Guggulu Research Articles

Commiphora mukul and Quercetin Loaded Liposphere Gel: Potential Treatment for Psoriasis

Commiphora mukul and Quercetin Loaded Liposphere Gel: Potential Treatment for Psoriasis

Biofabrication of gold nanoparticles mediated by the endophytic Cladosporium species: Photodegradation, in vitro anticancer activity and in vivo antitumor studies.

Green fabrication of nanoparticles (NPs) using biological sources is the fast-growing trend replacing chemical synthesis via toxic materials. Considering the importance and feasibility of green fabricated NPs, the present research focuses on the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of the endophytic Cladosporium sp. (MycoAuNPs) isolated from Commiphora wightii. The synthesized MycoAuNPs are characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopic, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The synthesized NPs showed a sharp absorption peak at 524nm, with an average size between 5 and 10nm in a spherical shape. XRD revealed the crystalline nature, and EDX profiling confirmed the presence of gold (Au) and oxygen (O) atoms. The biological potential of MycoAuNPs were tested under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. MycoAuNPs showed anti-cancer activity in breast cancer cell line MCF-7 (IC50 38.23µg/mL) through the induction of apoptosis. Further, MycoAuNPs showed potential against growth of tumor in tumor-bearing mice models. MycoAuNPs significantly reduced the body weight, ascites volume, and increased the lifespan of EAC bearing mice. It induced apoptosis of the EAC cells, which was confirmed by DNA fragmentation and Giemsa staining. Also, they did not develop any secondary complications or side effects in normal mice. The photocatalytic activity of MycoAuNPs tested against Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue dyes showed potential dye degradation in the presence of sunlight. Thus, the present study gives a clear idea of the multifaceted therapeutic and catalytic applications of the biosynthesized MycoAuNPs.

Assessment of total phenolic content and antioxidant potentiality of selected Indian folk medicinal plants by spectrophotometric method

Natural antioxidant capacity of five important folk medicinal plants measured in vitro. Total phenolic content (TPC), flavonoid content (FC) and free radical scavenging capacity of ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous leaf extracts of Lippia alba (LA), Annona squamosa (AS), Hyptis suaveolens (HS), Commiphora wightii (CW) and Milletia pinnata (MP) was assessed using spectrophotometric method. Folin ciocalteu and aluminium chloride method employed to optimise TPC and FC. Free radical scavenging potentiality of leaf extracts was assessed using Ferrous ion chelation (FIC), 2, 2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) scavenging, Hydroxyl (OH•) radical scavenging (HRS) and Superoxide (O- 2) radical scavenging (SRS) methods. Results revealed that the TPC (96.22±5.85 to 519.23±34.90 ?g GAE/gm dry weight) were found significant in aqueous extracts from all the plants except AS (p<0.05). For FC (?g QCE/gm dry weight), ethanol was found optimum for LA (463.94±6.49), CW (289.99±2.70) and MP (347.47±4.50) whereas, aqueous was found more appropriate for rest two plants were found significant instead of ethanol and methanol (all p<0.05). The lowest IC50 (?g/ml) were recorded from A. squamosa (27.72±8.95), H. suaveolens (27.78±0.88), C. wightii (27.18±0.16) and M. pinnata (27.30±0.03). All plants have reflected a high antioxidant capacity; however, the highest antioxidant activity was reported from ethanolic extract of H. suaveolens followed by L. alba, A. squamosa, C. wightii and M. pinnata. Hence, these studies show that all folk medicinal plants contain potential antioxidant bioactive compounds.

Development and Preclinical Testing of Nasal Aerosol for the Delivery of Novel Spray Dried Polyherbal Formulation to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and eventually the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate anti-alzheimer’s activity of novel herbal aerosol spray formulation containing pure extracts of Curcuma longa, Commiphora wightii and Withania somnifera.Pressurized aerosol packs containing polyherbal spray dried dispersions in the concentration range of 0.5, 1 and 2% w/v dispersed in 10/90, 20/80, 30/70/ 40/60, 50/50) propellant blends of HFA-134a were developed in 3 in 1 aerosol filling machine and evaluated. Behavioural studies were performed in male wistar rats and histopathological studies were performed. The preparations were also assessed for AChE inhibitory activity. Results with P values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Chitosan exhibited compatibility with the polyherbal extracts in FT-IR studies. DSC thermogram revealed an endothermic peak of 65ᵒC with chitosan. Spray dried poly herbal extracts exhibited a spherical morphology particle size distribution of 5-50µm with a practical yield of 20-30%. Aerosol formulations exhibited a particle size range below 10µm. average weight per actuation of canister was 7-8mg with a total 210 deliveries per pack. Zeta potential of the formulations was ±0.997. HPTLC fingerprinting showed band ranges at 256 and 366nm. The optimized aerosol spray in behavioral tests exhibited 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg intranasally reversed the scopolamine induced amnesia. Histopathological findings showed decreased Ach activity in male albino wistar rats. Percentage inhibition of formulation and standaed on AChE activity shoed an IC50 of 62% for 10mg/kg aerosol spray and 72% with 20mg/kg aerosol spray dosing.
 Keywords: alzhiemer’s disease; herbal; spray dried chitosan; aerosol; nasal spray;

