Gum Ghatti Research Articles

Modification of gum ghatti via grafting with acrylamide and analysis of its flocculation, adsorption, and biodegradation properties

In this work, an environmentally friendly gum ghatti-crosslinked-polyacrylamide (Gg-cl-PAAM) hydrogel was synthesized from gum ghatti (Gg) and acrylamide (AAM) using a microwave-assisted grafting technique, and tested for use in water purification applications as an adsorbent and flocculent. The Gg-cl-PAAM was characterized using SEM, FTIR, and TGA, and displayed pH responsive swelling behavior, with maximum swelling (2117%) observed in solution with neutral pH. The flocculation characteristics of Gg-cl-PAAM were tested in clay solutions as a function of pH, temperature, and the polymer mass loading, showing that the best performance is obtained at neutral pH at 40°C. The adsorption capacities of Gg-cl-PAAM for the removal different dyes such as brilliant green (BG), rhodamine B (RhB), congo red (CR), and methyl orange (MO) were tested, revealing that the adsorption of all dyes followed the Langmuir isotherm model, with qm values of 523.62mgg−1 for BG, 421.60mgg−1 for RhB, 179.09mgg−1 for CR, and 173.69mgg−1 for MO. Finally, the environmentally friendly nature of Gg-cl-PAAM was examined using the soil-burial composting method, which demonstrated 93% degradation of the Gg-cl-PAAM hydrogel within 60days.

Effect of Different Gums on Rheological Properties of Slurry

This paper presents the effect of different natural gums on water-bentonite slurry, which is used as based fluid in water based drilling fluid. The gums used are Babul gum (Acacia nilotica), Dhawda gum (Anogeissus latifolia), Katira gum (Cochlospermum religiosum) and Semal gum (Bombax ceiba). For present investigation, samples have been prepared by varying concentration of gums. The variation of shear stress and shear rate has been plotted and on the basis of this behaviour of fluids has been explained. The value of k and n are calculated by using Power law. R2 values are also calculated to support the choice of gum selection.

Rheological Properties of Five Plant Gums

The rheological properties of five gum solutions (Gum Shiraz, Karaya Gum, Ghatti Gum, Arabic Gum and Gum Tragacanth) have been examined. The five mucilage solutions exhibited non-Newtonian, shear-thinning with thixotropy at higher concentrations (0.5% - 1%, m/v). According to the change of viscosity with increasing temperature, all five gums could be defined as three types: gum tragacanth and gum shiraz have a good temperature stability; karaya gum is affected by temperature obviously; the remaining two gums have a general stability. The viscosity of mucilage solutions (Arabic Gum, Ghatti Gum and Karaya Gum) had an apparent dependence on temperature. The parameter n of Shiraz Gum is the minimum, which means it has the best flow properties. The flow activation energy of karaya gum is 2.683 kcal which is the highest than other gums so that it has a great influence on temperature. The gum solutions’ viscosity had different sensitive degree over tested pH range (pH 2 - 10). Shiraz gum and arabic gum possessed better acid-proof and alkali-proof respectively. The addition of salts (NaCl and CaCl2) led to the reduction of viscosity, which was more sensitive to Ca2+ than to Na+. Both storage modulus G’ and loss modulus G” of all five gums had a dependence on temperature and frequency. These results are potentially useful for the application in the field of food processing.

An in situ approach for the synthesis of a gum ghatti-g-interpenetrating terpolymer network hydrogel for the high-performance adsorption mechanism evaluation of Cd(ii), Pb(ii), Bi(iii) and Sb(iii)

Unorthodox synthesis of natural polymer-g-terpolymer superadsorbent for exclusion of M(ii/iii).

Evaluation of anti-catatonic potential of Anogeissus latifolia extract on haloperidol induced catalepsy in mice

Evaluation of anti-catatonic potential of Anogeissus latifolia extract on haloperidol induced catalepsy in mice

Enteric Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium through Functionally Modified Poly(acrylamide-grafted-Ghatti gum)-based pH-sensitive Hydrogel Beads: Development, Formulation and Evaluation

