Gum Arabic Research Articles

Microencapsulation of total saponins from stem and leaf of Panax notoginseng by freeze and spray drying: Process optimization, physicochemical properties, structure, antioxidant activity, and stability.

Ginsenosides are the primary active substance in ginseng plants and have a variety of benefits. However, its light and heat stability are weak and easy to decompose. This study used gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) as wall materials, and 1% Tween 80 was used as emulsifier. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the preparation process of total saponins in the stems-leaves of Panax notoginseng (SLPNs) (SSLP) microcapsules by spray drying and freeze drying techniques. Under optimal process conditions, the two microcapsules have better solubility and lower moisture content (MC). The color of spray-dried SSLP microcapsules was greener and bluer, and the color was brighter. In morphology, the spray-dried SSLP microcapsules were spherical with a slightly shrunk surface, whereas the freeze-dried ones were lamellar and porous. The two microcapsules have strong stability under different storage conditions and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion simulation. In addition, both microcapsules and free SSLP contained multiple ginsenosides. At the same time, both microcapsules had good free radical scavenging ability. These results indicate that the microencapsulation technology could improve the stability and bioavailability of SSLP, which is expected to provide a reference for the intensive processing of the SLPN. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: After microencapsulation, the stem and leaf extract of Panax notoginseng improved its stability and taste, which laid a foundation for making more nutritious and better tasting food of the stem and leaf of P. notoginseng.

Biochemical Studies on Efficiency of Natural Gum in Chronic Kidney Failure and Liver Cirrhosis in Rats

It is well-established that apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation are associated with several disorders, including chronic renal disease and hepatic disease. Oxidative stress (OS) is a major cause of death from end-stage renal disease which also contributes to atherosclerosis and cardiac issues. The present study aimed to assess the efficacy of Gum Arabic (GA) in mitigating renal damage and hepatotoxicity in rats induced by Chloropyrifos-methyl (CPM). A total of 42 male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups, with four groups (group 2 [IC], group 5 [GA1+IC]a, group 6 [GA2+IC], and group 7 [GA1+IC]b treated with CPM for eight weeks to induce hepatic and renal damage. Two models of GA administration, including the standard oral model in drinking water (15% w/v) and the oral model by gavage at a dose of 1 g/kg body weight were administered. Physiological parameters of kidney and liver functions, including urea, creatinine, AST, and ALT along with anti-oxidant factors (Melaodialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione, and catalase) were measured in plasma, and homogenates of renal and hepatic tissues on day 57 of the experiment. In addition, histopathological examination was conducted on liver and kidney tissues using hematoxylin and eosin stain to evaluate the efficacy of GA on damaged tissues. Gum Arabic was found to significantly reduce CPM toxic effects in the liver and kidney in groups treated with CPM as liver and kidney parameters were reduced to normal levels. Furthermore, GA reduced histological indicators of inflammation, fibrosis, and apoptosis, as well as renal morphological damage. Additionally, it reduced OS in liver and kidney homogenates. In conclusion, GA effectively reduced the damage that CPM inflicted on liver and kidney tissue by stabilizing physiological parameters to normal levels and repairing cellular structures damaged by OS. Keywords: Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Gum Arabic, Kidney, Liver, Oxidative stress

ECO-FRIENDLY BIONANOCOMPOSITE BASED ON BIOSYNTHESIZED POLY(3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-3-HYDROXYVALERATE) REINFORCED WITH Ni-CuO NANOPARTICLES FOR REMOVAL OF BRILLIANT GREEN

Ni-doped Copper oxide (Ni-CuO) nanoparticles have been synthesized from Arabic Gum. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) polyester was biosynthesized by the microorganism Haloferax mediterranei utilizing date waste as carbon source. The produced Ni-doped copper oxide (Ni-CuO) nanoparticles have been incorporated with different percentages into the PHBV matrix. The produced bionanocomposites were achieved with different percentages of the nanoparticles: 1%, 3%, 5% and 10%, and were referred to as PHBV/Ni-CuO(1,3,5,10%). FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM and EDX techniques have been used to study and characterize the synthesized bionanocoposites. In addition, the prepared nanocomposites were studied for their efficiency as solid phase adsorbents for Brilliant Green (B.G.) dye from water resources under different conditions. The prepared nanocomposites were found to be very efficient and promising solid phase adsorbent materials to treat water samples for the purpose of dye removal. The percentage of the removed dye increased from 45.6% to 97.7% as the PHBV/Ni-CuO(10%) nanocomposite amount increased from 10 mg to 70 mg per 25 mL of water sample. The dye removal percentage reached an equilibrium in 90 min. Natural water samples from three different sources have been tested against the Ni-CuO/PHBV(3%) nanocomposite as solid adsorbent for the B.G. removal, and the results showed >90% dye removal in all cases under the optimum experimental conditions.