Phytochemical Constituents of Guggul and their Biological Qualities

: In the herbal drug pharmaceutical industry, guggul is enjoying emergent consumer acceptance around the world. In the Indian market, more than fifty formulations of guggul have been introduced by well-known brands including Himalaya, Patanjali and Baidyanath Pharmaceuticals. Basically, guggul is the gum resin from Commiphora wightii (syn. Commiphora Mukul). It has been used to treat various ailments including obesity, osteoarthritis, arthritis, constipation, liver disorders, inflammation, anemia, diabetes, etc. Including medicinal properties, it is used as a good binding agent and mixed in various herbal formulations. To review the major phytochemical, medicinal properties and analytical methods involved in the detection of guggul by using the exhaustive bibliographic research by means of various scientific engines and databases. Guggul contained approximately 66 phytochemical including gallic acid, quercetin, and guggulsterones E and Z. These phytochemicals have a wide range of pharmacological activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antimutagenic, antivenom and antitumor. It has been noticed that the mode of action of guggulsterone has not been fully explored. Pharmacology and toxicological studies are very few. These works have shown huge literature gap, which is to be fulfilled through the detailed in-vivo and in-vitro studies.

An Evidence-based Review of Medicinal Plants used in Traditional Persian Medicine for Treatment of Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is known to be the leading cause of pain and disability in the elderly. The prevalence of this disease in adults over 60 years was 9.6% in men and 18% in women. The therapeutic goals of this disease generally include pain relief with the least side effects, improvement of articular function and improvement of life, in which pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments are performed in different protocols. Due to the common side effects of pain relievers and complaints after invasive joint surgeries, there is a growing interest in the use of Traditional and Complementary protocols in OA treatment. In this paper, different sources of Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) were searched to obtain any evidence evaluating any medicinal plants in the management of OA. Over 250 effective medicinal plants for the treatment of OA have been introduced in these sources, and by searching electronic databases including PubMed and Scopus, we have found that of these plants, 39 have direct or indirect evidence in the treatment of this complication by different mechanism of actions such as effect on Body mass index (BMI), obesity and dyslipidemia, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and antioxidant activity. The most important medicinal plants with direct evidence in the management of OA are Allium sativum, Commiphora mukul, Linum usitatissimum, Matricaria chamomilla, Nigella sativa, Zingiber officinale, and Piper nigrum. Medicinal plants seem to be a valuable source for discovering and identifying new drugs for treatment of OA; however, since most of the studies are preclinical, further clinical trials are required to achieve more conclusive results.

Histological Study of Commiphora mukul, Withania somnifera and Thyroxine in a Murine Model of Hypothyroidism

Introduction: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder not only in developing countries like Pakistan but also in the developed countries having a prevalence of about 4-5%. Thyroxine remains the gold standard treatment for hypothyroidism but due to its adverse effects, newer and safer phyto alternatives are the need of hour. Aims & Objectives: Present study was designed to establish effects of Commiphora mukul, and Withania somnifera on thyroid histology in methimazole induced hypothyroidism in order to compare the effects of these plants on thyroid histology with thyroxine. Place and duration of study: This experimental study was carried out in the animal house of PGMI, Lahore. Total duration of study was 38 days. Material & Methods: 60 rats were sorted in 6 groups with 10 animals each. G-1 was the control group. G-2 received methimazole 60mg/kg/day for 21 days to induce hypothyroidism and left untreated for self recovery & G3-6 were induced with methimazole in the same way. After induction G3-6 were treated for 15 days except group 2, G-3: Commiphora mukul Ethanolic Extract (CMEE) 0.2g/kg/day orally, G4: Withania somnifera Ethanolic Extract (WSEE) 1.4g/kg/day orally. G-5: CMEE 0.2g/kg/day + WSEE 1.4g/kg/day orally. G-6 received the gold standard Thyroxin 0.6ug/100gm BW S/C. Thyroid was excised for histology at the end i.e at day 38. Results: Improved thyroid follicular morphology was seen in all treatment groups in their epithelium, colloid content, reversion of chromatin to normal and decreased nuclear pyknosis. However both extract CMEE & WSEE in combination exhibited equi to greater potential than thyroxine 0.6?g/100gm BW alone. Conclusion: So our study shows that treatment with combination of CMEE 0.2g/kg + WSEE 1.4g/kg orally for 15 days improved thyroid histology significantly which is comparable to gold standard thyroxine proving the potential of this combination to substitute thyroxine.

