This study investigated the accuracy of matching computed tomography (CT) images and intraoral surface scans using glass-ceramic (GC) and conventional gutta-percha (GP) markers. A mandibular master model of the right posterior edentulous region (teeth 45-47) was prepared with three training implants, each with a scan body fixed at the anterior central, left posterior, and right posterior sites. The model was scanned 10 times using an intraoral scanner, and 10 CT matching templates with six GP markers (GPCTMTs) and 10 with six GC markers (GCCTMTs) were fabricated. Each template was mounted on the model for CT imaging and intraoral scanning under air conditions. CT imaging was also performed with the model immersed in water to simulate intraoral scattering. A dentist blinded to the study purpose used implant simulation software for matching, which was performed with GP with six markers (GPCTMT) and GC with three (GCCTMT-3) or six (GCCTMT-6) markers. The three-dimensional discrepancy (matching error) between the implant apex positions on CT images and corresponding positions from surface data was measured automatically, and the median of the three sites served as the representative value. Group comparisons were performed using the Steel-Dwass test. Under both air and water conditions, GCCTMT-3 (air: 0.61, water: 0.65) and GCCTMT-6 (air: 0.58, water: 0.57) demonstrated significantly lower matching errors (mm) than those in GPCTMT (air: 1.98, water: 1.83). This model-based study suggests that GC markers provide greater matching accuracy than GP markers for CT-surface data integration.

Gutta-percha (GP), composed of the trans-isomer of polyisoprene, is widely used in endodontic obturation due to its favorable sealing properties. However, it is susceptible to contamination upon exposure to the clinical environment, and its thermoplastic nature precludes thermal sterilization. Conventional disinfection methods using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or chlorhexidine (CHX) require strict control of concentration and exposure time to avoid structural damage. This study evaluated the efficacy of a hydrodynamic system using ozonated water for the inactivation of Enterococcus faecalis. Experimentally contaminated cones were exposed to a continuous flow of ozonated water for 5 and 7 min, followed by microbiological analysis. A seven-minute exposure (57.2 mg/L) resulted in complete bacterial inactivation, enabling further characterization of the biomaterial via FTIR spectroscopy, optical profilometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile strength testing. FTIR revealed subtle changes without compromising the polymeric backbone, while profilometry indicated a significant reduction in surface roughness. Mechanical testing showed preserved tensile strength and a reduction in elastic modulus, suggesting improved anatomical adaptation. SEM analysis did not reveal any relevant morphological alterations. These findings suggest that the hydrodynamic ozonated water system is an effective and safe alternative for disinfecting endodontic materials, with promising clinical applications.

Apexification, a well-established endodontic treatment for managing immature permanent teeth with pulp necrosis, aims to create a calcified apical barrier to seal communication with the periapical tissues and allow gutta percha placement. This literature review explores advancements of apexification and introduces a systematic, evidence-based procedure for achieving optimal outcomes for apexification procedures. The discussion compares the materials most commonly used in apexification: calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and Biodentine. Compared with Ca(OH)2, contemporary calcium silicate-based materials such as MTA and Biodentine have significantly greater predictability, biocompatibility, and fracture resistance, increasing the longevity of the immature tooth. In addition, the article discusses alternatives to apexification, including regenerative endodontic therapy. A review of the scholarly literature reveals that apexification has long been a cornerstone of treatment for immature permanent teeth with necrotic pulp, offering a predictable method to create a calcified barrier at the apex and enable tooth restoration. While apexification does not promote further root growth, it remains a reliable solution, particularly for cases requiring immediate treatment and a high degree of predictability.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the removal of gutta percha and root canal sealer after retreatment in teeth obturated with two different root canal sealer and two different placement techniques. Methods: Forty-eight extracted maxillary central incisor teeth were divided into four groups (n: 12). The root canals were prepared with Reciproc blue R25 and R40. The root canals were obturated using two methods: first method was applied using cold lateral condensation technique and in the other method; sealers (GuttaFlow Bioseal and MTA Fillapex) were activated with ultrasonic and than cold lateral condensation technique was applied. Retreatment was performed with Resiproc Blue R40 files after the specimens were kept in a 37˚C in a 100% humid environment for three weeks. The teeth were then cut axially in a mesiodistal direction and photographed under a motorized research microscope. The amount of obturation and gutta-percha in the groove was measured with Photoshop software. IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 25.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp) software was used for statistical analysis. Results: Specimens treated with Guttaflow Bioseal and ultrasonic activation (4.67±1.85%) showed a higher amount of residual material after retreatment compared to the MTA Fillapex (P=.000) and MTA Fillapex+ultrasonic obturation groups (P =.003). Conclusions: Even within the limits of this in-vitro study, no root canal filling could be completely removed. However, more residual root canal filling remained in the GuttaFlow Bioseal groups. Ultrasonic activation made a significant difference for GuttaFlow Bioseal obturation, but not for MTA Fillapex on residual material after retreatment.

