Gum Ghatti Research Articles

Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and in vivo antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia bark in type 2 diabetic rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and in vivo antioxidant potential of aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia bark (AEALB) in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NIN)-induced type 2 diabetic rats. MethodsOral acute toxicity for AEALB was performed in rats at 2 g/kg dose. In rats, type 2 diabetes was induced by administration of STZ-NIN (65 mg/kg-110 mg/kg, i.p). AEALB 100, 200 mg/kg dose was administered orally to the diabetic rats up to four weeks. The body weight and blood glucose levels were determined at the end of every week. The haemoglobin, glycosylated haemoglobin, serum lipid profiles and other biochemical parameters were measured on fourth week. The antioxidants level in liver, kidney and pancreas of diabetic rats treated with AEALB were estimated. ResultsIn the acute toxicity study, AEALB was non-toxic at 2 g/kg in rats. The increased body weight, haemoglobin and decreased blood glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin and other biochemical parameters level was observed in diabetic rats treated with both doses of AEALB compared to diabetic control rats. In diabetic rats, AEALB administration, altered lipid profiles and antioxidants level were reversed to near normal than diabetic control rats. ConclusionAqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia bark possess significant antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and in vivo antioxidant activity in type 2 diabetic rats.

Investigation of ghatti gum as a carrier to develop sustained release floating tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride

Investigation of ghatti gum as a carrier to develop sustained release floating tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride

Evaluation of the genotoxicity of the food additive, gum ghatti

Gum ghatti is a food additive in some parts of the world, serving as an emulsifier, a stabilizer, and a thickening agent. To evaluate its genotoxic potential, we conducted Good Laboratory Practice compliant in vitro and in vivo studies in accordance with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines. No evidence of toxicity or mutagenicity was detected in a bacterial reverse mutation assay using five tester strains evaluating gum ghatti at up to 6mg/plate, with or without metabolic activation. Gum ghatti also did not induce chromosome structural damage in a chromosome aberration assay using Chinese hamster ovary cells. To assess the ability to induce DNA damage in rodents, a combined micronucleus/Comet assay was conducted in male B6C3F1 mice. Gum ghatti was administered at 1000, 1500, and 2000mg/kg/day by gavage once daily for 4days and samples were collected 4h after the final dosing. No effect of gum ghatti was measured on micronucleated reticulocyte (MN-RET) frequency in peripheral blood, or DNA damage in blood leukocytes or liver as assessed by the Comet assay. Our results show no evidence of genotoxic potential of gum ghatti administered up to the maximum concentrations recommended by OECD guidelines.

IN VITRO ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ANOGEISSUSLATI FOLIA EXTRACT AGAINST PHERITIMA POSTHUMA

Crude extracts of Anogeissus Latifolia were evaluated for in-vitro anthelmintic activity on the Indian adult earthworms Pheritima posthuma. The leaves extracts of Anogeissus Latifolia had shown a dose dependant inhibition of spontaneous motility (Paralysis) of earthworms. It has been observed that ethanolic extract (60mg/ml) has shown anthelmintic activity, which was compared with albendazole as reference drug. Therefore the leaves could be categorized under anthelmintic herbal drugs and could become a potent key ingredient of such herbal formulation.

Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior evaluation of hydrogels based on Gum ghatti and acrylamide for selective absorption of saline from different petroleum fraction–saline emulsions

AbstractIn this research article, the synthesis of Gum ghatti and acrylamide based superabsorbents under pressure with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and an ascorbic acid–potassium persulfate redox pair as an initiator is reported. To study the impact of the different reaction variables on the water absorbance of the candidate polymer, different reaction parameters, including the reaction time, amount of solvent, pH of the medium, initiator ratio, pressure, and monomer and crosslinker concentrations, were optimized. The candidate polymer was characterized with different techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, differential thermogravimetry, and X‐ray diffraction. The crosslinked product was found to be thermally more stable than the initial backbone. The swelling capacity of the synthesized polymer was investigated in deionized water as a function of time, temperature, and pH of the swelling medium. Moreover, the effects of the ionic strengths of different cations on the swelling capacity of the candidate polymer were studied with different salt solutions. The tendency of absorbency for these hydrogels in salt solutions was found to be in the following order: Na+ > Ba2+ > Fe3+ > Sn4+ for NaCl, BaCl2, FeCl3, and SnCl4 salt solutions. Further, the candidate polymer was used for the selective absorption of saline water from different petroleum fraction–saline emulsions. The results showed that the saline absorption capacities of the hydrogels were 667, 610, 646, and 680% in kerosene–saline, diesel–saline, petrol–saline, and petroleum ether–saline emulsions, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

