GW Of Power Research Articles

District wise agriculture biomass resource assessment for power generation: A case study from an Indian state, Punjab

Abstract Being an agriculture rich state, Punjab has huge potential of biomass resource availability in the form of crop residues. Around 40.142 Mt y −1 of the total crop residue is generated from various major and minor crops, of which around 71% is consumed in various forms, resulting in 29% as a net surplus available for power generation. Basic surplus and net surplus crop residues for power generation potential were estimated in each district. Sangrur, Ferozpur, Amritsar, Patiala and Ludhiana are the major surplus biomass potential districts, while Rupnagar, Nawashahar, Hoshiarpur, Fatehgarh Sahib, Faridkot and Kapurthalla are least surplus biomass potential districts within the state. It has been estimated that around 1.510 GW and 1.464 GW of power in the state can be generated through basic surplus and net surplus biomass respectively. Besides, the seasonal availability, present usage pattern and costing of important crop residues are also estimated in each district of the state.

Wind on the Lakes

S wind power must go where the wind is, much attention so far in the United States has focused on the Great Plains. But the nation’s highest winds are not on the Plains; they are over shallow waters all around the coast and on the Great Lakes. There is currently no operating offshore U.S. wind farm. But the technology is proven. By the end of 2009, 2 GW of power was being generated by offshore wind worldwide, largely in Denmark. This is predicted to increase to approximately 20 GW by 2015 and to 100 GW by 2025. China, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and the United Kingdom have also built offshore wind turbines, and several manufacturers now sell turbines specifi cally for this market. Although some plans for U.S. marine coastal wind power are close to being realized, using this technology in the Great Lakes has not yet been afforded the attention it is due. With technical, legal, and environmental challenges still blocking the way, it is not clear that this will change soon. But the arguments in favor are becoming harder to ignore.

Multiterawatt Ti:Sapphire/KrF laser GARPUN-MTW as a test bench facility for verification of combined amplification of nanosecond and subpicosecond pulses

The possibility of the same large-aperture KrF laser driver to amplify simultaneously both nanosecond pulses for thermonuclear target implosion and picosecond ones for fuel ignition is discussed relative to KrF-based Fusion Test Facility. In this way experiments were performed at hybrid Ti:Sapphire/KrF GARPUN-MTW facility on amplification of subpicosecond pulses. 2-TW, 330-fs pulses were produced with beam divergence 20 μrad in direct double-pass amplification scheme. Peak power as high as 30–40 TW can be achieved in 50-fs pulses, being combined with long pulses (of a few ns to 100 ns) of ∼1 GW power.

Two-bunch self-seeding for narrow-bandwidth hard x-ray free-electron lasers

It is well known that seeding can be used to produce narrow-bandwidth and fully coherent x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). Self-seeding, which uses an extra undulator to generate the seed pulse, is perhaps one of the most promising methods to accomplish this. In the hard x-ray regime with high-energy electrons, this method requires a large magnetic chicane to match the path-length delay of the x-ray monochromator that selects a narrow bandwidth of radiation. Such a chicane not only takes a large footprint to build, but also may degrade the electron-beam qualities through incoherent and coherent synchrotron radiation. In this paper, we present an alternative two-bunch self-seeding scheme. The two bunches are precisely separated to match the x-ray delay of the monochromator and eliminate the need for a long, complex magnetic chicane. The spectrally filtered self-amplified spontaneous emission x-ray pulse produced by the first bunch is combined with the second electron bunch at the entrance of the second undulator and then amplified to the saturation level. We present start-to-end simulation results based on the linac coherent light source hard x-ray FEL and show that this method can produce a nearly fully coherent x-ray pulse at a few GW power level.

