GW Of Capacity Research Articles

UJI EKSPERIMEN PENGARUH JUMLAH SUDU DAN DEBIT TERHADAP DAYA DAN EFISIENSI TURBIN AIR TIPE VORTEX

<p class="StyleAuthorBold"><em>The electrification ratio in Indonesia is currently still 87%. This means that there are still 8.5 million residents or the equivalent of 2500 villages that have not received electricity. Indonesia has a lot of potential for renewable energy such as water energy. 7 GW capacity from renewable energy, 66% of which comes from hydropower. The manufacture of pico-hydro scale power plants can be a cheap alternative. Pico-hydro can be applied to irrigation canals so that it can produce small-scale electrical energy. One type of water turbine that can be utilized is a vortex type water turbine. The study used experimental methods. The independent variables are variations in the number of blades 2, 4, and 6 and the distance between the blades and the outlet is 1 cm. The dependent variable of the research is the power and efficiency produced by the vortex water turbine. The data analysis technique in this study used quantitative descriptive analysis techniques. The basin used is a conical basin type with the upper diameter is 40 cm, the lower/oulet diameter is 6.5 cm, and the height is 32 cm. The water discharge in this test has 7 variations, that is 1,12 l/s, 1,26 l/s, 1,54 l/s, 1,68 l/s, 1,82 l/s, 1,96 l/s, and 2,11 l/s. This test produced the highest electrical output power of 9.66 Watts, at a total of 2 blades, the discharge is 1,86 l/s. At the number of blades 6 at a discharge of 1.96 l / d is the highest efficiency value of 6.3%.</em></p>

Assessment of Colombian renewable energy auctions policy: Enabler or barrier for concentrating solar power plants

Auctions are an alternative for introducing renewable energy (RE) projects into electricity markets at competitive prices. Colombia added 2.2 GW capacity of RE through this mechanism. Nevertheless, 94% of the awarded generation is allocated between 12 a.m. and 5 p.m. because of a lack of low-cost storage. Integrating concentrating solar power plants (CSP) could be relevant in tackling this issue. Therefore, a preliminary step is to determine if Colombian instruments benefit the deployment of CSP and trigger the discussion about its future in the country. In this work, we evaluate how auction mechanisms and fiscal incentives (FI) influence the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for two CSP configurations. The results indicate that FIs reduce capital expenditures between 17.11% and 19.45%, reaching similar LCOEs to those reported internationally. However, energy prices higher than USD 150/MWh are required to achieve an adequate IRR. Regarding the auction design, it is observed that a “security criterion” leads to a significant loss of competitiveness for CSP as it neglects its possibility to support demand at night. Policy suggestions are provided for a level playing field where low-cost solutions can coexist with dispatchable renewable power generation.

Assessing land resource planning for agrivoltaics development: Examining synergies approaches between government and farmers

In alignment with the global push for net zero emissions, solar energy stands out as a crucial renewable source. The International Energy Agency forecasts that by 2030, solar and wind energy will supply nearly half of the world's electricity, with solar energy growing at triple its current rate. Taiwan has set ambitious targets, aiming to achieve a solar panel capacity of 20 GW by 2025 and reaching 40–80 GW capacity as part of its goal for net zero emissions by 2050. However, this pursuit impacts limited land resources, particularly agricultural land and food security. This study delves into “Agrivoltaics,” a symbiotic solar-crop relationship, as a solution to balance energy development and agricultural needs in Taiwan. Using Taiwan as a case study, a bi-level programming model was developed, considering government subsidies and farmers' income. Challenges faced by the government in regional land planning were revealed, and recommendations for specific crop areas were made based on shading rates and land constraints. The study proposes a win-win situation, fostering cooperation between the government and farmers. Implementing solar panels on 10 %–30 % of available land can yield installation capacities from 12.87 GW to 39.27 GW, maintaining a 70 % harvest yield for crops and meeting objectives. This approach showcases the significant contribution of integrated solar energy to Taiwan's paddy field development, reducing net carbon emissions effectively.