The development of anti-freezing and anti-evaporating conductive organohydrogel for flexible strain-sensing electronic devices.

The hydrogels got hot attention from the researchers due to their excellent flexibility, mechanical properties, conductivity, and response to external stimuli, however, their applications are hampered due to a lack of water retention properties and anti-freezing ability. In this study, the organohydrogel was designed from the two solvents system (DMSO and water) in which acrylamide (Amm) and acrylic acid (AA) work as monomers and Arabic gum (AG) works as biopolymers. The functional groups, surface morphology, mechanical properties, rheological properties, anti-freezing properties, and strain-sensing properties of the fabricated organohydrogel were studied. The DMGA6 organohydrogel showed good mechanical properties with fracture stress of 197 kPa, fracture strain of 593%, cyclic stability to five cycles at 400% strain without relaxation time, excellent rheological performance (elastic behavior), anti-freezing properties (-54.6 °C), the response time of 65 ms with a gauge factor of 8.86 at 500% strain. The organohydrogel can detect different human motions like bending of the finger, elbow, neck, and wrist at normal and harsh temperatures. Additionally, the organohydrogel can also detect the mood of humans, etc. The designed organohydrogels can be used in strain-sensing smart electronic devices for writing, drawing, etc. as an electronic pen.

Development and evaluation of silver-infused Biopolymer coated cotton wound dressings as possible wound healing material

Wound management is a critical clinical issue, with substantial economic and social implications. Traditional dressings often lead to poor healing, impacting the effective wound repair is an ongoing challenge. So, this research aimed to investigate the development of a novel medical textile auxiliary in the form of a padded cotton bandage coated with a blend of agricultural biopolymers (xanthan gum and gum arabic) containing AgNPs with an emphasis on environmental friendliness and sustainability. The samples treated with various biopolymer blend compositions that were assessed by SEM and FTIR analysis, tensile strength, antibacterial properties, and comfort attributes, including air permeability and wicking. Antibacterial tests showed no bacterial growth on the samples, with the maximum inhibition zone measuring 3.3 mm. The mechanical and comfort tests revealed that the blend with 0.5 % xanthan gum and 1 % Arabic gum achieved the highest air permeability at 500 mm/s, the sample with the highest GSM demonstrated superior tensile strength at 42 N, and the 50 GSM sample exhibited better-wicking properties, reaching up to 1.33 cm, compared to the 100 GSM samples. This research is aimed to develop biopolymer-based cotton bandages with improved air permeability, antibacterial, tensile strength, moisture-wicking.

Characterization of Taro (Colocasia esculenta) stolon polysaccharide and evaluation of its potential as a tablet binder in the formulation of matrix tablet

This investigation focuses on the extraction, characterization, and evaluation of taro (Colocasia esculenta) stolon polysaccharide (TSP) as a tablet binding agent, which is obtained from edible taro stolon. TSP was subjected to phytochemical screening and characterized by FTIR, DSC, TGA, DTA, XRD, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, rheological behavior, and SEM. The tablets prepared with varying concentrations of TSP (2.5 %, 5 %, 7.5 %, and 10 % w/w) and diclofenac sodium (DS) were evaluated and compared with the same concentrations of gum acacia and PVP K-30. The presence of carbohydrates was confirmed by Molisch's test. The FTIR spectra established the compatibility of the drug with excipients. The SEM images revealed asymmetric and elongated particles of TSP powder. The hydration kinetics study showed matrix hydration and water penetration velocity within the range of 0.602–0.753 g/g and 0.112–0.189 cm/g.h, respectively. The tablets showed drug release of >75 % at 45 min. The release-exponent value above 0.89 indicated a super case II drug transport combining matrix erosion and diffusion. Optimum tablet hardness and very low friability, even at 2.5 % binder concentration, suggested the potential application of the novel TSP as a tablet binder in the formulation of the tablets.