Gum ghatti: A promising polysaccharide for pharmaceutical applications

Gum ghatti (Anogeissus latifolia) or Indian gum is a complex non-starch polysaccharide. It has been widely employed in food, pharmaceuticals, paper and other industries primarily due to its excellent emulsification and thickening property. Other applications of gum ghatti are inadequately investigated owing to lack of information on it. Researchers in the recent years have shown a great interest in exploring its molecular structure and functional properties. This article is aimed at discussing the structural features, functional properties and applications of gum ghatti with an emphasis on its pharmaceutical potential.

Isolation of genomic DNA suitable for community analysis from mature trees adapted to arid environment

Isolation of intact and pure genomic DNA (gDNA) is essential for many molecular biology applications. It is difficult to isolate pure DNA from mature trees of hot and dry desert regions because of the accumulation of high level of polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, tannins etc. We hereby report the standardized protocol for the isolation and purification of gDNA from seven ecologically and medically important tree species of Combretaceae viz. Anogeissus ( Anogeissus sericea var. nummularia, Anogeissus pendula, and Anogeissus latifolia) and Terminalia ( Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia catappa and Terminalia chebula). This method involves (i) washing the sample twice with Triton buffer (2%) then (ii) isolation of gDNA by modified-CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) method employing a high concentration (4%) of PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) and 50 mM ascorbic acid, and (iii) purification of this CTAB-isolated gDNA by spin-column. gDNA isolated by modified CTAB or spin-column alone were not found suitable for PCR amplification. The Triton washing step is also critical. The quality of DNA was determined by the A 260/ A 280 absorbance ratio. gDNA was also observed for its intactness by running on 0.8% agarose gel. The suitability of extracted DNA for PCR was tested by amplification with RAPD primers, which was successful. Further, rbcLa (barcoding gene) was amplified and sequenced to check the quality of extracted gDNA for its downstream applications.

Hapalopilus nidulans (Polyporales: Polyporaceae) a new record from India

Hapalopilus nidulans (Polyporales: Polyporaceae) is reported for the first time from India. It was collected on stored wood of Anogeissus latifolia, Chloroxylon swietenia, Ougeinia oojeinensis, Shorea robusta and Terminalia tomentosa from forest depots of Chhattisgarh, India. The species is being re-described on the basis of morphology, anatomy and cultural characters.

THE MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF GHATTI GUM: A NATURALLY OCCURRING POLYELECTROLYTE.

Abstract An authenticated sample of ghatti gum from Anogeissus latifolia has been fractionated by ethanolic precipitation (Fraction I), and chromatography on silica gel (Fractions 2 and 3). The equivalent weights found were 1,750, 1,800 and 2,040 respectively. The sodium salts of the fractions have been studied in various salt solutions by viscosity and light scattering methods. From the latter the molecular weights (= 2·1, 2·7, and 2·6 ± 106 respectively), radii of gyration, and some idea of molecular shape have been obtained. The molecule appears to be rod shaped. The expansion factors of the molecules calculated from the light scattering and the viscosity data agree with each other. Reasons for the difference in the values of the calculated and observed second virial coefficients are discussed.

SORPTION OF WATER VAPOUR AND SURFACE ACTIVITY OF GHATTI GUM.