Electrocatalysts for High Temperature (100-200 ºC) and Pressure (45 bar) Alkaline Electrolysis

Electrolytic hydrogen production is key in transitioning to a sustainable energy system, as it enables the production of sustainable fuels and chemicals from renewable electricity sources and a means to address their intermittent nature at the same time. Amongst the main electrolysis technologies, Alkaline Electrolysis (AE) is the most suitable for the hundreds of GW capacity that is required, as it relies only on abundant, low-cost materials, and has a proven record of reliability and scalability. However, AE suffers from poor efficiency and productivity. Increasing operating temperature and pressure offers a means to overcome this limitation [1, 2]. Nevertheless, electrodes with good long-term stability in the hot corrosive alkaline environment are required. Here, we report the performance of Co3O4 and NiMoOx coated nickel foam (NF) electrodes for the anode and cathode, respectively. The electrodes are tested from room temperature to 150 ºC at 45 bar pressure in 45 wt.% KOH. The Co3O4 coated NF (Co3O4/NF) anode performance is compared to that of commercial pristine NF and Inconel coated NF (Inconel/NF) electrodes. At room temperature the Inconel/NF electrode outperforms both the pristine NF as well as the Co3O4/NF electrodes. At 150 ºC and 45 bar pressure, the Co3O4/NF and Inconel/NF electrode perform quite similar. During the 108 h long-term stability test at 150 ºC and 45 bar, the Co3O4/NF electrode remains stable requiring an overpotential of ~185 mV at 500 mA.cm-2, whereas the overpotential of the Inconel/NF electrode increased from 178 mV to 209 mV after 84 h of operation at the same conditions. The structural and chemical evolution of these electrodes was explored by post-mortem scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in comparison to the fresh electrodes. The NiMoOx coated NF (NiMoOx/NF) cathode showed a low and stable overpotential (~130 mV) at the same conditions, similar to a precious metal coated nickel perforated plate electrode (~125 mV). References C. Chatzichristodoulou, F. Allebrod, and M. B. Mogensen, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, F3036–F3040 (2016).F. Allebrod, C. Chatzichristodoulou, and M. B. Mogensen, J. Power Sources, 229, 22–31 (2013).

Status and prospects of renewable hydrogen use in Ukraine: impact on industry and decarbonization pathways

Ukraine has tremendous potential for renewable energy production. With sources such as solar and wind, coupled with a strong industrial sector (primarily in metallurgy and chemical industry), Ukraine is well positioned to play a significant role in large-scale production of green hydrogen. This is particularly relevant today with the global shift towards green hydrogen production.Currently, Ukraine’s hydrogen production stands at approximately 360,000 t/year, which is primarily used for ammonia production. While this only accounts for 0.5% of the total global demand, with technological advancement and investment, Ukraine could significantly increase its hydrogen production capacity.Central European directives, in particular the European Commission’s “Energy System Integration. Hydrogen” and the “Green Hydrogen for a European Green Deal: A 2х40 GW Initiative”, identify Ukraine as a strategic partner in the development of renewable hydrogen. These strategic documents envision the construction of up to 10 GW of electrolysis capacities in Ukraine by 2030, intended for renewable hydrogen production. About 1.8 GW of this capacity is for the domestic market, primarily for the production of green ammonia, a critical commodity for the agro-industrial complex.Implementing these initiatives could significantly reduce Ukraine’s energy dependence on imported fuels and significantly reduce harmful emissions, in line with international efforts towards sustainable development. This transition could play a pivotal role in the decarbonization of Ukraine’s economy and contribute to its national energy security. However, realizing this requires significant advancement in hydrogen production technology and infrastructure.This includes infrastructure for efficient storage and transportation of hydrogen. Furthermore, it requires government policy support, namely investment incentives, research and development subsidies, and assistance in the infrastructure development. Thus, the prospects for the evolution of hydrogen economy in Ukraine are indeed attractive. The production of green ammonia is an important step in this direction. Under favourable conditions, it is possible to produce hydrogen for consumption both domestically and for export to European Union countries.