Wireless Electrical Power Transmission

Sandip B. Shrote E & Tc Deptt. SGREFS, COEM, Ahmednagar Vrushali P. Wani Elex Deptt SGREFS, COEM Ahmednagar This technology power can be transferred through this free space by microwave. The wireless power transmission by focus the electromagnetic beam of microwave or laser radiation is most modern type of power engineering for different places in terrestrial application and present type there is a great number of such application and one of the most interesting and important application is related to global ground rescue system. Recent increases in population and the efforts to increase the quality of life have put a stress on global resources and have been accompanied by major environmental problems. A prime example is global warming caused by the burning of fossil fuels in both the developed and rapidly developing countries. As an effort toward the solution of this problem, the Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1998. The protocol came into effect in February of 2005 and requires most of the developed nations to substantially reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This must take effect between 2008 and 2012. The Solar Power Satellite (SPS) offers the potential of an electrical power source that is available 24 hours a day and is essentially free of CO2 emission. The satellite occupies a geostationary orbit. It collects solar energy in space, converts it to electrical energy which is transmitted to the ground using microwaves. Researchers in the United States, Japan and Europe have conducted research on SPS, proposing a range of systems. A typical SPS system would generate 1 GW of power which would be transmitted to the ground at gigahertz frequencies. In such a system, the solar energy is converted to direct currents by the solar cells and the direct currents in turn are used to power microwave generators. The generators feed a highly directive satellite-borne antenna which beams the energy to the ground. The system would use a phased-array transmitting antenna with a large number of antenna elements and a diameter of the order of 1-2 km. On the ground a rectifying antenna (rectenna) converts the microwave energy from the satellite to direct current, which after suitable processing, is fed to the terrestrial power grid. The full text of the article is not available in the cache. Kindly refer the IJCA digital library at www.ijcaonline.org for the complete article. In case, you face problems while downloading the full-text, please send a mail to editor at editor@ijcaonline.org

Transatlantic Freshwater Aqueduct

This paper offers a technical and geopolitical reappraisal of a macro-engineering proposal to plumb Earth’s freshwater, siphoning some of it from a region of surplus (Amazon River Basin) to a region of shortage (arid northern Africa) via his positively buoyant (subsurface floating) seabed-anchored Transatlantic Freshwater Aqueduct. Two different routes for the pipeline, of length 4,317 and 3,745 km, respectively, have been considered. Pipe diameters larger than 60 m are necessary for “reasonable” low pumping power (i.e., less than 20 GW). Using a bundle of smaller size pipes instead of a larger single pipe might overcome technical difficulties but the advantage of simplifying the construction technology might be exceeded by the disadvantage of consuming more power in operation. To keep the number of pumping stations reasonably small (i.e. fewer than 20) a single pipe of diameter higher than 30 m (or bundles of smaller diameter pipes) is required. The Atlantic Ocean currents may be used to provide the necessary power for pumps. The available power possibly provided by the North Brazil Current ranges between 2 and 9 GW. The North Equatorial Current may provide less than 0.3 GW power while the North Equatorial Counter Current provides the largest power availability, ranging between 2 and about 100 GW. A rough cost estimate of the project is about 20,600 GUSD and 18,400 GUSD, respectively, for two pipeline routes.

Fusion

Fusion works. It powers the Sun and the other stars, and the Joint European Torus (JET) at Culham in the UK has produced 16 MW of fusion power. Fusion has many potential advantages, including essentially limitless fuel, no carbon dioxide or other emissions, and intrinsic safety. Recent progress has been good and the outlook is promising. Several steps are needed before a prototype (demonstration) power station (‘DEMO’) can be brought into operation. These steps are: (1) build a power-station-size experimental device (an international tokamak experimental reactor (ITER)) and a materials test facility (i.e. an international fusion materials irradiation facility (IFMIF)), which will take 10 years; (2) run these facilities and incorporate the results into the design of DEMO—up to a further 10 years; and (3) build DEMO—up to another 10 years. DEMO could therefore be in operation within 30 years. Fusion power could follow on a significant scale, 10 or more 1.5 GW power stations, before the middle of this century. In the second part of the century, fusion could power large centres of population and perhaps be used to produce hydrogen fuel. Meeting growing energy demand (primarily driven by needs in developing countries) while reducing carbon emissions is a large and growing challenge. A portfolio approach is needed—there is no magic bullet. Given fusion's potential, it is essential that it is developed as rapidly as is reasonably possible (even if success is not 100% certain) as one of very few options available for large-scale production of base-load power.