Abstract The sorption of water vapour by three fractions of sodium ghattate has been studied at 25° and 40°. The results were fitted by Brunauer, Emmett & Teller plots at low relative vapour pressures. Calculations of the differential heats and entropies of sorption gave initially exothermic ΔH̄ values and negative ΔS̄ values. As the sorption proceeded the signs of the thermodynamic properties became positive The mechanism of sorption onto different parts of the macromolecules was discussed. The surface tension of one sodium ghattate fraction was measured in water, 0.05 and 0.5 N sodium chloride solution, as a function of concentration, using the sessile drop method. The presence of salt enhanced the surface activity. A structure for the adsorbed film is suggested.

New studies on gum ghatti ( Anogeissus latifolia) part I. Fractionation, chemical and physical characterization of the gum

This paper describes the fractionation, chemical and physical characterization of processed gum Ghatti (Gatifolia SD), and identifies the source of its surface activity. Four fractions were separated using the gradual ethanol precipitation method. With the increase of alcohol concentration, the chemical composition of the fractions exhibited a pattern: arabinose content increased, but the galactose, protein and uronic acid contents decreased in the order of: F50 (50% ethanol precipitate), F65 (65% ethanol precipitate), F80 (80% ethanol precipitate) and FS (the supernatant after 80% ethanol precipitation). Rheologically gum ghatti and its fractions exhibited Newtonian flow behavior until gum concentrations reached to 20% (w/v), at which point gum ghatti showed some shear thinning. At the same shear rate and concentration, the apparent viscosities of these fractions decreased in the order: F50 > F65 > F80 > FS. When compared at same concentration, the FS fraction had the highest surface activity relative to the Gatifolia SD, the other fractions and even gum Arabic. Monosaccharide composition and preliminary structural analysis showed that the branching of the polymer increased in the order of F50, F65 and F80. The degree of branching levels, protein and uronic acid content could be responsible for the different solubility of the fractions in alcohol. However, the molecular structure of FS is significantly different from the other fractions. FT-IR spectroscopy revealed no esterified carboxyl group in gum ghatti. Detailed structural elucidation of each fraction will follow.

Chromatographic Evaluation of Terpenoids of some medicinally important barks

Thin layer Chromatographic analysis of bark of Anogeissus latifolia, Crataeva religiosa, Pterocarpus marsupium and Terminalia arjuna was carried with respect to the terpenoid pool of the plants. The three bark samples (Apical bark, middle bark and mature inner bark on main trunk) of each plant were analyzed and maximum terpenoids were recorded in the apical bark of Terminalia arjuna stem bark.

Effect of leaf and bark aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia on growth performance of Vigna unguiculata

The present study was carried out to assess the effect of leaf and bark aqueous extract of Anogeissus latifolia tree on Vigna unguiculata traditional crop to understand the suitability of treecrop combination in agricultural fields. Different concentrations of leaf (1%, 3% and 5%) and bark (1%, 3% and 5%) aqueous extract of A. latifolia were used to study radicle and plumule growth of Vigna unguiculata. The leaf and bark aqueous extract have shown minimum allelopathic effect on V. unguiculata and suppressed/stimulated radicle and plumule growth under different concentrations. The wide distribution of Anogeissus latifolia in a subtropical region of Garhwal Himalaya, provides good fodder fuel wood and timber to the villagers. Therefore introducing Anogeissus latifolia in agricultural field and maintaining the existed trees at boundaries of agricultural fields can be useful to the villagers requirements for the villages and wherever the possible allopathic effect exit can be minimized by lopping the branches of trees and use of naturally flecked off bark for fuel wood purposes.

Analysis of Thickening Polysaccharides by the Improved Diethyldithioacetal Derivatization Method

