physical exercise. Grade, major, and whether students had received tuberculosis education were identified as influencing factors. These factors should be prioritized in university tuberculosis education programs. Moreover, the implementation of physical education in schools is crucial in promoting students’ health.

Quintessence of the new guidelines on physical training and fracture prophylaxis

The guidelines on physiotherapy and exercise for osteoporosis from 2008 have recently been extensively revised on the basis of new scientific findings and possible applications. The S3guidelines have not yet been approved by consensus and the planned completion date (Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany, AWMF online, registry number 183-002) is autumn 2024. Based on the publication in Issue3 Osteology (August 2023), key points of the guidelines on physical training and fracture prophylaxis are summarized in abridged form. These are practice-oriented, evidence-based recommendations for optimal training for fracture prevention.

The influence of french gymnastics on brazilian physical education: scope of fencing

This article aims to reflect on reasons why the fencing to be included in the curriculum of the School of Physical Education and Sports of Paraná. For this, the School of Physical Education and Sports of Paraná, sent to the Division of Physical Education of the National Department of Education, which are archived at the Center for Memory, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraná Annual Reports were analyzed. Concluding that factors related to the method gymnastic Frances responsible for the inclusion of the sport in the curriculum of the School of Physical Education and Sports of Paraná.

Human or Machine? A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence-Generated Writing Detection in Personal Statements.

This study examines the ability of human readers, recurrence quantification analysis (RQA), and an online artificial intelligence (AI) detection tool (GPTZero) to distinguish between AI-generated and human-written personal statements in physical therapist education program applications. The emergence of large language models such as ChatGPT and Google Gemini has raised concerns about the authenticity of personal statements. Previous studies have reported varying degrees of success in detecting AI-generated text. Data were collected from 50 randomly selected nonmatriculated individuals who applied to the Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences Doctor of Physical Therapy Program during the 2021-2022 application cycle. Fifty personal statements from applicants were pooled with 50 Google Gemini-generated statements, then analyzed by 2 individuals, RQA, and GPTZero. RQA provided quantitative measures of lexical sophistication, whereas GPTZero used advanced machine learning algorithms to quantify AI-specific text characteristics. Human raters demonstrated high agreement (κ = 0.92) and accuracy (97% and 99%). RQA parameters, particularly recurrence and max line, differentiated human- from AI-generated statements (areas under receiver operating characteristic [ROC] curve = 0.768 and 0.859, respectively). GPTZero parameters including simplicity, perplexity, and readability also differentiated human- from AI-generated statements (areas under ROC curve > 0.875). The study reveals that human raters, RQA, and GPTZero offer varying levels of accuracy in differentiating human-written from AI-generated personal statements. The findings could have important implications in academic admissions processes, where distinguishing between human- and AI-generated submissions is becoming increasingly important. Future research should explore integrating these methods to enhance the robustness and reliability of personal statement content evaluation across various domains. Three strategies for managing AI's role in applications-for applicants, governing organizations, and academic institutions-are provided to promote integrity and accountability in admission processes.

Development of an Active Play Learning Model to Promote Executive Functions for Elementary School Students

In this study, we aimed to develop an active play learning model to enhance cognitive thinking skills in elementary school students. We employed a qualitative research methodology, targeting health and physical education teachers from schools in Suphan Buri Province in Thailand. We collected data through individual surveys and in-depth interviews and performed data synthesis using documents and focus groups to guide the model’s development. The research findings revealed that teachers have a moderate understanding of cognitive thinking skills and the active play learning model. Although sports activities are regularly incorporated into lessons, they are not done so effectively enough to develop cognitive thinking skills. However, teachers recognize the importance of organizing activities to help students develop social skills through play. Therefore, we recommended additional training to enhance the active play learning model’s knowledge and understanding and ensure its effective implementation in teaching and learning. Based on data synthesis, we focused on three key areas: working memory skills, inhibitory control and reflective thinking skills, and cognitive flexibility skills. We utilized a variety of games and activities, such as rock-paper-scissors, imaginative block games, and treasure hunts using maps, to stimulate skill development in each area.