Assessment of tidal current energy in the Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy

The tidal power available for electricity generation from in-stream turbines placed in the Minas Passage of the Bay of Fundy is examined. A previously derived theory is adapted to model the effect of turbine drag on the flow through the Minas Passage and the tidal amplitude in the Minas Basin. The theoretical maximum power production over a tidal cycle is determined by the product of the amplitude of the forcing tide in the Bay of Fundy and the undisturbed volumetric flowrate through the Minas Passage. Although the extraction of the maximum power will reduce the flowrate through the Minas Passage and the tides in the Minas Basin by over 30 per cent, a significant portion of the maximum power can be extracted with little change in tidal amplitude as the initial power generation causes only an increase in the phase lag of the basin tides. Two-dimensional, finite-element, numerical simulations of the Bay of Fundy—Gulf of Maine system agree remarkably well with the theory. The simulations suggest that a maximum of 7 GW of power can be extracted by turbines. They also show that any power extraction in the Minas Passage pushes the Bay of Fundy—Gulf of Maine system closer to resonance with the forcing tides, resulting in increased tidal amplitudes throughout the Gulf of Maine. Although extracting the maximum power produces significant changes, 2.5 GW of power can be extracted with a maximum 5 per cent change in the tidal amplitude at any location. Finally, the simulations suggest that a single turbine fence across the Minas Passage can extract the same power as turbines throughout the passage but that partial turbine fences are less efficient.

The Potential of Tidal Power from the Bay of Fundy

Large tidal currents exist in the Minas Passage, which connects the Minas Basin to the Bay of Fundy off the north-western coast of Nova Scotia. The strong currents through this deep, narrow channel make it a promising location for the generation of electrical power using in-stream turbines. Using a finite-volume numerical model, the high tidal amplitudes throughout the Bay of Fundy are simulated within a root mean square difference of 8 cm in amplitude and 3.1◦ in phase. The bottom friction in the Minas Passage is then increased to simulate the presence of turbines and an estimate of the extractable power is made. The simulations suggest that up to 6.9 GW of power can be extracted; however, as a result, the system is pushed closer to resonance which causes an increase in tidal amplitude of over 15% along the coast of Maine and Massachusetts. The tides in the Minas Basin will also experience a decrease of 30% in amplitude if the maximum power is extracted. Such large changes can have harmful environmental impacts; however, the simulations also indicate that up to 2.5 GW of power can be extracted with less than a 6% change in the tides throughout the region. According to Nova Scotia Energy, 2.5 GW can power over 800,000 homes.

Cyclotron-Resonance Maser Driven by Magnetic Compression of Rarefied Plasma

Conditions are found at which adiabatic magnetic compression of plasma confined in a mirror magnetic trap is accompanied by the accumulation of significant energy in a hot anisotropic electron tail with the subsequent release of this energy as a pulse of coherent electromagnetic radiation. The possibilities of creating THz radiation sources up to the GW power level are discussed.

EDITORIAL - Power Modulators and Repetitive Pulsed Power

Plasma breakdown at dielectric windows in the output of high power microwave systems has become an important challenge with the advent of GW power level sources. The modeling and simulations have played a crucial role in understanding the physics of plasma breakdown. In this work, we report a number of recent advances which have significantly improved understanding of the physics of vacuum multipactors, gaseous discharges driven by microwaves, and the transition from one regime to the other by varying the gas pressure.

Axisymmetric simulations of magnetorotational core collapse: approximate inclusion of general relativistic effects

We continue our investigations of the magnetorotational collapse of stellar cores by discussing simulations performed with a modified Newtonian gravitational potential that mimics general relativistic effects. The approximate TOV gravitational potential used in our simulations captures several basic features of fully relativistic simulations quite well. In particular, it is able to correctly reproduce the behavior of models that show a qualitative change both of the dynamics and the gravitational wave signal when switching from Newtonian to fully relativistic simulations. For models where the dynamics and gravitational wave signals are already captured qualitatively correctly by a Newtonian potential, the results of the Newtonian and the approximate TOV models differ quantitatively. The collapse proceeds to higher densities with the approximate TOV potential, allowing for a more efficient amplification of the magnetic field by differential rotation. The strength of the saturation fields (∼10 15 G at the surface of the inner core) is a factor of two to three higher than in Newtonian gravity. Due to the more efficient field amplification, the influence of magnetic fields is considerably more pronounced than in the Newtonian case for some of the models. As in the Newtonian case, sufficiently strong magnetic fields slow down the core’s rotation and trigger a secular contraction phase to higher densities. More clearly than in Newtonian models, the collapsed cores of these models exhibit two different kinds of shock generation. Due to magnetic braking, a first shock wave created during the initial centrifugal bounce at subnuclear densities does not suffice for ejecting any mass, and the temporarily stabilized core continues to collapse to supranuclear densities. Another stronger shock wave is generated during the second bounce as the core exceeds nuclear matter density. The gravitational wave signal of these models does not fit into the standard classification. Therefore, in the first paper of this series we introduced a new type of gravitational wave signal, which we call type IV or “magnetic type”. This signal type is more frequent for the approximate relativistic potential than for the Newtonian one. Most of our weak-field models are marginally detectable with the current LIGO interferometer for a source located at a distance of 10 kpc. Strongly magnetized models emit a substantial fraction of their GW power at very low frequencies. A flat spectrum between 10 Hz and <100 kHz denotes the generation of a jet-like hydromagnetic outflow.