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of four different gutta-percha (GP) obturation techniques cold lateral condensation (CLC), warm lateral condensation (WLC), thermoplasticized GP, and thermomechanical compaction (TMC) in achieving optimal filling of simulated internal resorptive defects. Eighty extracted maxillary central incisors were divided into four groups (n = 20) based on the obturation techniques: CLC, WLC, thermoplasticized GP, and TMC. The samples were sectioned at the defect level, and stereomicroscopic analysis was conducted to assess the percentage of GP, sealer, and voids. Data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test. Thermoplasticized GP showed the highest GP percentage (89.4 ± 4.52%) and the least voids (2.07 ± 1.26%). Thermomechanical compaction followed with 73.71 ± 9.35% GP and 7.64 ± 6.90% voids. Warm lateral condensation exhibited 51.52 ± 10.58% GP and 29.27 ± 9.87% voids, while CLC had the lowest GP percentage (34.57 ± 14.26%) and the highest void percentage (42.34 ± 11.47%). Significant differences (p < 0.01) were noted among the groups. The thermoplasticized GP technique is the most effective for obturating internal resorptive defects, offering optimal sealing with minimal voids compared to other methods. Choosing the appropriate obturation technique is critical in managing internal resorptive defects, which present unique anatomical challenges. Techniques like thermoplasticized GP ensure optimal adaptability and sealing, thereby minimizing voids and reducing the risk of treatment failure, ultimately enhancing long-term clinical outcomes. How to cite this article: Ingale VP, Jadhav AB, Patil SS, et al. Effectiveness of Four Different Gutta-percha Techniques in Filling Experimental Internal Resorptive Lesions Using Stereomicroscope: An In Vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2026;27(1):5-11.

Nanochitosan oligosaccharide has been developed as a final irrigation material, but its effect on leakage of orifice barrier material is not yet known. This study aims to observe the effect of the combination of 2.5% NaOCl + 2% Nanochitosan Oligosaccharide and 2.5% NaOCl + 17% EDTA irrigation on MTA and RMGIC microleakage as orifice barrier materials. A total of 24 extracted mandibular premolars underwent endodontic treatment. Gutta percha was removed vertically to a depth of 2 mm. The tooth samples were divided into four groups, namely, the 2.5% NaOCl + 2% nanochitosan oligosaccharide irrigation group with MTA and RMGIC as barrier materials, and the 2.5% NaOCl + 17% EDTA irrigation group with MTA and RMGIC as orifice barrier materials. After the thermocycling procedure, the samples were immersed in 0.5% Basic Fuchsin solution for 24 hours, then sectioned in the bucco-lingual direction. Dye penetration was measured by two observers using stereomicroscope and scored 0-4. The kappa statistic showed strong agreement between the two observers (p&gt;0.6). The results of microleakage observations showed mean values and standard deviations of group I (1±1.549), group II (3.83±0.408), group III (1.50±1.761), and group IV (3.83±0.408). The Kruskal Wallis test showed significant differences between the four treatment groups (p=0.005). The combination of 2.5% NaOCl + 2% Nanochitosan Oligosaccharide irrigation with MTA resulted in the lowest microleakage