The identification test for thickening polysaccharides containing neutral saccharides and uronic acids was investigated by GC analysis of constituent monosaccharides. The reported method, in which monosaccharides were converted to diethyldithioacetal derivatives with ethanethiol followed by trimethylsilylation, was improved in terms of operability and reproducibility of GC/MS analysis. The suitability of the improved diethyldithioacetal derivatization method was determined for seven thickening polysaccharides, i.e., carob bean gum, guar gum, karaya gum, gum arabic, gum ghatti, tragacanth gum and peach gum. The samples were acid-hydrolyzed to form monosaccharides. The hydrolysates were derivatized and analyzed with GC/FID. Each sugar derivative was detected as a single peak and was well separated from others on the chromatograms. The amounts of constituent monosaccharides in thickening polysaccharides were successfully estimated. Seven polysaccharides were distinguished from each other on the basis of constituent monosaccharides. Further examination of the time period of hydrolysis of polysaccharides using peach gum showed that the optimal times were not the same for all monosaccharides. A longer time was needed to hydrolyze glucuronic acid than neutral saccharides. The findings suggest that hydrolysis time may sometimes affect the analytical results on composition of constituent monosaccharides in polysaccharides.

New studies on gum ghatti ( Anogeissus latifolia) part II. Structure characterization of an arabinogalactan from the gum by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis

The structure of a water soluble arabinogalactan isolated from gum ghatti (Gatifolia SD) was elucidated by methylation analysis and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The arabinogalactan fraction (F80) was obtained by a sequential ethanol precipitation of gum ghatti (Gatifolia SD). Methylation and GC–MS analysis indicated that F80 was a highly branched polysaccharide; the terminal sugar residues were about 40.8% of the total sugars. The majority of the terminal units were α- l-Ara f, with small amounts of T-Glc pA, T-Ara p, T-Rha p and T-Gal p. About 14.2% of the total sugar residues were →6)-β- d-Gal p-(1→ branched at 3rd and 4th positions. The linear portion of the arabinogalactan was composed of →4)-Glc pA(1→, →6)-Gal p(1→ and →2)- l-Ara f-(1→ linkages. Based on the results from methylation analysis, 1D ( 1H, 13C) and 2D (COSY, TOCSY, HMQC and HMBC) NMR spectroscopy, the structure of F80 was proposed as follows: [Display omitted] R is one of the following groups: →3)-β- d-Gal p-(1→, →5)-β- d-Ara f-(1→, →2,3-Man p1→, T-α- l-Ara f 1→, T-Glc pA1→ and T- l-Ara p 1→. Galactose has the -β-D configuration, while the arabinose and rhamnose are in the α- l form.

New studies on gum ghatti ( Anogeissus latifolia) Part III: Structure characterization of a globular polysaccharide fraction by 1D, 2D NMR spectroscopy and methylation analysis

The structure of a globular gum ghatti fraction (FS) with low surface tension was investigated using methylation–GC–MS, 1D ( 1H, 13C) and 2D (COSY, TOCSY, HMQC and HMBC) NMR spectra. FS was obtained from the supernatant after sequential ethanol precipitation of aqueous gum ghatti (Gatifolia SD) solutions after 80% (v/v) ethanol. FS is proposed to be a highly branched polysaccharide with small amount of acetyl substitution: [Display omitted] R can be represented by the following groups: →2,3-Man p1→, →3,4-Glc p1→, →4-Gal p1→, T-α- l-Ara f 1→, T-Glc pA1→,T-Gal p1→ and T- l-Ara p 1→. Galactose has the -β- d configuration, while the arabinose and rhamnose are in α- l form.

Phytochemical profile and Antibacterial activity of stem bark of Anogeissus latifolia

In- vitro antibacterial potential of Apical, meddle and mature stem bark was assayed by employing the agar-well diffusion method against three Gram ‘+’ve bacteria Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Micrococcus sp. and five Gram ‘−’ve bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoneae, Salmonella typhi, and Proteus mirabilis. The extract of apical bark was effective than the inner bark and mature outer bark in controlling the growth of all bacteria. The bacterium Salmonella typhi was most sensitive than other bacterial species. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, flavanols, phenols, saponins and terpenoids. The concentrations secondary metabolites was found higher in the apical stem bark than the inner and mature outer stem bark.

