Gum Rosin Research Articles

A facial, scalable, and green synthesis of superparamagnetic palladium\u2013carbon catalyst and its use in disproportionation of gum rosin

We reported here the preparation, characterization, and catalytic ability of a Fe3O4–supported palladium–carbon (Fe3O4–Pd–C) as an efficient catalyst in disproportionation of gum rosin. The magnetic nanocatalyst was prepared by a simple method and was characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM, N2 adsorption–desorption, VSM, and atomic absorption analysis. The prepared catalyst displayed excellent activity in disproportionation of gum rosin. The magnetic Fe3O4–Pd–C catalyst was successfully recycled three times with keeping its catalytic performance. The simplicity of the nanocatalyst production method and simple separation and recyclability, on the other hand, make possible the industrial production and application of the catalyst.

Physico-mechanical properties of sustainable Sagwan-Teak Wood Flour/Polyester Composites with/without gum rosin

Wood polymer composite (WPC) recognized as sustainable green polymer composite is widely used for its high durability, low maintenance, acceptable relative strength and stiffness, economy relative to other competing materials, and the fact that it is derived from a natural resource. This paper recounts the fabrication and investigation of physico-mechanical properties of Sagwan Teak Wood Flour/Polyester Composites with and without gum rosin binder. Polyester/wood flour (Tectona grandis) composites with and without gum rosin were fabricated in a wide range of compositions by hand lay-up technique. Wood flour (WF) percentage was varied from 5 to 20% by weight and tensile, flexural, impact and three-body abrasive wear tests were performed to the as-fabricated composites. It was observed that WPC having 10wt% WF had the best tensile and impact strength. At this optimum weight percentage of wood flour (i.e. 10wt%), the polyester resin was further blended with various wt% natural gum rosin and the sustainable composites were further optimized for best mechanical properties. The ranking of all these composites has been evaluated by TOPSIS technique by optimizing the various properties. TOPSIS optimization demonstrated that the composite consisting 10% WF mixed with 15% gum rosin yielded excellent impact strength, high abrasive wear resistance and high ductility as demanded in sandwich composite material.

Central Composite Design Model to Study Swelling of GrA-cl-poly(AAm) hydrogel and Kinetic Investigation of Colloidal Suspension

In the present study, the flocculation behavior of crosslinked copolymer GrA-cl-poly(AAm) hydrogel has been studied for the removal of turbidity from waste water. Sodium borohydride has been used for the reduction of the Gum rosin acids by which it gets converted into rosin alcohols. The reduced Gum rosin alcohol was crosslinked by the use of MBA and copolymerized with acrylamide using KPS as a redox initiator. Synthesized sample was then optimized for reaction conditions like reaction time, reaction temperature and the amount of solvent, monomer concentration, initiator concentration and pH of the reaction medium in order to get maximum percentage swelling. Synthesized samples were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron of microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. Response surface methodology (RSM) based central composite design was used to study the effect of pH of swelling medium and temperature to maximize the percentage swelling. A statistical model (ANOVA) predicted pH 7.0 and temperature 40 °C as optimum operating conditions in order to get maximu swelling. GrA-cl-poly(AAm) hydrogel was found to be pH and temperature sensitive. Kaolin has been employed as a coagulant. The flocculation efficiency of the synthesized polymer was studied as a function of polymer dose, temperature and pH of the solution. GrA-cl-poly(AAm) observed to show maximum flocculation efficiency (95%) with 70mgL−1 polymer dose in pH 5.0 at 30 °C. The adsorption capacity of malachite green dye removal (95%) was also studied with this synthesized polymer. The results validate that GrA-cl-poly(AAm) hydrogel has significant flocculation and dye removal properties and can be employed as an effective and low-cost material for removal of impurities from waste water.