Impacts of battery energy storage technologies and renewable integration on the energy transition in the New York State

In light of current energy policies responding to rapid climate change, much attention has been directed to developing feasible approaches for transitioning energy production from fossil-based resources to renewable energy. Although existing studies analyze regional dispatch of renewable energy sources and capacity planning, they do not fully explore the impacts of the energy storage system technology's technical and economic characteristics on renewable energy integration and energy transition, and the importance of energy storage systems to the energy transition is currently ignored. To fill this gap, we propose an integrated optimal power flow and multiple criteria decision-making model to minimize system cost under operational constraints and evaluate the operational performance of renewable energy technologies with multidimensional criteria. The proposed method can identify the most critical features of energy storage system technologies to enhance renewable energy integration and achieve New York State's climate goals from 2025 to 2040. We discover that lead-acid battery requires an additional 38.66 GW capacity of renewable energy sources than lithium-ion battery to achieve the zero carbon dioxide emissions condition. Based on the cross-sensitivity analysis in the multidimensional evaluation, the vanadium redox flow battery performs the best, and the nickel-cadmium battery performs the worst when reaching the zero carbon dioxide emissions target in 2040. The results of the proposed model can also be conveniently generalized to select ESS technology based on the criteria preferences from RE integration and energy transition studies and serve as a reference for ESS configurations in future energy and power system planning.

Green energy through the LCOE indicator

Renewable energy development in Russia follows global trends with some delay. However, at the moment, a renewable energy production cluster has been formed, and the commissioning of 8.4 GW of capacity is planned until 2028, marking more than a twofold drop in capital expenditures under the power supply contracts program. The article calculated the LCOE indicator for three types of generation of wind farms, solar and small hydropower plants in 2021 based on the results of capacity selection at power supply contracts auctions, describes the primary factors and drivers of the decline in this indicator. Utilizing the chain substitution method, factors’ contribution to the change in the LCOE indicator in 2021 were calculated, which marked more than 105 % of the contribution of capital expenditures to the change in the indicator. Analysis of the last power supply contracts program revealed the Efficiency indicator of a renewable energy generating facility (analogue of LCOE) dropped to 0,023 $/kWh for wind projects due to increased competition in Russia. It is shown that Russia notes similar worldwide trends of new solar and wind generation price reduction.

Forecasting of non-renewable and renewable energy production in India using optimized discrete grey model.

Renewable energy delivers reliable power supplies and fuel diversification, enhancing energy security and lowering fuel spill risk. Renewable energy also helps conserve the nation's natural resources. Solar and other renewable energy sources have become increasingly prominent in recent years. India has achieved the 20 GW capacity solar energy production target before 2022. It is presently producing the lowest-cost solar power at the global level. Thermal energy has dominated the energy market. Countries have decided on energy generation from renewable sources and adopting green energy. This study forecasted non-renewable and renewable energy from multiple sources (hydropower, solar, wind and bioenergy) using grey forecasting model DGM (1,1,α). The comparative analyses with the classical models DGM (1,1) and EGM (1,1) revealed the superiority of the DGM (1,1,α). We also used CAGR for 2009-2019 to compare the actual and predicted data growth rate. The results show that non-renewable and renewable energy production is expected to increase. However, renewable energy generation wind sources continue to increase faster than hydropower, solar and bioenergy.

Will a Geopolitical Conflict Accelerate Energy Transition in Oil-Importing Countries? A Case Study of the Philippines from a Real Options Perspective

Geopolitical conflicts, involving a major player in the world market, affect the prices of oil and commodities, particularly in oil-importing countries. Consequently, the unprecedented changes in oil prices impact investments in energy transition projects. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of investment decisions in energy transition under uncertainties in geopolitical risks. This research applies the Black-Scholes-based real options valuation to value the flexibility in postponing energy transition investments considering the repercussions of the Russia-Ukraine war. Applying the proposed model to the case of the Philippines, the valuation result with a net present value of USD 231 million for a 1 GW capacity shows that energy transition is a viable project when the cost savings from using fossil fuels to renewables are considered. On the other hand, real options valuation finds a higher flexibility value of USD 990 million, which implies a better decision to postpone the project. The uncertainty in geopolitical conflicts further increases this value causing a longer waiting period to implement the energy transition project. Sensitivity analysis shows that the results are robust to changes in the explanatory variables. Results provide policy implications on making an oil-importing country energy self-sufficient and robust from economic and geopolitical shocks.