The Model of Sports Talent Management in the Field of Track and Fields in the Schools of Iraq

The general purpose of this research is to develop a model for managing sports talents in the field of track and field in Iraqi schools. The current research method was qualitative. Which was used to build the conceptual model of the research based on the theory of Glasser Ground. The research community consists of professors and faculty members in the faculties of physical education and sports sciences, the president and vice presidents of the Athletics Federation, former track and field players and coaches working in Iraq and some athletes in the national team, after interviewing 20 people, the researcher noticed that the results were repetitive, so to ensure the similarity of the results, 3 new interviews were conducted and according to the results, thus the theoretical saturation was determined through 22 interviews. Based on the results of the qualitative data analysis obtained from the interview, the presentation of the final model of the research consists of: organizing the training system, coordinating track and field leaders, developing talents and physiological dimensions. Indicators before identifying talents The recruitment process and training of professional coaches with talent identification and improving the quality and quantity of sports and sports spaces, talent maintenance, and supporting research projects in terms of effective indicators after identifying talents

The physical education curriculum in alternative provision schools in England: A Gramscian critique

AbstractCurriculum is at the heart of education. It has been said that a broad and balanced physical education curriculum can contribute to young people developing socially, cognitively, affectively, and physically. As such, in this article, we draw on Antonio Gramsci's ideas of culture, power, and ideology to explore the physical education curriculum in alternative provision schools in England. We did this by generating qualitative data using semi‐structured interviews with 13 physical education practitioners working in 13 different alternative provision schools. Interviews were audio recorded, and audio recordings were transcribed verbatim, before being subjected to reflexive thematic analysis. The themes generated through these analytical processes were (1) Physical education curriculum should be tailored to the needs and preferences of pupils; (2) The National Curriculum, national qualifications, assessment arrangements and Ofsted inspection expectations influence curriculum decisions; and (3) Group sizes influence the physical education curriculum. We end this article by encouraging physical education and/or curriculum scholars to learn more about alternative provision settings because, at present, there is a dearth of research‐informed knowledge about them despite them becoming a much more prominent feature of the education landscape in England.

From ideation to real context of use of a digital solution to promote physical and cognitive training for older adults

This study describes the process of designing and developing the user interface of a digital solution aiming to promote physical and cognitive training (DanceMove) and testing for its usability by community-dwelling older adults. This study is subdivided into four phases: (i) concept and ideation, (ii) design and development of the prototype, (iii) testing of the functional mock-ups, and (iv) testing of the prototype in the laboratory and in the real context of use. Through the different phases of the study technological and healthcare professionals and users were involved. The testing of the prototype included a usability assessment at the laboratory with 14 older adults and a four-week feasibility assessment with five older adults using the digital solution at their homes. The results indicated that the digital solution was well-suited for older adults, with high levels of acceptance, self-reported usability, and satisfaction. The four-week usage evaluation demonstrated that using the digital solution at home was feasible, had good levels of usability and acceptance, and was found to be pleasant by older adults using it at home. The study shows the design and prototyping process that enabled the development of DanceMove, a digital solution tailored to the needs and expectations of end users. The high usability, acceptance, and feasibility indicate that DanceMove can be used at home, for promoting physical and cognitive training.

The Impact of Exercise Play on the Biomechanical Characteristics of Single-Leg Jumping in 5- to 6-Year-Old Preschool Children

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week self-designed exercise game intervention on the kinematic and kinetic data of the supporting leg in preschool children during the single-leg jump. Methods: Thirty 5- to 6-year-old preschool children were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). The BTS SMART DX motion capture analysis system was used to collect single-leg jump data before the intervention. The experimental group underwent a 12-week intervention, with self-designed exercise games conducted three times a week for 30 min each session, while the control group only participated in regular kindergarten recess activities and physical education classes. After the intervention, the same equipment was used to collect single-leg jump data again, and the kinematic and kinetic data were analyzed using Anybody 7.4 simulation software. Results: After the intervention, the experimental group showed significant changes in joint angles and joint torques, with a notable increase in the force exerted by dominant muscles such as the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and gastrocnemius and a significant increase in the ground reaction force. Although the control group also showed some changes in the dominant muscles, the changes were not as significant as those in the experimental group. Conclusions: A 12-week exercise game intervention significantly improved the technique and force characteristics of 5- to 6-year-old preschool children during the single-leg jump, making muscle exertion more focused and efficient and effectively enhancing explosive power and performance during the single-leg jump.