Background:An endodontic sealer creates a hermetic seal between the canal wall and core filling material which prevents regrowth of microorganism or apical or coronal leakage leading to reinfection. The most relevant prognostic factor for evaluation of the link between the sealer to the canal wall and the core material is push-out bond strength and it is considered an important property since it creates a fluid tight seal. It also provides resistance against dislocation of the root filling during tooth flexure and operative procedures.Materials and Methods:The materials used in the study are AH Plus sealer, Endosolv R, and Xylene. 90 mandibular premolars are obturated using an AH plus root canal sealer and retreatment is carried out using gutta percha solvents Endosolv R and Xylene. Specimens are grouped based on the used solvents and each group is subdivided based on irrigant activation technique. A 3-mm section of apical third is taken from the re-obturated specimens and push out bond strength is analyzed with universal testing machine.Results:Analyzing the pushout bond strength of AH plus sealer after retreatment with 2 gutta percha solvents, it is found that AH Plus sealer has got highest pushout bond strength after using Endosolv R with ultrasonic irrigant activation.Conclusion:Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that after 5 minutes, Endosolv-R was significantly more effective short-term gutta percha softener than xylene for the tested sealer-AH plus.

Background:Three-dimensional obturation is vital for successful root canal treatment. Poor adaptation of gutta-percha (GP) with voids compromises the seal and may lead to treatment failure. Therefore, assessing the quality of its adaptation is essential for optimizing endodontic outcomes.Aim:To compare GP adaptation using four different obturation techniques, cold lateral compaction (CLC), warm lateral compaction (WLC), warm vertical compaction (WVC), and thermoplasticized injection (TPI), in permanent posterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Methodology:This double-blinded, randomized controlled trial enrolled 120 patients aged 18–65 years, each requiring root canal treatment in posterior teeth. The trial was prospectively registered with the Clinical Trials Registry-India (CTRI/2024/06/068522; 06-06-2024). Patients were randomly allocated using a computer-generated sequence into four groups (n = 30 each): CLC (control), WLC, WVC, and TPI (experimental). All received standardized endodontic treatment. Following obturation, CBCT scans were evaluated using a validated void scoring system.Results:Fisher’s exact test was applied for overall group comparisons, with Bonferroni correction for pairwise analysis. TPI showed the best adaptation with 83.33% scoring 1. CLC had the poorest results, with only 40% achieving Score 1. WLC and WVC yielded moderate results, with 66.67% and 60% scoring 1, respectively. Group differences were statistically significant (P = 0.012), and pairwise comparison revealed a significant difference between TPI and CLC (P = 0.001).Conclusion:TPI demonstrated significantly superior adaptation and minimal void formation. CLC had the highest void incidence. WLC and WVC performed better than CLC but were inferior to TPI, suggesting that thermoplasticized techniques may improve obturation quality and outcomes.

Postoperative pain (POP) is a frequent occurrence after root canal treatment (RCT). There is conflicting evidence regarding the prevalence of POP after root canal filling with a bioceramic sealer in comparison with an epoxy resin-based sealer. To ascertain whether the use of a bioceramic sealer reduces POP in comparison with an epoxy-resin-based sealer in combination with gutta percha following primary RCT and retreatment. A literature search was carried out in electronic databases from inception to 20 January 2025. Systematic reviews (SRs) that evaluated the POP using bioceramic sealers when compared with epoxy resin-based sealers were included. The quality of the reviews was evaluated employing the AMSTAR 2 tool. The overall confidence in the findings of the review was categorised as critically low, low, moderate or high. In total, 13 SRs were included. The POP experienced when bioceramic sealers were used in combination with gutta percha was similar to that of epoxy resin-based sealers. All the SRs adequately addressed Item 1 ('Did the research questions and inclusion criteria for the review include the components of PICO?'). Only one SR adequately addressed Item 3 ('Did the review authors explain their selection of the study designs for inclusion in the review?') and Item 10 ('Did the review authors report on the sources of funding for the studies included in the review?'). The overall confidence in the findings of ten, two and one SR(s) was classified as 'critically low', 'low' and 'high', respectively. Based on current evidence, it can be concluded that root canal filling with a bioceramic sealer demonstrated POP that was comparable to that of epoxy resin-based sealers following primary RCT and retreatment. As per the recommendations in this umbrella review regarding the methodological quality of existing SRs, high-quality SRs are necessary in the future. PROSPERO database: CRD42024616520.