Background: To prepare and characterize modified Poly(acrylamide-grafted- Ghatti gum). To formulate and evaluate using this grafted polymer pH-sensitive hydrogel beads of diclofenac sodium for enteric delivery. Methods: Polyacrylamide was grafted onto ghatti gum with microwave assistance using ceric ammonium nitrate as redox initiator. Optimization of formulation was done by varying the irradiation time, amount of initiator and acrylamide keeping amount of ghatti gum (GG) as constant. The copolymer was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analysis, viscosity, molecular weight, neutralization equivalent, swelling, biodegradability and acute oral toxicity studies. Results: The copolymer was found to be biodegradable and non-toxic. Further the optimized copolymer was used to generate novel pH sensitive hydrogel. Diclofenac sodium (DS) was loaded into pH sensitive beads by ionotropic gelation technique using AlCl3 as crosslinking agent. Pulsatile swelling study indicated that the copolymer exhibits considerable pH-sensitive behaviour unlike pure gum. In vitro release studies were performed and it was found to be much less from copolymeric beads than from pure ghatti beads. Furthermore, a maximum of 20 % drug was released from copolymeric beads in pH 1.2-5.5 in first 3 h period, while 80 % was released in pH 6.8-7.4 in 8 hr. Key words: Acrylamide grafted ghatti gum; Biodegradable; Diclofenac sodium; pH-sensitive hydrogel; Controlled-release.

Silver nanoparticles embedded gum ghatti-graft-poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) biodegradable hydrogel: evaluation as matrix for controlled release of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

The present work explores the use of a nanocomposite hydrogel made using Gum ghatti (Gg), N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and N,N- methylene- bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a matrix for controlled release of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D). Stable and uniformally distributed silver nanoparticles (Ag NP) were formed by the reduction of AgNO3 using TCS within the gel network. The Gg-g-PDMA and Ag NPs entrapped gel (Gg-g-PDMA-SN) were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA, SEM, EDS and TEM techniques. The presence of Ag NPs is observed to enhance the swelling ability and the release efficiency of the Gg-g-PDMA gels significantly and also showed higher biodegradability. The gels exhibited prolonged release of the 2,4-D indicating good potential to be used as matrix for controlled release applications in agriculture.

Host Plant Suitability and Altitudinal Variation in Cocoon Size of the Indian Tarsar Silk Moth Antheraea mylitta Drury (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

ABSTRACT. An experimental rearing of Antheraea mylitta Drury was carried out in the rearing fields at Similipal Biosphere Reserve, Mayurbhanj, Odisha, India, during the rainy season under somewhat natural conditions on live host plants. Female larvae were reared at three elevations utilizing the same eight host plant species, viz. Asan (Terminalia alataW. & A.) in family Combretaceae, Arjun (Terminalia arjuna W. & A.) (Combretaceae), Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn) (Dipterocarpaceae), Ber (Ziziphus jujuba Gaertn) (Rhamnaceae), Sidha (Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb.) (Lythraceae), Dha (Anogeissus latifolia Wall.) (Combretaceae), Bahada (Terminalia belerica (Gaertn) Roxb.) (Combretaceae) and Jamun (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels) (Myrtaceae) at each location. The larval growth on various host plants was evaluated in terms of the size, weight, and volume of the resulting cocoons. The host plant that produced the highest quality cocoons at all the elevations is Sal (Shorea robusta). The least suitable host plant at a...

Outputs through the collaborative works with Prof. G. O. Phillips on hydrocolloid emulsifiers

Some natural hydrocolloids exhibit emulsifying properties (emulsifying activity and emulsion stabilizing ability), and carbohydrate with proteinaceous moiety generally plays an essential role in the O/W emusltions. Although the proteinaceous moiety is a minority in the whole hydrocolloid, it can activate the interface between oil and water by adsorbing onto the interface due its amphipathic character. Thus, protein is not just a contamination but works as a functional ingredient. On the other hand, carbohydrate bound to the proteinaceous moiety contributes to emulsion stability through steric effect by forming hydrated layer around the surface of oil droplets. In this review, gum arabic, gum ghatti, and sugar beet pectin are focused, and findings on their emulsification mechanisms and the solutions for improved functionality and reduced natural diversity of these hydrocolloids are summarized as outputs from the collaborative works with Prof. G. O. Phillips for more than 10 years.