Exploring the Impact of Virtual Reality Coaching on Students with Learning Disabilities in Physical Education: a Pilot Mixed-Methods Study

Exploring the Impact of Virtual Reality Coaching on Students with Learning Disabilities in Physical Education: a Pilot Mixed-Methods Study

‘I knew I was worth more’: Black and Latine pre-service PE teachers’ borderland dwellings and crossings

ABSTRACT Dominant white discourse embedded within physical education (PE) teacher education creates metaphorical borders of whiteness that pre-service PE Teachers of Color come “up against” at predominantly white institutions. Borderland theory is useful to examine the experiences of pre-service Teachers of Color who dwell at, and cross, borders of “difference.” The study explored 10 Black and Latine pre-service teachers’ negotiations of white borders within predominantly white programs. We employed qualitative visual narrative methods using borderland’s trenza (braid), weaving together interviews, visuals, and researcher reflections. The stories evidence how whiteness established borders for participants to “cross,” constructing them as “other.” The duality of marginalization and empowerment represented a borderland location; the pre-service teachers were neither insiders nor outsiders but rather “co-existed” in multiple worlds. The braided landscapes of participants’ cultural critical consciousness highlight the need for culturally relevant pedagogies, along with introspective reflection by PE faculty on embodied, discursive, and material whiteness..

Relationship between motivational climate, anxiety and average mark in pre-service physical education teachers: a cross-sectional study based on structural equation modelling approach

BackgroundMotivation is a variable that directly influences task orientation. Within the motivational sphere, the motivational climate determines whether a task is performed with an intrinsic or extrinsic.PurposeIt has been observed that depending on motivational orientations, anxiety levels and task performance can be increased. Likewise, there are differences in interests depending on the gender of individuals.MethodsThis research aims (a) To elaborate and adjust a theoretical model of the causal relationship of motivational climate on anxiety and academic performance and (b) To analyse the causal relationship between the motivational climate on anxiety and the average mark of the participants. Regarding the design, a comparative, cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out on a sample of 558 trainee physical education teachers. The sample for this study is from southern Spain. Likewise, the branch of study of the sample is related to university degrees in education sciences and physical activity and sport sciences. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport-2 and an ad hoc socio-demographic questionnaire were used to collect the data.ResultsIt is observed that the male sex presents a greater causal relationship of task climate (β=−0.259; p ≤ 0.05) and ego climate (β = 0.324; p ≤ 0.001) on anxiety. A stronger causal relationship of task climate (β = 0.340; p ≤ 0.001) and ego climate (β = 0.241; p ≤ 0.05) on mean score is also observed for the male population. The sample presents a negative causal relationship of anxiety on the average mark. This is higher for the male population (β=−0.126).ConclusionsMale students show a greater causal effect of motivational climate on anxiety and grade point average. Likewise, the causal relationship of task climate on the development of anxiety is negative for the study sample. In contrast, the ego climate exerts a positive causal relationship on the development of anxiety.

The Effects of Rope Skipping Exercises of Different Modes on Physical Fitness, Attention, and Working Memory in Children Aged 9–10

Purpose: The study aimed to compare the effects of high-intensity interval rope skipping (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous rope skipping (MICT) on the physical fitness, attention, and working memory of primary school students, providing a basis for selecting appropriate rope skipping exercises. Methods: A total of 63 fourth-grade students (aged 9–10) from a primary school were selected as participants. After matching by gender, they were randomly divided into a HIIT group, an MICT group, and a control group. The control group maintained normal activities such as school physical education and recess activities. In addition to these regular activities, the HIIT and MICT groups performed rope skipping exercises for 8 consecutive weeks (5 times per week). The HIIT group performed single-under fast skipping with both feet for 1 min followed by 1 min of rest, repeating for 5 sets, with an intensity ≥85% of maximum heart rate. The MICT group performed single-under moderate-speed skipping with both feet continuously for 5 mins at an intensity of 60%–80% of maximum heart rate. Attention Network Test (ANT), Digit Span Test (DST), and physical fitness tests (spirometry test, 50 m run, standing long jump, 50 m × 4 round trips, 1 min rope skipping) were conducted one day before and one day after the intervention. Results: After the intervention, both the HIIT and MICT groups showed significant improvements in 1 min skipping performance, with the HIIT group achieving greater improvement than the MICT group. The HIIT group also demonstrated significant improvement in 50 m × 4 round trips speed. In the ANT test, the HIIT group showed an increase in orienting network reaction time and a decrease in executive control network reaction time, while accuracy remained unchanged. In the DST, both the HIIT and MICT groups exhibited significant increases in DST forward scores (DST- F) and total scores. Conclusion: Both high-intensity interval and moderate-intensity continuous rope skipping exercises can improve 1-min skipping performance and work- ing memory in 9–10-year-old children. Additionally, high intensity interval rope skipping can further enhance endurance, orienting network efficiency, and executive control network efficiency, with greater improvement in 1-min skipping performance compared to moderate-intensity continuous rope skipping.