The effects of Commiphora mukul extract on spermatogenesis and testosterone levels in male diabetic rats.

ObjectiveThe strong antioxidant activity of Commiphora mukul prompted us to conduct the present study to explore whether treatment with C. mukul extract (CME) would have any protective influence on sperm parameters, testosterone levels, and plasma glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.MethodsMale Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, control animals treated with CME, diabetic animals, and diabetic animals treated with CME. CME extract (300 mg/kg) was administered for 60 days by daily gavage. Diabetes was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg STZ. The epididymal sperm count, weight, motility, morphology, viability, and serum testosterone and glucose levels were determined.ResultsIn the diabetic animals, CME decreased blood glucose levels (p<0.05), increased the total sperm count (p<0.05), and decreased the proportion of sperm with abnormal morphology (p<0.05). Diabetes reduced sperm motility (p<0.001), and CME supplementation partially reversed this effect of diabetes (p=0.003). Furthermore, in diabetic animals, CME decreased the proportion of immotile sperm (p<0.001). In rats, diabetes caused a significant decrease (p<0.05) in serum testosterone levels (F[3, 28]=3.283, p=0.035), but treatment of diabetic animals with CME increased serum testosterone levels.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated that C. mukul possesses proandrogenic activity and exerts a beneficial effect on sperm parameters in diabetic rats.

Guggulipid: A Promising Multi-Purpose Herbal Medicinal Agent.

Herbal medicines therapy is appreciated by many research works because herbal drugs have relatively high therapeutic window, lower side effects and more cost effective. Guggulipid is an ethyl acetate extract of resin known as guggul from the tree Commiphora wightii / mukul (Arn.) Bhandari. Chemical analysis revealed that the compounds responsible for the major activities of gum guggul are the isomers E- and Z-guggulsterone. Guggul has been used for thousands of years in the treatment of arthritis, inflammation, obesity, cardiac protection, anti-ulcer, anti-epileptic and disorders of lipid metabolism. This review is an assortment of available information reported on its chemical, pharmacological and toxicological properties in various research studies. The available therapeutic properties of guggulipid make it suitable natural product for the treatment of various disorders like inflammation, pain, wounds, liver disorder and Acne etc. Graphical Abstract Graphical Abstract.

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of selected medicinal herbs and their polyherbal formulation

The medicinal plants possessing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties are used since ancient times for curing several healthcare issues. The present study was done for evaluation of anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Boswellia serrata, Commiphora wightii, Hemidesmus indicus, Aloe barbadensis, Withania somnifera, Zingiber officinale, Berberis aristata, Cucurma longa and their polyherbal formulation (vati). Antioxidant activities (anion superoxide and hydrogen peroxide) were estimated using E. coli, the DNA of lymphocytes, RAW264.7 cell lines were used for estimation of anti-inflammatory activities. Various methods such as DPPH, ABTS, Superoxide method, Nitric Oxide reduction method, different protein assays and cell culture were done for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant activity. Polyherbal formulation exhibited highest DPPH and ABTS scavenging (96%) Almost all the plant extracts, as well as polyherbal formulation, were recorded to inhibit LPS-induced TNF-α production by imDC in a dose-dependent manner. The polyherbal formulation at a concentration of 3.125 μg/mL showed significant proliferation in RAW 264.7. The present study concludes that all the extracts and their formulation showed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The activities of polyherbal formulation were found most significant.