Index‐based renewable energy insurance for Taiwan Solar Photovoltaic Power Plants

AbstractSolar energy is one of the fastest‐growing renewable energy resources globally, with solar photovoltaic (PV) technology being a promising application designed to add usable solar power to the national energy mix of several countries. The Taiwan government announced that the targeted amount of electricity generated from renewable sources shall increase to 20% of its total energy supply by 2025, in which 20 GW capacity is expected to be achieved by solar PV power. This study aims to design index‐based insurance to manage the volatility risk of solar radiation on energy production. We apply auto‐regressive integrated moving average models to predict monthly and annual energy production for a solar PV power plant in Taiwan and use the estimated results to calculate the pure premium rates for the designed insurance product. The daily data on solar irradiation are from NASA surface meteorology and solar energy, spanning 35 years from January 1984 to December 2018. The analyzed results reveal that the index‐based insurance approach can protect against the impact of insufficient solar radiation on solar PV energy production to strengthen investment security for solar PV projects.

Wind Power in Iran: Technical, Policy, and Financial Aspects for Better Energy Resource Management

Iran is situated in a wind belt. However, the installed wind capacity in Iran is around 300 MW, which is minuscule compared with the global 651 GW capacity as of 2021. Using novel data from wind trackers across Iran, the paper’s findings show immense potential for wind energy in Iran from a technical perspective. While attractive policies are already in place to incentivize wind energy development in Iran, the feed-in tariff (FiT) for wind energy has dropped to around 3 cents per kWh because of the sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial between 2018 and 2020. This paper shows that there is no economic justification for the development of wind farms in Iran at such low FiTs. A minimum FiT of 12 cents per kWh is required to reinvigorate Iran’s wind energy industry investments. Given the extremely tight fiscal space of the Iranian government due to the sanctions and consequently reduced oil exports, the paper argues that a mere 2.14% of Iran’s wasteful fossil fuel subsidies are sufficient to provide a FiT of 12 cents per kWh for wind energy to meet 5% of the country’s total electricity demand.

Solar array placement, electricity generation, and cropland displacement across California's Central Valley

Understanding agriculturally co-located solar photovoltaic (PV) installation capacity, practices, and preferences is imperative to foster a future where solar power and agriculture co-exist with limited impacts on food production. Crops and PV panels are often co-located as they have similar ideal conditions for maximum yield. The recent boom in solar photovoltaics is displacing a significant amount of cropland. The literature on agriculturally co-located PV array installations lacks important spatiotemporal details that could help inform future array installations and improve associated policies and incentive programs. This study used imagery from the National Agriculture Imagery Program for object-based analysis (within eCognition Developer), and from Landsat 5 TM, 7 ETM+ and 8 OLI for temporal analysis (using LandTrendr) to identify and characterize non-residential ground-mounted PV arrays in California's Central Valley installed between 2008 and 2018. This dataset includes over 210,000 individually identified panels grouped by mount and installation year into 1006 PV arrays (69% are agriculturally co-located). The most common type of mounting system is fixed-axis, and individual co-located systems tend to be small (0.34 MW). There were fewer single-axis tracking arrays, although the average capacity per system is nearly four times higher (1.20 MW). In total, the mapped arrays accounted for 3.6 GW of capacity and generated a cumulative of 32,700 GWh within the Central Valley during the study period. For the 694 identified agriculturally co-located arrays (2.1 GW), significantly sub-optimal installation practices were observed in the spacing and spatial field placement of the arrays. In terms of crop conversion preferences, commodity crops (pastureland) dominated the total cumulative area converted although specialty crops (orchards) also contributed to a large number of solar installations on cropland. These results provide important details of current PV placement practices; understanding these can help to inform future practices and guide future regulations that might promote solar installations while preserving agricultural production.