Combined effect of linseed oil and gum rosin as natural additives for PVC

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was plasticized with epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) an further added with triethylene glycol ester of gum rosin (TEGR) as natural viscosity increasing agent. Although, the addition of both additives resulted in some colour changes, since TEGR induced red tone and ELO produced an amber tonality, all formulations showed high brightness and transparency. FTIR was used to study the changes in the plastisol chemical structures due to the addition of both natural additives. The microstructure of plastisols, studied by SEM observations, further confirmed that ELO and TEGR presented good compatibility with PVC resin, particularly when a mixture of ELO and TEGR was used. Therefore, changing the proportion of both natural additives allows designing tunable plastisols employing renewable materials.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyacrylamide Grafted Reduced <I>Gum rosin</I> Based Nanogels and Study of Their Antibacterial Activity

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyacrylamide Grafted Reduced <I>Gum rosin</I> Based Nanogels and Study of Their Antibacterial Activity

Composite film developed from the blends of sesame protein isolate and gum rosin and their properties thereof

Composite films from sesame protein isolate and gum rosin were prepared at different ratios by casting method. The effect of gum rosin (GR) addition on the physical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and morphological properties were investigated. Maximum tensile strength and minimum water vapor permeability was observed for composite film at 80:20 ratio. Transparency of sesame protein film was observed to be lower as compared with composite films. ΔE values increased with increase in concentration of GR. X‐ray diffraction of sesame protein film and composite films indicated amorphous structure of films. Differential scanning calorimetric curves of all films showed single Tg in the range of 108°C–158.66°C. All films exhibited weight loss in three stages (temperature ranged between 130°C and 590°C). Sesame protein film exhibited high degree of porosity. With the addition of GR porosity decreased and compactness increased. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1480–1487, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers

Effect of Magnesium Oxide Loading on Adhesion Properties of ENR 25/NBR Blend Adhesives in the Presence of Petro Resin and Gum Rosin Tackifiers

The adhesion properties of magnesium oxide filled epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25)/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) blend adhesives were studied using petro resin and gum rosin as tackifiers. Toluene was used as the solvent throughout the experiment. Five different loadings, i.e. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 phr magnesium oxide was used in the adhesive formulation. The SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on polyethylene terephthalate at 30 and 120 µm coating thickness. The tack, peel strength and shear strength were determined by a Lloyd adhesion tester operating at 30 cm min−1. Results shows that all the adhesion properties of the ENR 25/NBR adhesives show a maximum value at 10 phr filler loading. Loop tack and peel strength pass through a maximum, an observation which is associated to the optimum wettability of adhesive on the substrate. For the shear test, maximum shear strength occurs due to the optimum cohesive strength of the adhesive. Results also show that all petro resin based adhesives have higher adhesion properties than gum rosin based adhesive. In all cases, the adhesion properties of adhesives also increase with increasing coating thickness.

Study of ionic charge dependent salt resistant swelling behavior and removal of colloidal particles using reduced gum rosin-poly(acrylamide)-based green flocculant

Present work reports the under pressure preparation of reduced gum rosin and acrylamide-based GrA-cl-poly(AAm) green flocculant. Characterization of the synthesized product was carried out by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, several variables such as time, physiological pH, solvent, pressure, monomer, cross-linking agent and initiator were examined to obtain maximum flocculation efficiency and explore the salt resistant swelling of the system. The maximum percentage swelling (P s) at pH 7.0 and pressure 8.0 psi was found to be 578 %. Thermal behavior of the flocculant was investigated and the synthesized sample showed higher thermal stability than the gum rosin. The effect of ionic strength and charges of various cations (Na+, Ba+2, Fe+3, Sn+4) on salt resistant swelling of GrA-cl-poly(AAm) flocculant, in different salt solutions such as sodium chloride, barium chloride, ferric chloride and stannic chloride (NaCl, BaCl2, FeCl3 and SnCl4), was also studied. The synthesized sample was found to show ionic charge and salt concentration related behavior. Further, the removal of colloidal particles from wastewater through flocculation showed that GrA-cl-poly(AAm) exhibited significant flocculation efficiency (95.18 %) at a dose rate of 55 mg at 30 °C and pH 5.0. Flocculant capacity in saline medium was found to be maximum (99 %) at 1 % concentration. Further, increase in saline concentration resulted in decreased flocculant capacity. The kinetics of the aggregation of particles, deflocculation and reflocculation was analyzed through the Smoluchowski classical model based on first-order and second-order kinetics.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ СУЛЬФИДА НАТРИЯ И ОКТАДЕКАНТИОЛА С СОЛЯМИ СМОЛЯНЫХ И НЕПРЕДЕЛЬНЫХ ЖИРНЫХ КИСЛОТ