ZnSe-WO3 nano-hetero-assembly stacked on Gum ghatti for photo-degradative removal of Bisphenol A: Symbiose of adsorption and photocatalysis

In this research work we report Gum-ghatti supported ZnSe-WO3 nano-hetero-assembly for solar powered degradation of endocrine disruptor Bisphenol S (BPA). The photocatalyst was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Small area electron diffraction (SAED), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), Photoluminescence (PL), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), UV–vis spectrophotometry and Brauner Emmet Teller surface area analyzer (BET). We achieve a Z-scheme photocatalyst (ZnSe-WO3) with a higher charge flow and visible absorption. Gum ghatti acts as a superadsorbent and a sink for charge carriers. The removal of BPA has been studied under three experimental protocols where 99.5% removal was achieved by symbiose of photocatalysis-adsorption-ozonation in just 45min hetero-assembly has a high surface area, stability and reduced carrier recombination. The results have been analyzed by scavenger effect, mass spectrometry, kinetics and total organic carbon (TOC) analysis. 49.4% of TOC was removed and COD was reduced to 16.7% after 2h in symbiotic condition. From the band edges and scavenger effect it was inferred that superoxide radical anions are major attacking species. The work paves way for designing of novel photocatalysts with increasing biogenic quotient and higher efficiency.

Gum ghatti mediated, one pot green synthesis of optimized gold nanoparticles: Investigation of process-variables impact using Box-Behnken based statistical design

Due to unique inherent catalytic characteristics of different size, shape and surface functionalized gold nanoparticles, their potential applications, are being explored in various fields such as drug delivery, biosensor, diagnosis and theranostics. However conventional process for synthesis of these metallic nanoparticles utilizes toxic reagents as reducing agents, additional capping agent for stability as well as surface functionalization for drug delivery purposes. Hence, in this work suitability of gum Ghatti for reducing, capping and surface functionalization during the synthesis of stable Gold nanoparticles were duly explored. Role and impact of key process variables i.e. volume of chloroauric acid solution, gum solution and temperature at their respective three different levels, as well as mechanism of formation of optimized gold nanoparticles were also investigated using Box- Behnken design. These novel synthesized optimized Gold nanoparticles were further characterized by UV spectrophotometer for its surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at around ∼530nm, dynamic light scattering (DLS) for its hydrodynamic size (112.5nm), PDI (0.222) and zeta potential (−21.3mV) while, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) further revealed surface geometry of these nanoparticles being spherical in shape.

Chitosan based in situ forming polyelectrolyte complexes: A potential sustained drug delivery polymeric carrier for high dose drugs

The present study investigated the feasibility of using combination of Cationic and anionic polymers as sustained release carrier for the delivery of high dose gastric acid soluble model drug Paracetamol. Various formulations were prepared using wet granulation technique. Briefly a cooled (4°C) neutral solution of chitosan (CH) was combined with cooled aqueous solution (4°C) of anionic polymer such as Gum Ghatti (GG) and Xanthan gum (XG). This polyelectrolyte solution was then used to granulate the model drug Paracetamol. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various pharmacopoeial and non pharmacopoeial parameters viz. Thickness, Hardness, Friability, Weight Variation, Content uniformity and Drug Content. The drug release study carried out in 0.1M HCl revealed in situ Polyelectrolyte complex formation (PEC) between CH and anionic biopolymers. This in situ PEC formation resulted in sustained delivery of high dose gastric fluid soluble drug Paracetamol. Further, effect of incorporation starch and lactose as tablet diluents on release rate was also studied. It was observed that paracetamol release from lactose granulation was faster than tablets prepared with starch as diluents. From the data generated it was concluded that In situ PEC formation approach has sufficient potential to sustain the release of drugs like paracetamol.

Development of smart hydrogels of etherified gum ghatti for sustained oral delivery of ropinirole hydrochloride

Gum Ghatti (GG) is a water soluble complex polysaccharide obtained from Anogeissus latifolia. Due to its non toxic and excellent emulsifying characteristics, it was widely used in different pharmaceutical preparations. Currently another facet was explored for its utility as release retardant polymer in oral controlled drug delivery system. As GG solely was incapable of forming microspheres therefore modification of GG to Sodium carboxymethyl (NaCMGG) derivative was done by carboxymethylation process and its gel forming capacity was explored by the use of trivalent cation (Aluminium chloride) which results into complete microbead system in a complete aqueous environment for controlled delivery of Ropinirole Hydrochloride (RHCl). Rheological property of NaCMGG showed pseudoplastic shear thinning behavior. Spherical shape of bead was observed under scanning electron microscope. Depending upon the formulation variables, Drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) varies from 47.66±3.51 % to 71.4±2.65%., and 80 to 90% drug was released in 6h in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Drug release was governed by both fickian diffusion and polymer relaxation simultaneously. Compatible environment for drug entrapment was established by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Thus the modified derivative NaCMGG could be a promising polymer in biomedical application.