Re-entrant phase transitions in Laponite/Gum Arabic nanocomposites

A re-entrant gel transition is observed in a discotic clay, Laponite (Lap) aqueous suspensions with the addition of a complex polysaccharide, Gum Arabic (GA). For fixed concentrations of Lap (1–3 % w/v) and at low GA concentrations (CGA < 10 % w/v), the composites exhibit gel behaviour, while the suspensions undergo liquid phase separation for intermediate GA concentrations (10 % w/v < CGA < 20 % w/v). Gel behaviour is again observed in the samples at even higher GA concentrations (CGA > 30 % w/v). Here, we identify a thermodynamic phase transition in Lap/GA mixtures that is caused by a variation in GA content. The viscoelastic characteristics, phase transitions, and gelation kinetics of the Lap/GA mixtures have been studied by employing rheology, small-angle X-ray scattering, and optical investigations. Reduction of the negative values of zeta-potential and growth of the composite system's hydrodynamic size indicated the presence of interactions in Lap/GA mixtures. The phase diagram enables the apparent interactions and phase transitions between the nanoplatelets and the complex polysaccharides. Thus, our study provides new perspectives on a nanocomposite's tuneable rheological and structural features.

Downsizing gum Arabic-based abamectin particles using flash nanoprecipitation method for enhanced pesticide deposition

Pesticides are vital for ensuring crop protection and stable yields, but their low efficiency and eco-unfriendly carriers raise environmental concerns. In this study, abamectin nanopesticides were designed and fabricated using natural polysaccharides [gum arabic (GA)] and a co-stabiliser via flash nanoprecipitation (FNP) method to reduce the size of nanopesticides and enhance their foliar affinity and deposition. Various co-stabilisers were innovatively introduced into the FNP process; the synergy between GA and the co-stabiliser significantly reduced the particle size (111.5 nm), narrowed the size distribution (polydispersity index = 0.078), and enhanced the stability and release performance of the nanopesticides. Importantly, the downsized nanopesticides effectively improved retention on leaf surfaces, reducing pesticide loss. In addition, because of the excellent control capability of the FNP method, the particle size of the nanopesticides could be flexibly adjusted by modifying the flow-based process parameters. Nanopesticides with small sizes demonstrated good control efficacy against Tetranychus urticae, comparable to those of commercial emulsion in water formulations. This study provides an effective approach for enhancing the utilisation efficiency of pesticide droplets by reducing particle size to ensure sustainable agriculture.

Microencapsulation by Complex Coacervation of Lavender Oil Obtained by Steam Distillation at Semi-Industrial Scale.

Lavender oil (LEO) is one of the most well-known essential oils worldwide which, besides its extensive application in aromatherapy, serves as raw material for various fields, including the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Accordingly, several global requirements were established to warrant its quality. Microencapsulation represents an emerging technology widely applied for the preservation of essential oils, simultaneously providing new ways of application. In the current study, lavender oil was obtained from the flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. on a semi-industrial-scale steam distillation system. According to the GC-MS investigation, lavender oil obtained in the third year of cultivation met the European Pharmacopoeia standards for linalyl acetate and linalool contents ≈38% and ≈26%, respectively. Microcapsules (MCs) containing the so-obtained essential oil were successfully produced by complex coacervation technology between gum arabic (GA) and three different grades of type-A gelatin (GE). Optical microscopic investigations revealed a significant difference in particle size depending on the gelatin grade used. The variation observed for coacervates was well reflected on the scanning electron micrographs of the freeze-dried form. The highest encapsulation efficiency values were obtained by UV-VIS spectrophotometry for microcapsules produced using gelatin with the medium gel strength. FT-IR spectra confirmed the structural modifications attributed to microencapsulation. According to the GC-MS analysis of the freeze-dried form, the characteristic components of lavender oil were present in the composition of the encapsulated essential oil.