In order to study attachment of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan to the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids and rosin acids during kraft pulping and isolation The interaction sulfate soap and sodium oleate, sodium salts of resin acids from gum rosin aqueous-alkaline solution of sodium sulphide and 1-oktadekantiola at 160-165 °С. The formation of organic sulfides and thiols due to hydrogen sulfide and oktadekantiola connection respectively to the double bonds of the fatty acids and resin does not occur. It has been found that the washing-treatment of the reaction mass saline alkaline solution (sodium chloride + sodium hydroxide) containing copper metal after reaction with sodium sulfide or 1 oktadekantiolom prevents residual connection thiol and hydrogen sulfide to the double bonds of fatty and rosin acids by treatment 30% aqueous sulfuric acid. Maximum total sulfur content measured by two methods (energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and UV-oxidation products of the high temperature), in this case in the final products of interaction of sodium oleate and sodium salts of rosin acids, sulfur compounds was 55 ppm. Known patterns may be used in the preparation of sulfate soap and tall oil and its fractions (fatty acids, rosin, pitch) with a low total sulfur content, which will expand the field of their application.

Stimulant Paste Preparation and Bark Streak Tapping Technique for Pine Oleoresin Extraction.

Tapping technique comprises the extraction of pine oleoresin, a non-wood forest product consisting of a complex mixture of mono, sesqui, and diterpenes biosynthesized and exuded as a defense response to wounding. Oleoresin is used to produce gum rosin, turpentine, and their multiple derivatives. Oleoresin yield and quality are objects of interest in pine tree biotechnology, both in terms of environmental and genetic control. Monitoring these parameters in individual trees grown in the field provides a means to examine the control of terpene production in resin canals, as well as the identification of genetic-based differences in resinosis. A typical method of tapping involves the removal of bark and application of a chemical stimulant on the wounded area. Here we describe the methods for preparing the resin-stimulant paste with different adjuvants, as well as the bark streaking process in adult pine trees.

Effect of Testing Rate on Adhesion Properties of Benzoyl-Peroxide-Cured ENR 25/NBR Blend Adhesive Using Gum Rosin and Coumarone-Indene Resin as Tackifiers

Dependence of adhesion properties of benzoyl-peroxide-cured epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25)/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) blend adhesive on testing rate was systematically studied. Coumarone-indene resin and gum rosin were used as tackifiers. Toluene was used as solvent throughout the study. The SHEEN hand coater was used to coat the adhesive on polyethylene terephthalate at 30 and 120 µm coating thickness. The adhesion properties were measured by a Lloyd adhesion tester operating at different rates of testing. Results showed that the loop tack, peel strength, and shear strength increased with increasing testing rate, an observation that was attributed to the viscoelastic nature of adhesive. In all cases, the adhesion properties of the adhesives also increased with increasing coating thickness.

Structure-property correlation study of bio-based multifunctional vinyl ester resin in presence of methacrylated lignin model compounds

Diels-Alder adduct of gum rosin and maleic anhydride (MPA) were treated with trimethylolpropane to obtain trimethylolpropane modified maleopimaric acid adduct (TMPA). This adduct was then epoxidized using epichlorohydrin and KOH as catalyst to synthesize an epoxy resin (TMPAE), which was further esterified using methacrylic acid in the presence of triphenyl phosphine as catalyst and hydroquinone as inhibitor to produce bio-based multifunctional vinyl ester resin (VTMPAE). This article also reports the synthesis of lignin model compounds i.e. methacrylated eugenol (ME) and methacrylated guaiacol (MG) as bio-based reactive monomers for vinyl ester resins. The chemical structures of all synthesized products were analyzed using FTIR, 1HNMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques. The thermal and mechanical properties of the samples were evaluated using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM), respectively. Chemical and corrosion resistance of the above cured VTMPAE samples coated on steel panels were also evaluated as a function of % weight loss by immersing the VTMPAE samples in 1 M HCl, 1 M NaOH, and 1 M NaCl solutions for 90 days. The morphological changes that appear upon such an exposure were also studied with the help of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Effect of Hybrid Tackifiers on Viscosity, Peel Strength and Shear Resistance of Natural Rubber and Epoxidized Natural Rubber-Based Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