Regeneration status of a sub-tropical Anogeissus latifolia forest in Garhwal Himalaya, India

The present study deals with the regeneration status of a subtropical forest located between 950–1100 m above sea level in Garhwal Himalaya. The vegetation was quantitatively analyzed on four different aspects i.e., east, west, north and south. Results of the study indicated that across the aspects, Anogeissus latifolia was dominant in tree, sapling and seedling layers in all the aspects, except north aspect where Pinus roxburghii and Terminalia tomentosa were dominant in tree and seedling layers, respectively. The highest tree layer density (380 plant·ha−1) was recorded on south aspect and lowest (260 plant·ha−1) on west aspect. In shrub layer, highest density was on east aspect (1790 plant·ha−1) and lowest on west aspect (970 plant·ha−1). Tree and shrub layer diversity ranged between 0.846 to 1.710 and 1.943 to 2.847, respectively. The relative lopping intensity (%) was higher in Anogeissus latifolia (45%–57% as compared to 4%–33% in other species) which is the most important tree species on all aspects, except north aspect. The present study also reveals that if the current rate of exploitation continues, the species like Anogeissus latifolia may be replaced by other species and drastic changes may occur in species composition and regeneration of the forest. The anthropogenic pressure, aspect and soil nutrients have caused changes in regeneration status and species composition of forests.

Mesoscale Patterns in the Floristic Composition of Forests in the Central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India

ABSTRACTWe describe the mesoscale floristic patterns in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, through combined analysis of woody species abundance and stand structure data from a network of ninety‐six 1‐ha sampling plots spread across 22,000 km2. A total of 61,906 individuals (≥10 cm gbh) comprising 400 plant species from 254 genera and 75 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Lauraceae and Moraceae families constituted 23.5 percent of the total number of species encountered. The relative dominance of species was skewed with Poecilonueron indicum, Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia tomentosa and Anogeissus latifolia being dominant in some plots. Correspondence analysis (CA) and a nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) of plots by species abundances data showed similar arching patterns, with significant correlation between the first axis of CA and NMDS (r=0.77). Hierarchical clustering of plot scores along the three first CA axes resulted in splitting the plots into five different categories that broadly reflect the major bioclimatic features of the region. A multiscale bootstrapping test indicated that categorization of the wettest (wet evergreen group 1 and 2) and driest (dry deciduous) groups were robust (P<0.05 with 1000 bootstraps), while the remaining two transitional groups were uncertain (P=0.12 and 0.26 for moist deciduous and semi‐evergreen group, respectively). Principal component analysis revealed that plots with similar floristic composition can encompass contrastingly different physiognomic structures (canopy cover, canopy height and mean tree diameter) probably in relation to their levels of disturbance. Observed patterns in the floristic composition have been discussed in the light of the complex interaction between the bioclimatic and disturbance regimes that characterize the region.

Structure, sensory and nutritional aspects of soluble-fibre inclusion in processed food products

The food industry relies increasingly on soluble fibre to formulate products with superior structural properties, mouthfeel and potential health benefits. In this paper, we have compiled experimental data from a wide range of high-solid foodstuffs in order to demonstrate the utility of fibre inclusion in such preparations. Recent studies have mapped out the structural properties of soluble-fibre polysaccharides (e.g., κ-carrageenan, agarose and deacylated gellan) in the presence of increasing levels of co-solute with application to the confectionery and ice cream industries. One of the incentives to understand the behaviour of such systems is the prospect of providing an alternative to gelatin since the protein is increasingly falling “out of fashion” with consumers and producers alike. This rather underresearched area has other applications, for example, flavor encapsulation and preservation of bioactive molecules in glassy polysaccharide matrices. A second example relates to the development of minced fish products which are made traditionally with added starch but fail to offer a new marketing position. The eating quality of processed fish products can be improved by including in the formulation the right amount and type of soluble-fibre polysaccharides (e.g., κ-carrageenan or low methoxy pectin) thus taking advantage of their multifaceted functionality as instrumental/sensory texture modifiers. Finally, in oriental foods, such as instant-rice noodle, gum ghatti and fenugreek gum have been utilized in an effort to improve textural attributes and mouthfeel. In addition, α-amylase inhibition by incorporation of green-tea extracts has been considered as an avenue for glycemic response reduction in model starch systems.