PSIX-3 Dental stick extrusion utilizing spray dried plasma

Abstract Dental stick extrusion utilizes various ingredients to form the ideal texture and quality product. Alternative ingredients to enhance or impact texture, palatability and/or plaque removal can be useful to improve dental stick manufacturing. Spray dried plasma (SDP) is a consistent high protein ingredient commonly utilized in pet food for functional texture properties, enhancing palatability, and supporting overall health. Thus, the study objective was to evaluate how SDP inclusion with other ingredients impacts texture of extruded dental formulas. Three formulas were developed utilizing SDP to replace wheat starch (WS) or Arabic gum in the control formula. The formulas were: Control: WS and gum; SDP1: SDP and WS replacing gum; and SDP2: SDP replacing WS and gum. Dental sticks were made at the Extru-Tech technology testing center using a 525 single screw extruder with the product densification unit (PDU) removed and replaced with a mid-barrel valve and 3 cooling heads to cause densification. The sticks were manufactured as solid square sticks. Generally, a single screw with a PDU, or a traditional parallel-shaft twin screw is used to manufacture dental sticks. However, the equipment alterations used worked like a single screw with a PDU; thus, it would be expected that the results would translate to a traditional single screw configuration. Glycerin at 12% (% to dry feed rate) and chicken fat were added to the pre-conditioner at set rates to optimize expansion and product quality. Processing conditions were monitored and adjusted on the various formulations during production to optimize extrusion. Texture was measured on a TA.XT Plus utilizing an adjustable bridge with a rounded-end knife probe for a 3-point bend. Dental sticks of 8 cm in length were placed over the two bridge spans spaced 5 cm apart to measure maximum force (hardness) and work to peak force (work to break) to determine texture parameters. Ten dental sticks per treatment were analyzed. All formulas utilizing SDP were successful in producing dental sticks. No differences (P &amp;gt; 0.05) were noted in force with SDP formulas compared with control. Work to peak was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in SDP formulas compared with control formula. Formulation matrix impacts results. In the current formulas, both Arabic gum and WS were altered in the formulas and depending on amount of SDP used similar texture was noted. In conclusion, SDP can be incorporated into dental stick formulas and utilized as a processing aide. Overall, depending on target hardness and ingredient matrix, SDP can be an alternative to various ingredients to maintain or improve product quality.

Synthesis and Assessment of Acacia Gum‐Based Hydrogel as a Promising Novel Biopolymeric Matrix for Delivery of Ciprofloxacin

AbstractIn this current study, hydrogels based on acacia gum (AG), polyacrylamide (PAM), and carboxymethyl tamarind kernel gum (CMTKG) were successfully developed and ciprofloxacin (drug) incorporated into it. To optimize the hydrogel, the concentrations of crosslinker and initiator were varied, and their effects on the swelling were examined. The hydrogel was subjected to characterization techniques such as Powder X‐ray Diffraction (PXRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Attenuated Total Reflection‐Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The hydrogel swelling and in vitro drug release were assessed in pH 1.2 and 7.4 buffer solutions. The findings revealed that an alkaline pH yielded superior results for the swelling and in vitro drug release experiments compared to an acidic pH. The drug release kinetic of the ciprofloxacin‐loaded AG/PAM/CMTKG hydrogel followed the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, demonstrating non‐fickian diffusion at pH 7.4 and fickian mechanism at pH 1.2. The pH‐dependent behavior of ciprofloxacin‐loaded AG/PAM/CMTKG hydrogel displayed its potential implications for site‐specific ciprofloxacin release.

Development of bio-active cotton fabric coated with betalain extract as encapsulating agent for active packaging textiles

The development of bio-active cotton fabric based on natural polymers and pigments has been a significant material for biodegradable textile packaging in recent years. Betalain extracted (BE) from Red beet root (RBR) is a rich source of natural pigments and has potential health benefits as an antioxidant and in biological activities which used as food, beverage, and drug colorant. However, BE pigments are photochromically unstable and have interest applications, thereby motivating the use of microencapsulation technology to maintain their stability and increase their shelf lifetime. Thus, in the present work Incorporating BE into gelatinized corn starch (GS) and Arabic gum (AG) for manufacturing stabilized BE microcapsules with tunable antioxidant and biological properties by freeze-drying method. The produced encapsulating agent (EA) powders were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) for particle morphology and FTIR of selected EA was carried out. Monitoring of coloring strength values (K/S) and Color parameters before and after storage as well as storage stability of these microcapsules at different pH’s was also studied. The current study was performed to design multifunctional cotton fabric, for this purpose the cotton fabric was treated with keratin to improve its affinity toward 100 % BE, with and without (BE) EA were determined using a pad dry process. The chemical properties, physical properties, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and functional properties of the coated fabrics with and without (BE) as well as color parameters were determined. The results showed that the fabric coated with 100 % BE and 30 % BE incorporating or encapsulating with 60 % GS and 10 % AG exhibited good mechanical properties, excellent thermal stability, and significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activity compared to the uncoated fabric. The antioxidant release of BTE from the fabric coated with 60/10/30 EA was controlled by diffusion. According to the results, the developed multifunctional coated fabrics with BE encapsulating agent can be considered as a good potential material for active packaging textiles for various applications.