Growing the grid

Rerouting power transmission at bottlenecks in the UK grid has helped free up 1.5GW of capacity and save £380m

Optimized market value of alpine solar photovoltaic installations

Solar photovoltaic (PV) is the most rapidly expanding renewable resource worldwide. Yet, its full potential may be hindered by mismatches with market demand and correlated production profiles. In this research, we explore a case study of innovative PV placements in alpine regions using two, soft-linked optimization models of Switzerland's electricity system. Using Swissmod, an electricity dispatch and load-flow model, and OREES, an electricity system model employing evolution strategy to optimize PV placement, we simulate market prices of optimized PV placements given multiple years of weather data, various CO2 prices, and considering future electricity infrastructure developments across Europe. Mountain placements result in higher market value and less required area relative to lower-altitude PV placement strategies. The higher market value is driven by better alignment with demand, particularly during winter when demand is highest. We found that optimized alpine placements offer revenues of panel capacity (EUR/kW/year) that are on average 20% higher than revenues from urban PV installations. Furthermore, the Swiss mountains could host more than 1 GW of capacity with even greater revenues (33%). Alpine PV installations, with their higher market values and increased value factors, can potentially be very profitable investments and are also valuable from a system perspective.

Thermal Power Plant with 1 GW Capacity for Meeting Future National Electric Demands

An analysis for a conceptual design of a thermal power plant (with a power capacity of 1 GW) is provided. This power plant can help in meeting the expected increase in the electric demand for Oman’s dominant power system (2.4 GW between 2018 and 2025). A necessary fluid mass flow rate of 834.1 kg/s was predicted. The overall energy conversion efficiency (output useful electricity divided by input heat) was estimated to be 34.7%. The needed thermal energy is not restricted to a specific source, and solar heating is an option for supplying the needed heat. The power plant design is based on using a steam-turbine section, which may be composed of a single large steam turbine having a mechanical power output of 1115 MW; or composed of a group of smaller steam turbines. The analysis is based on applying energy balance equations under certain assumptions (such as neglecting changes in potential energy). The thermal analysis was aided by web-based tool for calculating needed properties of the working medium, which is water, at different stages in the power plant.

Migrating to reverse Auction mechanisms in wind energy sector: Status and challenges

India, with a total installed wind power capacity of 39.25 GW, is fourth largest wind producer in the world. The government aims to achieve 60 GW capacity of wind energy by 2022. Accelerated Depreciation (AD) and Generation Based Incentives (GBI) as policy mechanisms supported the initial growth, but the sudden transition to reverse auction mechanism in 2016 brought a big disruption in the market and the regime is yet to be stabilized. Till now 9 tranches of auctions have been conducted by Solar Energy Corporation of India (SECI) and 06 by various states. However, most of the projects allocated through auctions are behind the schedule and many tenders have gone undersubscribed. At present limited literature is available on the status and challenges arisen due to wind energy reverse auctions in India and this paper through systematic literature review does a comprehensive study on the same . Land availability, transmission and evacuation infrastructure bottlenecks, tariff revisions and renegotiation of PPAs by states, poor financial health of state discoms, financing problems, curtailment risk and tariff caps are identified as major challenges faced by wind power developers (WPDs) and these are required to be addressed by the government on priority.

THE CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF GREEN ENERGY IN RUSSIA ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE LCOE INDICATOR

The development of renewable energy in Russia follows global trends with some delay. However, at the moment, a renewable energy production cluster has been formed and the commissioning of 5.6 GW of capacity is planned until 2024, marking a more than twofold drop in capital expenditures under the power supply contracts program. The article calculated the LCOE indicator for three types of generation of wind power plants, solar power plants and small hydro power plants in 2020 based on the results of capacity selection at power supply contracts auctions, and describes the main factors and drivers for reducing this indicator.