Biogenic synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Commiphora wightii and their cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell line (MCF-7)

The current study aimed at developing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of the medicinal plant Commiphora wightii. The phytosynthesized gold nanoparticles (Cw@AuNPs) were evaluated for their anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cell model. The formation of AuNPs by Commiphora wightii leaf extract was confirmed by UV–vis spectra where their surface plasmon resonance was found at 533 nm. Further characterization of Cw@AuNPs was done by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. In vitro anticancer potential of thus obtained AuNPs was evaluated against MCF-7 and where the IC50 was found to be 66.11 μg/mL Further, apoptotic studies were carried out using ethidium bromide dual staining, DNA fragmentation, comet assay, and flow cytometry studies. Results revealed that Cw@AuNPs at higher concentration significantly increased the apoptotic cells when compared to control cells. Cell cycle analysis of MCF-7 cells confirmed the cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. These results demonstrate that the biosynthesized Cw@AuNPs appear to be promising for therapeutical applications against breast cancer.

A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial, Evaluating the Efficacy of Commiphora Mukul Cream in Improving Breast Engorgement in Breastfeeding Women

Breast engorgement is a common problem during breastfeeding that can lead to early discontinuation of breastfeeding. Commiphora Mukul (C. Mukul) is a medicinal plant with analgesic and anti-inflammatory compounds. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of C. Mukul on improving breast engorgement in breastfeeding women. This study was a double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled trial conducted with 100 breastfeeding women, whose symptoms of breast engorgement were randomly allocated to C. Mukul cream group or placebo. Both groups were to rub one fingertip of cream on each breast after nursing 8 times a day for 2 days. The breast engorgement symptoms) severity index = erythema + tension + pain) were assessed by the validated breast engorgement checklist. The severity of breast engorgement before the intervention was not significantly different between the two drug and placebo groups (breast erythema (P=0.78), tension (P=0.85) and pain (P=0.06)), but two days after the intervention, 60% of women in the drug group and 22% of them in the placebo group scored zero in breast engorgement checklist, though there was a significant difference between the groups (P<0.001). No side effects were observed or reported in either group. According to the findings, Commiphora Mukul cream can improve breast engorgement.

Efficacy of Virechana, Triphaladi decoction with processed Guggulu in the management of ovarian cyst - A pilot study.

Background:Ovarian cyst is an emerging problem among the women of reproductive age group. Most of the ovarian cyst (80%–85%) are benign, and two-thirds of these occur in women between 20 and 44 years of age. They may be identified in asymptomatic women during routine pelvic examination or may produce symptoms. Management of the ovarian cyst through surgery is available to meet urgent need of the patient, but to establish a satisfactory conservatory medical treatment is the need of the hour. According to Ayurveda, ovarian cysts can be managed on the line of Kaphaja Granthi (nodular/glandular swellings by Kapha Dosha) and Vidradhi (abscess).Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of Virechana (therapeutic purgation), Triphaladi Kashaya (decoction) with processed Guggulu (Commiphora mukul Engl.) in the management of ovarian cyst.Materials and methods:16 patients were included in this clinical study and among them, 15 patients completed the treatment and one patient was dropped out from the trial. Patients were given Virechana followed by Triphaladi Kashaya (50 ml) with processed Guggulu (1 g) orally twice a day before meal for 60 days. The patients were followed up till 1 month. The assessment was carried out on subjective parameters such as lower abdominal pain, backache, and dysmenorrhea as well as objective parameters such as ovarian cyst size and volume by four-dimensional gray scale and color doppler sonography. Cancer antigen 125 was also assessed before and after treatment. Results were statistically analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Student's t-test by sigma statistical tool (version 3.5, Systat Software Inc., United States).Results:Significant results were observed in subjective parameters such as lower abdominal pain (93.11%), backache (81.81) and dysmenorrhea (90.90%) as well as objective parameters such as reduction in size of the cyst (60%) and complete resolution of the cyst (26.66%).Conclusion:Triphaladi Kashaya with processed Guggulu is more effective in hemorrhagic cyst and simple cyst rather than other cyst, due to Shothahara properties which may have effectively curtailed the progress of ovarian cyst.