Graphene Nanoplatelets Extend Life of Scale-Inhibitor Squeeze Treatment

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 215228, “Graphene Nanoplatelets for Extended Lifetime of Scale-Inhibitor Squeeze Treatment in a High-Temperature Reservoir,” by Suzalina Zainal, SPE, Norzafirah Razali, and Mohamad A. Rodzali, Petronas, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Scale-inhibitor squeeze (SISQ) treatment is an established method for offshore fields that allows an extended effectiveness of scale inhibitors in preventing deposition over time. One of the primary issues in SISQ campaigns is the short squeeze lifetime of less than 1 year. The study detailed in the complete paper proposed graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) as a preflush system to extend the lifetime of a conventional SISQ treatment. This carbon-based nanomaterial allowed enhanced adsorption of the phosphonate-based scale inhibitor. GNP as a Preflush System A high-surface-area GNP preflush system was chosen to condition the rock surface to overcome the apparent lack of suitable surfaces available for scale-inhibitor adsorption during SISQ treatment. The GNP was injected to coat the rock surface. GNPs consist of a few graphite layers with thicknesses varying from 0.7 to 100 nm. The carbon-based nanomaterial forms a honeycomb structure, regarded as a good alternative to its predecessor, graphene, because of its lower cost and potential for large-scale production. GNP particle size ranges between 100 and 200 nm. This 2D carbon nanomaterial offers several advantages, such as high surface area, a high aspect ratio with a planar shape, and good mechanical properties with excellent thermal and electrical conductivities. It is also inert toward common reservoir fluid. Experimental Procedure Materials. Injection and formation water (brine samples) were prepared based on compositions listed in Table 1 of the complete paper. Berea core plugs were used for static-adsorption and injectivity experiments. In these two experiments, the core samples were used to provide similar rock properties when comparing performances of the baseline preflush (seawater) vs. nano-preflush systems. The average rock permeability for the candidate oil field is between 200 and 400 md. Dispersion Evaluation in High Divalent Brine. Gum arabic (GA) stabilized the GNP in high divalent brine. The polymer-grafted GNP (P-GNP) samples were evaluated in terms of exfoliated sites as compared with GNP alone. Zeta-potential and particle-size analysis also were performed at different P-GNP concentrations. Static-Adsorption Evaluation. A static-adsorption method was designed to replicate preflush injection of P-GNP before introduction of scale inhibitor. Experiments compared the adsorption of the scale inhibitor onto crushed Berea rock, precoated with P-GNP, with another without pre-coating that used seawater preflush only. Coreflood Evaluation. Because of the scarcity of the native core samples, only Berea core samples were used for the injectivity study, while native core samples were used for the SISQ adsorption/desorption coreflood evaluation. In both types of experiments, a P-GNP preflush system was compared with the baseline (seawater preflush).

Experimental and theoretical assessment of bioinspired next-generation intercalated graphene oxide-based ceramic membranes for oil-in-water emulsion separation