This study evaluates the adhesive performance of a novel hydroxyapatite-coated gutta-percha (HAGP) in combination with various root canal sealers, using push-out bond strength testing and failure mode analysis. Eighty human single-canal teeth were divided into four groups: three test groups obturated with HAGP using AH Plus, iRoot SP, or GuttaFlow Bioseal, and one control group obturated with conventional gutta-percha (GP) with AH Plus sealer. Push-out bond strength was assessed after 30 days with a universal testing machine, and failure modes were analysed under stereomicroscopy. Results revealed a significantly higher bond strength (p < 0.001) for HAGP compared to the control, regardless of the sealer used. Failure analysis indicated 62.5% mixed failures and 37.5% cohesive failures, with no adhesive failure observed. These findings suggest that HAGP significantly improves gutta-percha adhesion, as demonstrated through the higher bond strength compared to conventional gutta-percha.

Background: Gutta-percha (GP) cones are widely used for root canal obturation, but conventional disinfection methods and limited antibacterial activity can compromise their efficacy, potentially leading to endodontic treatment failure. Nanostructured coatings offer a promising approach to enhance the physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of GP cones. Aim: To develop and characterize zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle-coated GP cones to improve surface properties and potential antibacterial activity for enhanced root canal obturation. Materials and Methods: ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical precipitation, characterized for size and morphology, and incorporated into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to prepare a uniform coating suspension. Sterilized GP cones (size 80) were divided into two groups: uncoated (control) and ZnO–PVA-coated (experimental). Coating was achieved via a dip-coating technique with multiple drying cycles. Surface morphology, elemental composition, chemical functional groups, and crystallinity of the coated cones were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results: SEM revealed a uniform nanostructured coating on GP cones, increasing surface roughness and surface area. EDS confirmed the presence of Zn and O in stoichiometric proportions, while FTIR showed characteristic Zn–O and OH vibrations, indicating chemical stability. XRD analysis confirmed the high crystallinity and phase purity of ZnO nanoparticles. The coating exhibited strong adhesion without cracks or delamination, suggesting enhanced physicochemical stability. Conclusion: ZnO–PVA-coated GP cones demonstrate improved surface characteristics, including increased roughness, surface area, and reactivity, which may enhance adhesion to root canal sealers and provide potential antibacterial benefits. This nanostructured coating represents a promising strategy for functionalizing GP cones to reduce microbial colonization and improve the success of endodontic treatment. Further studies are warranted to assess direct antimicrobial efficacy, sealer interaction, and long-term clinical performance.

Objectives: Giving a successful endodontic retreatment involves getting rid of all gutta-percha (GP) from the root canals. The traditional solvent chloroform is known for being toxic. More attention is being given to finding natural and biocompatible materials. This study hopes to see if sweet lime peel, eucalyptus, and orange oil are good natural alternatives to solvents in removing GP. Material and Methods: Sixty GP cones were chosen and split into four groups (15 cones in each group), namely control (with chloroform), Citrus limetta extract, eucalyptus oil, and orange oil. 5 min of exposure at 37°C was given to every cone by submerging them in 1 mL of solvent. When immersion was done, the cones were taken out, blotted, and weighed once again. The amount a material gained in weight was calculated to see how well it dissolved. Analysis of the data was completed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test ( P &lt; 0.05). Results: Chloroform produced the highest dissolved amount with 45.3 ± 1.5 mg, whereas eucalyptus oil came in second with 38.7 ± 2.1 mg, C. limetta extract was third with 34.2 ± 1.9 mg, and orange oil dissolved 31.6 ± 2.3 mg the most. Results from statistical analysis showed that all tested groups were different from one another. Eucalyptus oil demonstrated the highest rate of dissolution, followed by C. limetta among all herbal extracts. Conclusion: Compared to reliably used herbal products, the potential for C. limetta peel’s extract to dissolve GP is near to as that of eucalyptus oil and even higher than that of orange oil. Yet, more studies are required to show how practical this extract is in retreatment cases.

Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., commonly known as the "Chinese gutta percha tree," is a vital medicinal and industrial resource in China, with irreplaceable applications in both industrial production and daily life. In recent years, the study of gene function has become a crucial aspect of E. ulmoides breeding programs. However, few reliable reference genes have been systematically evaluated for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in E. ulmoides, which may affect the accuracy of gene expression analysis. Here, we conducted a transcriptome-wide identification of reference genes using 159 datasets, comprising 81 tissue samples, 31 samples from diverse cultivars, and 47 stress-treated samples. A total of 20 stably expressed genes were identified for each group. Functional enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in pathways related to metabolism, genetic information processing, cellular processes, and organismal systems. Nine candidate genes from each group were selected and validated using RT-qPCR with 63 samples. We employed geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, ΔCt, and RefFinder to assess the stability of candidate genes. The most stable reference genes were PAB2 and UBC for tissues, GAPDH and ACTIN for cultivars, and UBC28 and RD19A for stress treatments. To validate their suitability, we analyzed relative expression patterns of DIR, CHS, and 4CL across tissues, cultivars, and stress conditions. When unstable reference genes were used for normalization, expression patterns showed significant bias compared with those obtained using optimal combinations. Overall, our study establishes a robust foundation for accurate gene expression analysis in E. ulmoides, thereby facilitating more precise functional genomics research and improved breeding strategies.

Gutta percha solvents play an important role in removing filling materials from dentinal tubules, allowing irrigation solution to penetrate the tubules. The solvents should be biocompatible and have minimal effects on the viability of periapical tissues. Otherwise, they will result in intense inflammatory reactions and interfere with periapical healing. Aim This in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the cytotoxicity of two gutta percha solvents; grapefruit oil and orange oil. Biological testing was carried out on human fibroblasts that were retrieved from the cell bank and then cultured. Two gutta percha solvents (grapefruit oil and orange oil) were added to the cultured cells. Cell viability was evaluated using a WST-1 assay. The effect was evaluated after exposure to various concentrations at 24 h and 72 h. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Grapefruit oil had the most significant cytotoxicity followed by orange oil which had the least significant cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity of the two solvents used was directly proportional to their concentration. Orange oil could be recommended as a solvent for gutta percha because of its low toxicity.

BackgroundThe selection of an appropriate filling material in root canal treatments of primary molars is crucial for long-term success. However, evaluating the biomechanical behavior of these materials under in vivo conditions remains challenging. This study aimed to investigate the effect of different root canal filling materials on the fracture resistance of the mandibular second primary molar by analyzing stress distributions and failure risk using finite element analysis (FEA) models.MethodsA mandibular second primary molar extracted for orthodontic reasons was used in the study. The tooth was scanned using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) to obtain original DICOM data, which were imported into Geomagic + SpaceClaim 2023R2 to create a solid model. A total force of 330 N was applied to three points on the occlusal surface of each model. The analysis was conducted using Ansys mesh and evaluated with Hyperview 2024. Maximum von Mises (vM) stress values were used to assess stress distribution.ResultsThe highest vM stress in the remaining dentin was observed in the gutta-percha (GP) + AH Plus model (148.5 MPa), followed by mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (127.24 MPa), Biodentine (125.65 MPa), and GP + BioRoot RCS (118.37 MPa). Stress concentrations were primarily located in the pericervical region. The GP + AH Plus group showed the highest stress, while the GP + BioRoot RCS group showed the lowest. Among contemporary filling materials, GP + BioRoot RCS demonstrated the lowest dentin stress, suggesting it may offer better root fracture resistance. However, generalizing these findings is difficult due to limited data on primary teeth in the literature.ConclusionThe study suggests that GP + BioRoot RCS may be a more promising filling material for enhancing root fracture resistance in primary molars. Further research is needed to validate these findings in clinical settings.