Natural rubber (SMR L grade), epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) 25 and 50 were loaded with hybrid tackifiers consisting of a mixture of coumarone-indene and gum rosin. The coumarone-indene was fixed at 40 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) while the concentration of gum rosin was varied from 20 to 80 phr. The viscosity, peel and shear strength of the adhesives prepared from the elastomers was studied. Results show that peel strength exhibits a maximum value at 60 phr gum rosin for SMR L-based adhesive while for ENR 25 and ENR 50 based adhesives a maximum value is observed at 40 phr gum rosin which was attributed to the occurrence of optimum wettability and compatibility at this tackifier loading. Meanwhile, viscosity and shear strength decreases with increasing gum rosin concentration. SMR L-based adhesive consistently exhibits higher viscosity and shear strength whereas ENR 25-based adhesive steadily shows higher value for all modes of peel tests.

Synthesis of a Gum rosin alcohol-poly(acrylamide) based adsorbent and its application in removal of malachite green dye from waste water

The present paper is focused on the synthesis of a green GrA-cl-poly(AAm) adsorbent using N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide and potassium persulphate as a crosslinker–initiator system.

Palladium-loaded Renewable Polymer as a Green Heterogeneous Catalyst for Cross-coupling Reactions under Microwave Irradiation

A new palladium catalyst was prepared by immobilising ligand 2, 2′-dipyridylamine on the backbone of an acidic rosin polymer from gum rosin, on to which palladium(II) was bound via coordination. The catalyst at a low loading of 0.2 mol% was found to be highly effective for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions of aryl halides and arylboronic acids under microwave irradiation in the presence of 1 equiv. of Na2CO3, affording excellent yields of the corresponding biaryls. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited very good recyclability over three cycles.

Mixed calcium and zinc salts of dicarboxylic acids derived from rosin and dipentene: preparation and thermal stabilization for PVC

Maleated dipentene (DPMA) and acrylopimaric acid (APA) were prepared by the Diels–Alder addition of dipentene with maleic anhydride and gum rosin with acrylic acid, respectively, and subsequently converted to the corresponding zinc salts (DPMA-Zn, APA-Zn) and calcium salts (DPMA-Ca, APA-Ca). Their chemical structures were confirmed by FT-IR analysis. The effects of the mixed DPMA-Ca/DPMA-Zn and APA-Ca/APA-Zn stabilizers on the PVC thermal stability were studied. In comparison, two commercial products, calcium stearate (CaSt2) and zinc stearate (ZnSt2), and two homemade salts of a dimer fatty acid (C36DA), zinc salt (C36DA-Zn) and calcium salt (C36DA-Ca), were also employed as controls in the study of PVC thermal stabilization. The thermal stability of PVC samples was determined using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Congo red test and discoloration test. Dynamic mechanical properties of the PVC compounds were also studied. The results showed that PVC compounds stabilized by the mixed DPMA-Ca/DPMA-Zn and APA-Ca/APA-Zn stabilizers displayed comparable modulus and glass transition temperatures but exhibited overall superior thermal stability compared with the CaSt2/ZnSt2 stabilized PVC.

A green and sustainable approach: celebrating the 30th anniversary of the asymmetric l-menthol process.