Quantitation of Flavonoids in Barks of Selected Taxa of Combretaceae

The present study was done on the evaluation and quatification of Flavonoids in the barks of selected taxa of Combretaceae viz. Terminalia (Terminalia alata, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia pallida, Terminalia paniculata), Anogeissus acuminata, Anogeissus latifolia, Calycopteris floribunda, Combretum albidum and Quisqualis indica The selected species such as was randomly selected for the research and the quantitation of flavonoids were detected and identified by paper chromatography technique (Rf values) and standard methodology. The total flavonoid contents (TFC) varied from 77.94 to 238 mg/g, expressed as Rutin equivalents. We conclude that all the selected taxa Barks of Combretaceae possess and can be regarded as promising candidates for natural plant sources high value dietary rich flavonoids.

Impact of dry season fire on tree diversity of a tropical dry forest in Bandipur National Park

A study was conducted at the tropical dry forest of Bandipur, south India, to understand the impact of dry season fire on survival and mortality of different species. A total of 4235 trees belonging to 66 species were enumerated in both burnt and un-burnt areas of Bandipur National Park. Standard vegetation indices were calculated to characterize the natural vegetation of the park. Of the total 2679 trees were recorded from burnt area. Fire resulted in mortality of 679 trees belonging to 33 species. Tectona grandis (Teak) suffered maximum mortality because of fire followed by Anogeissus latifolia . Large proportion of Anogeissus latifolia and Terminalia crenulata trees survived the fire. Mortality of different species was significantly related to the population sizes of each species and also the survival of each species. There was a disproportionate mortality across different size classes. Key words: Tropical dry forest, Bandipur, tree diversity, fire, mortality, survival

Characterization of a novel edible film based on gum ghatti: Effect of plasticizer type and concentration

The feasibility of using gum ghatti (GG) as a novel film-forming material was investigated. Physical, barrier, mechanical and optical properties were determined as a function of GG content, plasticizer type and concentration. Sorbitol-GG films had lower moisture content, water contact angle, water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability but higher water solubility than glycerol-GG ones. Tensile strength and elastic modulus of films decreased whereas elongation at break increased with plasticizer concentration. GG films tended to be green and yellow. Film′s total color difference increased and whiteness index decreased with plasticizer concentration. Glass transition temperature of films decreased with increasing plasticizer concentration. Smooth and regular surface morphology without phase separation between film′s components were ascertained using scanning electron micrograph. X-ray diffraction revealed an amorphous-crystalline structure of GG films and crystallinity index decreased with increasing plasticizer concentration. GG has a promising potential in edible films production.

Can coagulation–flocculation be an effective pre-treatment option for landfill leachate and municipal wastewater co-treatment?

Summary Coagulation–flocculation as pre-treatment option for co-treatment of landfill leachate (LL) and municipal wastewater (MW) was investigated using ferric chloride as coagulant along with a novel flocculant namely polyacrylamide grafted gum ghatti (GGI-g-PAM). Experiment at different coagulant doses with constant flocculant dose was performed at different LL to MW at ratios of 1:20, 1:10, 1:7 and 1:5. Pre-treatment process's efficiency evaluation was based on removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and colour. LL and MW characterization revealed that LL was old with low BOD 5 /COD ratio, high ammonia and TSS concentration while MW had moderate COD concentration. FeCl 3 optimum dose was 970 mg/L with 100 mg/L of GGI-g-PAM flocculant. Best pre-treatment was at a ratio of 1:7 where 79% COD, 93% turbidity and 90% TSS removal was recorded. Colour removal was found to decrease with increase in FeCl 3 dose at all the ratios tested except at 1:20. Results indicated that coagulation–flocculation can be useful pre-treatment option for LL and MW co-treatment.