2D graphene oxide (GO) membranes are gaining prominence for water reclamation from oily wastewater. Unresolved challenges include low membrane permeance from tight sheets and fouling during separation. In this work, a bioinspired Arabic gum (AG) was used as an intercalated agent with the help of glutaraldehyde to improve the GO membranes’ permeation and fouling resistance. The 2D-laminated separating layer is crafted through a self-assembling innovative approach utilizing pressurized dead-end assembly. The Arabic gum intercalated graphene oxide-modified ceramic membrane (AGIGO-CM) appeared superhydrophilic and underwater (UW) superoleophobic with a UW oil contact angle (UWOCA) of 156.1 ± 1.2°. The membrane prepared with 1 mg of AGIGO (AGIGO-1-CM) offers a flux of 17 times higher than pristine graphene oxide (p-GO) while maintaining a separation efficiency of >99% during the separation of the oil-in-water emulsions. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed AG intercalation expanding the interlayer distance by up to 20 Å, with AGIGO having a higher fractional free volume (FFV) of 0.986 compared to p-GO’s 0.599. AGIGO-CM displayed lower interfacial formation energy (EIFE) of −1865.2 kcal/mol versus −765.5 kcal/mol for p-GO, indicating easier separation. It is further supported by the substantial interfacial thickness of 148 Å for AGIGO-CM compared to 53.0 Å for the p-GO membranes. AGIGO-CM showed minimal fouling, retaining >99% separation efficiency for 6 h. Compared to p-GO-CM, AGIGO-CM flux decreased by only 17.84% versus 44.72%. AGIGO-CM exhibited stability even in acidic and basic environments, showcasing its potential for high performance.

Fabrication of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. microparticles in Arabic gum and maltodextrin: multivariate optimization, chemometric analysis, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and application as functional food ingredient

Fabrication of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. microparticles in Arabic gum and maltodextrin: multivariate optimization, chemometric analysis, simulated gastrointestinal digestion, and application as functional food ingredient

Adsorption of Acacia Gum on Self-Assembled Monolayer Surfaces: A Comprehensive Study Using QCM-D and MP-SPR.

The interfacial structuring of Acacia gum at various pH values on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces was investigated in order to evaluate the respective importance of surface versus biopolymer hydration in the adsorption process of the gum. To this end, SAMs with four different ending chemical functionalities (-CH3, -OH, -COOH, and -NH2) were used on gold surfaces, and the gum adsorption was monitored using multiparametric surface plasmon resonance (MP-SPR) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. Surface modification with alkanethiol and the subsequent adsorption of Acacia gum were also characterized by contact angle measurements using both sessile drop and captive bubble methods. According to MP-SPR results, this study demonstrated that gum adsorbed on all surfaces and that adsorption is the most favorable at both acid pH and hydrophobic environments, i.e., when both the surface and the biopolymer are weakly hydrated and more prone to interfacial dehydration. These results reinforce our recent proposal of interfacial dehydration-induced structuring of biopolymers. Increasing the pH logically decreased the adsorption capacity, especially on a hydrophilic surface, enhancing the hydration rate of the layer. A hydrophilic surface is unfavorable to Acacia gum adsorption except if the surface presents a negative surface charge. In this case, interfacial charge dehydration was promoted by attractive electrostatic interactions between the surface and biopolymers. In the aggregate, the water percentage and the viscoelastic properties were closely related to the properties of the surface function: the negative charge and hydrophobicity significantly increased the hydration rate and viscoelastic properties with the pH, while the positive charge induced a rigid and more dehydrated layer.

Microencapsulation of turmeric oleoresin: complex coacervation and crosslinking strategies for improving encapsulation efficiency and stability in gastrointestinal simulated fluids

Turmeric oleoresin microcapsules were prepared by complex coacervation of gum arabic (GA) and chitosan (Ch) using genipin as a crosslinker. For this propose, the effect of pH and the biopolymer mass ratio ( R GA / Ch pH ) on the zeta-potential and coacervate yield and their viscoelastic properties were evaluated. A liquid-like behavior was found for all the samples in the small- and large-amplitude oscillatory shear regions, with sample R 5 4.5 having the highest viscoelastic properties. Samples R 6 3 , R 5 4.5 and R 4 6 with the highest coacervate yield (∼98%) for each pH chosen to produce the microcapsules. Then, turmeric oleoresin-gum arabic emulsions were produced and characterized. The pH affected the droplet size and charge. At pH 3.0, the droplets were about 50 nm and had a negative charge. At pH 4.5 and 6.0, the droplets were larger but more negatively charged. These emulsions were coated with chitosan and crosslinked with genipin were lyophilized to make microcapsules, showing high encapsulation efficiency (>98%) and low surface oil content (4.5–9.0%). The crosslinked turmeric oleoresin microcapsules showed lower swelling and water uptake in gastrointestinal media than did the uncrosslinked powders. The results of this research will contribute to the knowledge of coacervate systems for nutraceutical applications.