Takasago has been devoted to producing l-menthol since 1954, and our long history of manufacturing this important aroma chemical is reviewed here. The current asymmetric catalytic process had its 30th anniversary in 2013. Our l-menthol process is considered carbon-neutral, and, therefore, 'green' and sustainable. It uses renewable myrcene obtained from gum rosin as a starting material. In addition, the Rh-BINAP (=2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl) catalytic system is highly efficient. This pathway not only leads l-menthol, but a variety of 100% biobased aroma chemical products as well. By measuring the (14) C levels in a material, one can determine the percentage of carbon that is biobased. This biobased assay, described as the ratio plant-derived C/fossil-derived C, can clarify how renewable a product really is. This will be highlighted for several of Takasago's key aroma chemicals.

A novel method to crosslink natural rubber latex adhesive at ambient temperature

Proof-of-concept laboratory experiments demonstrated grafting diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) onto natural rubber (NR) latex particles and crosslinking these sites via the keto-hydrazide reaction. Graft copolymers of NR and PDAAM (NR-g-PDAAM) were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization at 50 °C. The morphology of the obtained graft copolymers was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The degree of grafting of poly(diacetone acrylamide), PDAAM, phase in NR-g-PDAAM was evaluated by 1H NMR technique. The keto-hydrazide crosslinking reaction of the ketone carbonyl of grafted PDAAM with adipic acid dihydrazide (ADH) was initially investigated using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR). The FTIR spectra of the NR-g-PDAAM film with added ADH lacked the absorption peak of ketone carbonyl in PDAAM. This result is consistent with the observations that the tensile strength of the cast films with ADH was higher than those without ADH, corroborating that the crosslinking reaction was taking place in the cast NR-g-PDAAM latex film. Then, the adhesive performance of NR-g-PDAAM latexes with various DAAM contents was determined, using ADH as the crosslinking agent. The lap shear strength increased noticeably with the amount of DAAM in the latex adhesives. This is attributed to the crosslinking in the adhesive film increasing with DAAM content and giving correspondingly improved cohesive strength. The effect of tackifier (i.e., gum rosin) content on the shear strength of NR-g-PDAAM latex adhesive was subsequently investigated. Adhesion tests indicated that the optimal gum rosin loading was 50 phr for attaining the maximum shear strength.

Determination of resin acid composition in rosin samples using cyclodextrin-modified capillary electrophoresis.

Rosins are used in a wide variety of industries in varnishes, adhesives, drug coatings, etc. In this project a novel capillary electrophoresis method was developed to investigate the resin acid composition of rosins. The acids were separated and the concentrations of individual acids present in gum rosin samples determined in order to investigate any links between the presence and concentration of these acids and the tendency of rosins to crystallize. The capillary electrophoresis method successfully separated nine resin acids in various rosin samples where previously they could not all be separated. Calibration curves were created to determine acid concentration. Abietic, dehydroabietic, neoabietic, pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, sandaracopimaric, palustric, and 7-oxo-dehydroabietic acids were separated using a 20 mM tris buffer at pH 9 containing 15% methanol 5 mM (2-hydroxypropyl)-γ-cyclodextrin 10 mM sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. Their concentrations in a crystallizing and a noncrystallizing rosin sample were determined.

Natural gum rosin thin films nanopatterned by poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpiridine) block copolymer

Nanostructured polymeric blends containing renewable gum rosin (GR) were successfully designed using a poly(styrene)-block-poly(4-vinylpiridine) (S4VP) as nanostructuration agent. The thin films were prepared using spin-coating in a one step pathway. As expected, the intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions between gum rosin and poly(4-vinylpiridine) (P4VP) block was confirmed by FTIR. Additionally, the miscibility between these components of the polymeric blends was indicated by a shift of the Tg corresponding to the P4PV block to lower temperature with the increase of the GR in the polymeric GR/S4PV blends. One of the interesting observations of this work is that the introduction of only 20 wt% of S4PV block copolymers is enough to obtain nanostructured blends. The morphology change from worm-like to lamellar long range ordered pattern passed through a fingerprint-like structure with increasing amount of the S4PV block copolymer, which allowed development of novel tuneable nanostructured S4PV-based supramolecular materials employing low cost renewable materials such as easily accessible gum rosin.