Organisational change through management development: A case study of GW Power Utilities

This case outlines a study in which a blended learning process involving the development of managers was tightly coupled to organisational change and development objectives. It discusses how a research and consulting team came together to develop highly reflexive pedagogy to support the work of organisational change teams (termed ‘learning sets’). These learning sets had as their objective, to become catalysts of organisational change and performance improvement within a large organisation. In order to structure the discourse amongst learning set members, a range of constructs were provided to them. Central to these constructs was a form of process modelling (termed ‘models of teleological human process’), which were used and applied by the learning sets, and provided a ‘basis for a discourse’ about problematic organisational issues and how to change them. The learning sets were operationalised over a three-month period, supported by an e-learning technology infrastructure, and facilitated by learning set advisers. The process, methods and outcomes are outlined in this paper.

First operation of a free-electron laser generating GW power radiation at 32 nm wavelength

Many scientific disciplines ranging from physics, chemistry and biology to material sciences, geophysics and medical diagnostics need a powerful X-ray source with pulse lengths in the femtosecond range [1-4]. This would allow, for example, time-resolved observation of chemical reactions with atomic resolution. Such radiation of extreme intensity, and tunable over a wide range of wavelengths, can be accomplished using high-gain free-electron lasers (FEL) [5-10]. Here we present results of the first successful operation of an FEL at a wavelength of 32 nm, with ultra-short pulses (25 fs FWHM), a peak power at the Gigawatt level, and a high degree of transverse and longitudinal coherence. The experimental data are in full agreement with theory. This is the shortest wavelength achieved with an FEL to date and an important milestone towards a user facility designed for wavelengths down to 6 nm. With a peak brilliance exceeding the state-of-the-art of synchrotron radiation sources [4] by seven orders of magnitude, this device opens a new field of experiments, and it paves the way towards sources with even shorter wavelengths, such as the Linac Coherent Light Source [3] at Stanford, USA, and the European X-ray Free Electron Laser Facility [4] in Hamburg, Germany.

Detection of Antineutrinos for Nonproliferation

The feasibility of using the detection of electron antineutrinos produced in fission to monitor the time dependence of the plutonium content of nuclear power reactors is discussed. If practical, such a scheme would allow worldwide, automated monitoring of reactors and, thereby, the detection of certain proliferation scenarios. For GW(electric) power reactors, the count rates and the sensitivity of the antineutrino spectrum (to the core burnup) suggest that monitoring of the gross operational status of the reactor from outside the containment vessel is feasible. As the plutonium content builds up in a given burn cycle, the total number of antineutrinos steadily drops; and this variation is quite detectable, assuming fixed reactor power. The average antineutrino energy also steadily drops, and a measurement of this variation would be very useful to help offset uncertainties in the total reactor power. However, the expected change in the antineutrino signal from the diversion of a significant quantity of plutonium, which would typically require the diversion of as little as a single fuel assembly in a GW(electric) reactor, would be very difficult to detect.

Applied CAD and ANFIS to the Chinese Braille display optimization

In this paper, a new type of Chinese Braille display (CBD) has been invented by the combined use of computer aided design (CAD) and adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The new type of CBD can offer more powerful actuating force from 15 to 30 gw and lower power voltage from 6 to 4.5 V than the older type of CBD after the bunt mechanism and magnetic mechanism were redesigned. Not only did the study focus on the design process of the new CBD to establish system model using CAD, but also the physical design parameters were optimized by an inverse prediction technique using ANFIS. Besides, the study also solved the noise of fans and the thermal failure of Braille cells, and proved the new CBD could still work in safe even if the cooling system broke down by experiment.