Перспективні напрямки використання геотермальних ресурсів в Україні

Geothermal resources are an almost inexhaustible environmentally friendly source of renewable energy. In Ukraine, there are large reserves of hot thermal waters, which are practically not used for the needs of heat power engineering. Analysis of literature data and previous developments carried out at the institutes of IET and IVE NAS of Ukraine made it possible to correct the general and technically possible potential of geothermal energy in Ukraine and determine the most promising directions for the development and implementation of geothermal energy. According to expert estimates, the theoretically possible energy potential of geothermal energy in Ukraine is more than 40 GW in capacity, and the economically viable potential is about 10 GW. The main area of application of geothermal energy in Ukraine is small-scale energy, within which it is possible to create local geothermal energy complexes for the production of electrical and thermal energy, the extraction of useful mineral compounds. The list of modern technologies that are successfully used in the world, and which, in our opinion, must be applied in Ukraine should include: - introduction of technologies of geothermal circulation systems (GCS) with the injection of spent (cooled) geothermal fluid into the aquifer; - introduction of technologies for double-circuit geothermal power supply systems using corrosion-resistant heat exchangers and preinsulated pipelines made of high-strength composite materials; - introduction of GCS technologies with the use of a downhole coaxial heat exchanger of the “pipe-in-pipe” type; - development of technologies for the construction of high-rate wells with horizontal or inclined shafts in an aquifer; - conversion of a significant number of individual idle wells of oil and gas fields to the extraction of geothermal energy using deep coaxial heat exchangers of the “pipe in pipe” type and creating a circulation loop with an intermediate heat carrier; - introduction of modern binary GeoPPs of medium and low power on the basis of serial power modules, for example, “Obcon Powerbox”, Sweden or “Ormat”, Israel and the organization of production of such equipment in Ukraine; - introduction of heat pump technologies to increase the temperature potential of the coolant on the basis of vapor compression heat pumps or absorption thermotransformers; - development and implementation of integrated technologies for the utilization of geothermal energy and the extraction of useful hydromineral resources. A significant reserve for the extraction of geothermal energy is suspended wells in the territory of gas fields, of which there are several thousand on the territory of Ukraine. The developed oil and gas fields, even after their complete closure for the production of hydrocarbons, remain an important energy resource, primarily in the regions of their location, and in the development of state policy and appropriate measures at the state level, and the resource of the entire fuel and energy complex of Ukraine.

Environmental Traps in the Brazilian Electric Sector - A Short Note

Brazil has 162.7GW capacity of power plants, 64% of which are from hydroelectric plants, mostly of them are large ones (60.4 greater than 30MW of installed capacity). The other plants are composed by wind (8.8), conventional thermal (24.8), nuclear (1.2), and photovoltaic (1.2) [1]. Due to its large rivers, Brazil has always had a tradition of building large hydroelectric, such as-Itaipu, Belo Monte, and Tucurui; respectively, the second, third and seventh plants in the ranking of the International Committee of Large Dams - ICOLD [2].

Solar energy for poverty alleviation in China: State ambitions, bureaucratic interests, and local realities

In 2014, China announced an ambitious plan to help alleviate rural poverty through deploying distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) systems in poor areas. The solar energy for poverty alleviation programme (SEPAP) aims to add over 10 GW capacity and benefit more than 2 million households from around 35,000 villages across the country by 2020. This article investigates the implications of the initiative through discourse analysis of policy documents and a case study of its implementation in the remote and largely pastoralist county of Guinan, in Qinghai province on the Tibetan plateau. The study illustrates the constraints on implementing SEPAP and contested local perspectives on the buildout of ostensibly low carbon infrastructure for electricity generation. In particular, it raises new perspectives on the limits of a state-led push for energy infrastructure in rural and underdeveloped areas, without proper incentive mechanisms for local bureaucrats and non-state actors, or independent oversight of a “top-down” policy implementation process.