Effect of Gum Arabic, Gum Ghatti and Sugar Beet Pectin as Interfacial Layer on Lipid Digestibility in Oil-in-Water Emulsions

The impact of gum arabic (GA), ghatti gum (GG), and sugar beet pectin (SBP) on the digestion rate of emulsified lipids is investigated in vitro under model duodenal digestion condition. The aim was to understand the role of the interfacial layer surrounding the lipid droplets on lipid hydrolysis in order to control lipid digestion. The emulsifier concentration required to provide the same emulsion droplet size decreased in the order: GA > GG > SBP, demonstrating the best emulsifying activity of SBP. The rate and extent of free fatty acid release during lipid digestion did not differ significantly among the three types of gums in emulsions with D[2,3] 2 μm, and the digestive rate decreased in the order: GA > SBP > GG. The difference in digestion rate was attributed to the stability of the emulsified lipid droplets in the stimulated intestinal juice and the resistance of interfacial layer against displacement by bile salts. The difference of resisting against displacement by bile salts for the interfacial layers was detected with bile salts concentration of 0.025 mg/mL, and all of the pre-adsorbed emulsifiers could be completely displaced from interface by bile salts at 5 mg/mL. Emulsions with SBP were susceptible to Ca2+ and Na+ in simulated intestinal juice, resulting in the flocculation and coalescence of emulsion droplets. A reduction of the surface area of lipids would contribute to a slow digestion. Emulsion stabilized by GG was very effective at retarding lipolysis mainly due to the affinity of linked protein moieties of GG and its hydrophobic binding with bile salts. The knowledge gained in the study has important implications in designing proper emulsion-based systems for controlling lipid digestibility at specific sites within the gastrointestinal tract.

A study on the adsorption of methylene blue onto gum ghatti/TiO2 nanoparticles-based hydrogel nanocomposite

The objective of this work was to study the isotherm and kinetic models for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) onto a TiO2 nanoparticle (TiO2NP)-containing hydrogel nanocomposite (HNC) of polyacrylamide-grafted gum ghatti (PAAm-g-Gg). The grafting of PAAm onto Gg was conducted using N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker, and different weight percentages of TiO2NPs were incorporated into the hydrogel matrix during the grafting reaction. The graft co-polymerization and the formation of the HNC were confirmed using FTIR, XRD, BET, SEM, TEM and EDS analyses. The adsorption of MB was studied in batch mode and it was found to be highly dependent on solution pH, ionic strength temperature and adsorbent loading. The MB-adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order rate model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm with a maximum adsorption capacity of 1305.5mgg−1. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption of MB onto the HNC surface was spontaneous, endothermic and through a process of physisorption. The results also showed that the HNC was much more effective for the adsorption of cationic dyes than anionic dyes, and it retained its original adsorption capacity for five successive cycles of adsorption-desorption. In conclusion, the hydrogel nanocomposite showed huge potential for remediating industrial wastewater polluted by toxic cationic dyes.

Large Scale Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants for Identification of Potential Antibacterial Compounds.

The global burden of bacterial infections is very high and has been exacerbated by increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance leads to failed treatment of infections, which can ultimately lead to death. To overcome antibiotic resistance, it is necessary to identify new antibacterial agents. In this study, a total of 662 plant extracts (diverse parts) from 222 plant species (82 families, 177 genera) were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar cup plate method. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared from diverse plant parts and screened against eight bacterial (two Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) species, most of which are involved in common infections with multiple antibiotic resistance. The methanolic extracts of several plants were shown to have zones of inhibition ≥ 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration was calculated only with methanolic extracts of selected plants, those showed zone of inhibition ≥ 12 mm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Several extracts had minimum inhibitory concentration ≤ 1 mg/mL. Specifically Adhatoda vasica, Ageratum conyzoides, Alangium salvifolium, Alpinia galanga, Andrographis paniculata, Anogeissus latifolia, Annona squamosa, A. reticulate, Azadirachta indica, Buchanania lanzan, Cassia fistula, Celastrus paniculatus, Centella asiatica, Clausena excavate, Cleome viscosa, Cleistanthus collinus, Clerodendrum indicum, Croton roxburghii, Diospyros melanoxylon, Eleutherine bulbosa, Erycibe paniculata, Eryngium foetidum, Garcinia cowa, Helicteres isora, Hemidesmus indicus, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Lannea coromandelica, Millettia extensa, Mimusops elengi, Nyctanthes arbor-tristis, Oroxylum indicum, Paederia foetida, Pterospermum acerifolium, Punica granatum, Semecarpus anacardium, Spondias pinnata, Terminalia alata and Vitex negundo were shown to have significant antimicrobial activity. The species listed here were shown to have anti-infective activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These results may serve as a guide for selecting plant species that could yield the highest probability of finding promising compounds responsible for the antibacterial activities against a broad spectrum of bacterial species. Further investigation of the phytochemicals from these plants will help to identify the lead compounds for drug discovery.