Mapping low‐mode internal tides near Hawaii using TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data

Objective maps of M2 internal‐tide variability are derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data obtained near the Hawaiian Ridge. An estimate of the wavenumber spectrum shows that the radiation is dominated by a few spectral peaks at wavenumbers consistent with the theoretically expected value for mode‐1 internal tides. The data are not always consistent with the traveling wave model. Because the spacing of the altimeter tracks is larger than the internal‐tide wavelength, the objective map underestimates the energy between the altimeter tracks. With this caveat, the maps are used to determine that 2.6 GW of power is radiated from a 1700 km section of the Hawaiian Ridge. Time series of hydrographic data obtained at the HOT site north of Oahu, Hawaii show that changes in mode‐1 phase speed, caused by variations in stratification, have only a small effect on the propagation of the mode‐1 internal tides.

Magnetic treatment of industrial water. Silica activation

The paper presents two large-scale observations of magnetic treatment of industrial water, aimed at investigating changes in the formation of deposits. First, a four-month experiment is described with two identical 25 kW heat exchangers, where in one case the inlet water was treated by a magneto-hydrodynamic method. Deposits recovered from both exchangers were analyzed chemically, by X-ray diraction, infrared spectroscopy and PIXE. The amount of deposit for untreated water, composed mostly of calcite, increased exponentially with temperature reaching 20 g/m of tube at the warm end of the heat exchanger. The mass of the deposit for magnetically treated water did not depend on temperature and was only ca. 0.5 g/m of tube. It was composed of mainly noncrystalline silica-rich material. Further results were obtained from the practical installation at three blocks of a 1 GW power plant. The soft, amorphous deposit for magnetically treated water had a specic surface area of 80 m 2 /g and an infrared spectrum similar to that of a silicate hydrogel. Therefore, it appeared that, as a result of the passage through the magnetic device, crystallization of carbonates in water was blocked due to initiation of another, competitive process. This process is the activation of the colloidal silica, which will adsorb calcium, magnesium or other metal ions and then precipitate from the solution as the coagulated agglomerate. The most probable mechanism responsible for silica activation is a Lorentz-force induced deformation of the diuse layer leading to the increased counterion concentration in the adsorption layer of the negatively charged silica. PACS. 85.70.-w Magnetic devices { 82.70.Dd Colloids { 33.20.Ea Infrared spectra

Beam dynamics studies for the relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator experiment

Two-beam accelerators (TBAs) have been proposed as efficient power sources for next generation high-energy linear colliders. Studies have demonstrated the possibility of building TBAs from $X$-band $\(\ensuremath{\sim}8--12\mathrm{GHz}\)$ through Ka-band $\(\ensuremath{\sim}30--35\mathrm{GHz}\)$ frequency regions. The relativistic klystron two-beam accelerator project, whose aim is to study TBAs based upon extended relativistic klystrons, is described, and a new simulation code is used to design the latter portions of the experiment. Detailed, self-consistent calculations of the beam dynamics and of the rf cavity output are presented and discussed together with a beam line design that will generate nearly 1.2 GW of power from 40 rf cavities over a 10 m distance. The simulations show that beam current losses are acceptable and that longitudinal and transverse focusing techniques are sufficiently capable of maintaining a high degree of beam quality along the entire beam line.

Application of pulsed HV discharges to material fragmentation and recycling

The physical basis of electric impulse fragmentation and its applications to the recycling of composite materials are reviewed. The method is based on the initiation of a pulsed electric discharge inside the solid dielectric material. With pulse amplitudes of /spl sim/300 kV, material layers of /spl sim/2 cm can be punctured. Specific energy deposition, of /spl lsim/100 J/cm at a GW power level, leads to pressure buildup of /spl lsim/10/sup 10/ Pa in the discharge channel. Pressure waves and radially propagating cracks are launched into the solid body, which can lead to the separation of inclusions from the matrix or to detachment at material boundaries. To induce the discharge in the solid dielectric it must be immersed in a dielectric liquid with higher breakdown strength. Most applications use water, which has excellent breakdown strength at fast ramp rates and, due to its high permittivity, leads to field concentration in the solid dielectric. Electric impulse fragmentation is a clean physical method without any environmental burden and therefore well suited for recycling applications. In this paper we consider applications in the fields of demolition debris, incineration ashes, contaminated surface layers, electric appliances, glass, and elastoplastic materials. Finally, the economy and the scaling of the technique to large material throughput are discussed.