The current study calculated and compared the percentage of remnant volume (PRV) after reinstrumentation using Reciproc Blue files and assessed the effect of ultrasonic activation. A total 40 palatal roots of maxillary first molars randomly assigned to four groups of 10. The samples were sectioned to a consistent 12 mm length and prepared using ProTaper Next (PTN) file system, then obturated with gutta-percha (GP) and sealer (MTA FILLAPEX or One-Fil BC). Reinstrumentation was performed using a reciprocation program with Reciproc Blue files. Irrigation time was standard, and samples were divided based on whether Ultra-X activation of the irrigant was used. A Planmeca ProMax CBCT machine was used to acquire images both before and after canal reinstrumentation. The volume of the primary obturation and the remnants after reinstrumentation were calculated by using Mimics and 3-Matic Medical program. The PRV was made for the entire canal as well as for the coronal, middle, and apical thirds independently. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used for statistical analysis, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. There was statistically significant difference between MTA and BC, with BC materials showing significantly more remnants than MTA, particularly when using the needle irrigation technique (p < 0.05). The Ultra-X groups showed statistically significant difference than the needle groups, especially in the apical and middle thirds for both BC and MTA. Apical sections retained the highest amount of remnants across all groups, and BC materials resulted in significantly more remnants than MTA. Ultra-X activation was more effective overall than the needle method, especially in reducing the apical and middle remnants for both BC and MTA. The removal of sealer is essential for the success of endodontic retreatment procedure. This study assesses two types of sealer removability and also the effect of ultrasonic activation during the reinstrumentation. How to cite this article: Dawod KM, Al-Hashimi RA. Assessing Volume of Two Sealers' Remnants after Reinstrumentation Using 3D Imaging Technology: An In Vitro Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2025;26(8):743-751.

Introduction: Enterococcus faecalis is a persistent endodontic pathogen commonly associated with root canal failures. In contrast to normal gutta-percha (GP), the study’s objective was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial efficacy of GP coated with nano curcumin and nano Azadirachta indica against E. faecalis . Materials and Methods: Nano-curcumin and nano- A. indica were manually coated onto International Organization for Standardization size 25, 4% tapered GP cones. Three groups were established: conventional GP, nano- A. indica -coated GP, and nano-curcumin-coated GP. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests and colony-forming unit (CFU) counts against E. faecalis using a colony counter were used to assess each group’s antimicrobial efficacy. Results: Nanocurcumin and nano A. indica were found to have MICs of 27 mg/mL and 27 mg/mL, respectively. The highest percentage reduction in CFU count was observed in the nano curcumin group, followed by the nano- A. indica group, while the conventional GP group showed the least reduction. Conclusions: The GP coated with nano curcumin demonstrated the strongest antibacterial action against E. faecalis , with nano A. indica coming in second. Conventional GP demonstrated the least efficacy. These findings suggest that nanoparticle-coated GP may enhance intracanal disinfection, potentially improving endodontic treatment outcomes.

Objective:The aim of the study is to assess the fracture resistance of roots with simulated internal resorption defects with perforations, repaired with various calcium-silicate cements, and obturated with hybrid obturation technique.Materials and Methods:Ninety-six human single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were included in the study. Twelve intact roots were assigned as the negative control group. Uniform internal resorption cavities were created in the middle section of the roots. The positive control group (n = 12) comprises a root with a resorption cavity, instrumented but not filled. The remaining 72 teeth were randomly divided into six experimental groups (n = 12) each according to the obturation technique and repair method used. Group 1 - Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) + MTA; Group 2 – MTA + gutta-percha (GP) + AH Plus; Group 3 – MTA + GP + MTA Fillapex; Group 4 – Biodentine + Biodentine; Group 5 - Biodentin + GP + AH Plus; Group 6 – Biodentin + GP + MTA Fillapex. Specimens embedded in acrylic resin were exposed to vertical compressive loading at a rate of 1 mm/min. Statistical analysis was done with one-way analysis of variance, post hoc Tukey test, Honestly Significant Difference, and Bonferroni test.Results:Group 4 exhibited statistically higher resistance to fracture, whereas Group 3 showed the lowest (P < 0.05). Group 2 showed greater fracture resistance than Group 3, and Group 5 had higher fracture resistance than Group 6. The positive control group had significantly lower fracture resistance than Groups 1 and 4 (P < 0.05), whereas the negative control group demonstrated significantly higher fracture resistance than all groups using GP and sealer combinations (P < 0.05).Conclusion:Calcium silicate cement can provide the tooth structure with more strength than backfilling with the combination of GP/sealer.

Reinforcing Effect of Intraradicular Filling Materials in Simulated Immature Mandibular Premolars with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Apical Barrier: A Weibull Analysis.

Filling material effects on root canal treatment outcomes of 83 canine teeth in cats using a taperless rotary file system