Kaolinite–Arabic gum composite as efficient adsorption material for chemically active compounds with potential insecticidal properties from Momordica charantia leave extract

Synthetic insecticides used worldwide are not environmentally friendly, so there is need for harmless insecticides from bio-sources. The present work is therefore aimed at studying the adsorption of M. charantia leaf extract (EL) on a clay/arabic gum composite. Two composite samples containing clay/arabic gum of 2.5 g/7.5 g noted CP1 and 2.5 g/15 g noted CP2 were each prepared and characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results show that the clay used is of the Kaolinite (kao) type. Arabic gum made it possible to increase the interlayer spaces of kao of the order of 2θ of 12.16° to 2θ of 7.25° and 6.60° for composite 1 (CP1) and composite 2 (CP2) respectively. Results best fitted Freundlich isotherm model for all the adsorbents with CP2 having better adsorption capacity of 9.05 (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n compared to 5.32 and 5.65 (mg/g)(L/mg)1/n for CP1 and kao respectively. The adsorption process was exothermic, non-spontaneous and occurred by physisorption mechanism. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fitted the experimental data for the samples with adsorption occurring faster on CP1 (0.20 g/mg/min) compared to kao (0.06 g/mg/min) and CP1 (0.04 g/mg/min). Results show that arabic gum composite with increasing mass of the arabic gum is more effective in binding M. charantia leaf extract. The arabic gum composite with adsorbed M. charantia leaf extract could be used as an insecticide powder for the preservation of foodstuffs

Spray Dried Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Juice Ingredients as an Upcycling Strategy for Abundant Cashew Apple

Spray-dried yellow cashew juice ingredients produced under different inlet temperatures (140 and 150 °C) and gum arabic (GA) addition ratios (15% and 25% w/v) were evaluated for their physicochemical and phytochemical attributes and storage stability for 56 days. All spray-dried cashew juice particles showed high solids recovery (&gt;70%) and solubility (&gt;90%), low water activity (&lt;0.3), and low hygroscopicity (&lt;10%). Spray-dried particles prepared with 15% w/v GA showed spherical shapes with a semi-crystalline structure and higher ascorbic acid concentration (&gt;650 mg 100 g−1) and total phenolic content (&gt;330 mg GAE 100 g−1). During storage, spray-dried cashew juice particles maintained their water activity levels within the microbiologically safe range and retained high solubility, in addition to high ascorbic (&gt;68%) and phenolic (&gt;55%) acid retention. Overall, we showed that spray-drying cashew juice is a feasible strategy to upcycle abundant and undervalued cashew juice into stable, phytochemical-rich ingredients for multiple applications.

Exploration of the structural and electrical characteristics and solar cell applications of an electrolyte membrane derived from acacia gum

The natural and eco-friendly solid-state electrolytes were prepared using varying concentrations (wt%) of ZnSO4.7H2O salt and pure acacia gum through the solution cast method. Multiple analytical methods were employed to characterize the resulting acacia gum electrolyte samples. XRD analysis confirmed the increased presence of the amorphous phase with the introduction of salt. FTIR analysis explored the formation of interlinking bands and their complex nature upon salt incorporation. The ionic conductivity was found from room temperature (RT) to 100 °C range. The optimized high ionic conductivity value was found to be 1.11 × 10−4 S/cm at 100 °C for the electrolyte composed of 70 wt% acacia gum and 30 wt% ZnSO4.7H2O, while at RT it was 1.06 × 10−5 S/cm for the same composition. Activation energy values fell within the 0.6–0.92 eV range for all samples. Complex dielectric (real and imaginary) and complex electric modulus analyses were conducted. Dielectric permittivity and electrical modulus analyses revealed a significant interaction between the segmental movements of acacia gum and salt ions. Ionic relaxation processes were explored in terms of conductivity relaxation time using the electrical modulus. The presence of a long tail in the complex dielectric modulus study indicated that the acacia-based solid electrolyte displayed favorable capacitance properties. Further, the Solar Cell (dye-sensitized solar cell) device was fabricated with (Acacia gum + ZnSO4.7H2O) electrolyte. The current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the prepared device were investigated. The outstanding results were optimized in the present work, Voc = 0.81 V, Jsc = 9.56 mA/cm2, Fill Factor of 0.67, and optimum power conversion efficiency ƞ = 5.17 % for the electrolyte composed of 70 wt% acacia gum and 30 wt% ZnSO4.7H2O device.