A review on Guggulu [&lt;em&gt;Commiphora wightii&lt;/em&gt; (Arn.) Bhand.]: &lt;em&gt;In vitro&lt;/em&gt; propagation of critical endangered ayurvedic plant

Guggulu has been a major component in the ancient Indian Ayurvedic system of medicine. Apart from its use in the medicinal and aromatic industries by Ayurvedic practitioners, it has been used extensively to treat many types of disorders. Guggulu is a gum or resin that is extracted from the plant Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Buffalo. (Syn. Commiphora mukul hook. Ex. Stocks) or Guggulu tree. Guggulu is a shrubby or small tree that belongs to the Bursaceae family. Guggulu contains volatile oils, gum resin, guggulipids, guggulsterones, guggulsterol, mucolol and other steroids. Guggulu is used extensively in Ayurvedic medicine as astringent, anti-septic, expectorant, aphrodisiac, carmenative, anti-spasmodic, emmenagogue. In Ayurveda, Guggulu is the best of the herbs used for Medorroga and Vata disorders. It is widely used for obesity and is also known as a fat burning agent throughout the world. It helps in lowering the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Guggulu is very effective in arthritis, gout and sciatica. It is one of the most important chemicals of Ayurveda. In addition it treats sluggish liver, stimulates libido, nervous diseases, bronchial congestion, cardiovascular and circulatory problems, weak digestion, bruises, boils, pimples, fractures, gynecological problems and various skin diseases. Guggulu is a very important and reliable herb in Ayurvedic medicine. Originally it is used in almost every type of disease due to its amazing healing power. This review is an attempt to describe the pharmacological activities of Guggulu and the variable uses of Guggulu.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of some novel 1,2,3-triazole hybrids of myrrhanone B isolated from Commiphora mukul gum resin: Identification of potent antiproliferative leads active against prostate cancer cells (PC-3)

A series of 28 novel 1,2,3-triazole hybrids of myrrhanone B have been designed and synthesized by employing regioselective Cu catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in highly efficient manner. All the synthesized analogues were assessed for their antiproliferative potential against A549 (Lung), DU145 (Prostate), MDA-MB-231 (Breast), SiHa (Cervical), U87MG (Glioblastoma), PC-3 (Prostate), HT-29 (Colon), L132 (Normal lung) cell lines. Further, the synthesized hybrids have also been screened for anti-inflammatory activity (TNF-α and IL-1β) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The biological results revealed that compound 11 (meta hydroxy phenyl 1,2,3–triazole) and compound 29 (deoxyuridine 1,2,3–triazole) found to be the most potent antiproliferative ones against PC-3 cell line. Compound 11 (IC50: 6.57 ± 0.62 μM) showed six folds more potent than parent compound 1 (IC50: 40.67 ± 2.2 μM) and displayed almost identical inhibitory activity with standard doxorubicin (IC50: 5.05 ± 0.25 μM), whereas compound 29 (IC50: 10.85 ± 0.90 μM) exhibited four folds more potent than parent myrrhanone B (1). In view of potent activity of compounds 11 and 29 they have been subjected to detailed flowcytometry analysis. Compound 29 treated cells significantly increased the SubG1 population of cells indicative of apoptosis compared to compound 11. Further, the results of anti-inflammatory studies indicated that compounds 3, 6, 9, 27, 28, 29 and 30 exhibited significant inhibitory activity against both TNF-α and IL-1β than the parent compound 1. Interestingly, compound 27 exhibited good activity towards inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (IC50: 7.83 ± 0.95 μM). Interestingly, α-glucosidase inhibitory assay results revealed that compounds 14 (IC50: 2.77 ± 0.59 μM) and 16 (IC50: 4.12 ± 0.77 μM) as the most potent ones. In fact, compound 14 exhibited highest activity and found to be several times more potent than the parent compound 1 as well as standard acarbose (IC50: 2124 ± 170 μM).

Effects of Commiphora mukul, Withania somnifera and Thyroxine on Thyroid Profile in Murine Model of Hypothyroidism

Introduction: Thyroid disorders, especially hypothyroidism are on the rise these days due to unhealthy lifestyle and nutritional deficiencies which calls for research in this domain. Monotherapy with thyroxine is considered the main line of treatment up till now but besides its beneficial role in normalizing thyroid hormone levels, it has serious cardiac effects which leads to the search of safer natural remedies. Commiphora mukul and Withanias omnifera are considered two such plants with beneficial role in correcting T3 and T4 levels respectively. However keeping in mind the diagnostic importance of TSH, the effects of these phyto extracts on TSH levels needs to be established. Aims &amp; Objectives: So the present study is designed to explore the effects of Ethanolic extract of Commiphora mukul (CMEE) and Withania somnifera (WSEE) on T3, T4 and TSH levels keeping thyroxine as a gold standard in murine model of hypothyroidism. Place and duration of study: This study was carried out in the animal house of PGMI, Lahore. Total duration of study was 38 days. Material &amp; Methods: 50 female rats were divided into 5 groups. G-1 the control group. G-2 received methimazole 60mg/kg/day for 21 days in order to induce hypothyroidism and left untreated for self recovery &amp; G3-5 were induced with methimazole in the same way. After induction all the groups were treated for 15 days, G-3: CMEE 0.2g/kg/day orally, G4: WSEE 1.4g/kg/day orally and G-5 received the gold standard Thyroxin 0.6μg/100gm BW S/C. Thyroid function tests were performed in all groups on Day 1, repeated on Day 22 after methimazole administration and on Day 38 following completion of treatment. Results: The results showed that both CMEE and WSEE corrected T3 and T4 levels to significant extent. CMEE had more effect on T3 levels whereas WSEE corrected T4 levels more. TSH levels were also reverted to normal showing the potential of both these extracts to correct TSH besides T3, T4 levels. Conclusion: This proves that these extracts may play a significant role in correcting thyroid profile (T3, T4 &amp; TSH) if used clinically for the treatment of hypothyroidism. However, clinical research is highly recommended in this domain. Key words: Commiphora mukul, Withania somnifera, hypothyroidism, thyroxine.

Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari. Review of Its Botany, Medicinal Uses, Pharmacological Activities and Phytochemistry

The oldest remedies identified to mankind are herbal medicines. India is recognized worldwide for its Ayurvedic treatment. As only little studies are done on this plant, the purpose of current review is to make accessible up-to-date information on, botany, morphology, ecological biodiversity, medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities on diverse parts of Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari (C. wightii). This review was assembled using scientific literature from electronic search engine such as Springerlink, BioMed Central, PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Scielo, Medline and Science domain. Supplementary literatures were obtained from books, book chapters, dissertations, websites and other scientific publications. C. wightii (Syn. Commiphora mukul Hook. ex. Stocks) or Guggulu tree. C. wightii is a shrub or small tree belonging to Burseraceae family. C. wightii contains volatile oil, gum resin, gugulipids, guggulsterones, guggulsterols, mukolol and other steroids. Guggulu is very much used in Ayuvedic system of medicine as astringent, anti-septic, expectorant, aphrodisiac, carminative, anti-spasmodic, emmenagogue. In Ayurveda, it is the best among herbs that are used for Medoroga and Vata disorders. It is widely used for obesity and it is also known as fat burning agent all over the world. It helps to lower cholesterol and triglycerides level. It is very effective in rheumatoid arthritis, gout and sciatica. It is also one of the most important Rasayana of Ayurveda. In addition it treats sluggish liver, stimulates libido, nervous diseases, bronchial congestion, cardiac and circulatory problems, weak digestion, wounds, abscess, foetid ear, fractures, gynaecological problems and various skin diseases. C. wightii is a very important and trustworthy herb in Ayurvedic medicine. This alternative system of medicine is gaining increasing fame universal. There is a required to isolate active constituents, their biological test, molecular mechanisms, experimental defense and legalization of therapeutic uses of C. wightii. The collected information will be obliging to locate up study protocol for current drugs and Ayurvedic formulation extension in remedial and luxury a variety of ailments. &#x0D;

Secondary metabolites from the resins of Aloe vera and Commiphora mukul mitigate lipid peroxidation.

Oxidative stress is often considered detrimental for cellular processes and damaging for the lipid bi-layer. Counteracting such stresses with the aid of nature-based chemical constituents can be an ideal therapeutic approach. The current study aimed to investigate the chemical constituents of resins derived from the well-known Aloe vera and less known Commiphora mukul trees and their effect in mitigating the lipid peroxidation (LPO) process. The bio-guided isolation of bio-active fractions from both resins afforded 20 chemical constituents (17 from A. vera and 3 from C. mukul). These compounds belonged to anthraquinones, anthraquinone glycosides, quinones, coumarins, polypodane-type terpenoids and benzene derivatives. Major chemical constituents of the resins of A. vera and C. mukul were from the classes of quinones and terpenoids. Feroxidin (4, from A. vera) showed slightly higher inhibition (IC50 = 201.7 ± 0.9 µmol L-1) than myrrhanone C (18, from C. mukul: IC50 = 210.7 ± 0.0 µmol L-1) and methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate from A. vera (13, IC50 = 232.9 ± 0.2 µmol L-1) compared to the other compounds. Structure-activity relationship showed that the existence of hydroxyl, methoxy and ether groups might play a major role in countering oxidative stress. To the best of our knowledge, anti-LPO activities of compounds 1-4, 14, 18 and 20 are reported for the first time. Such chemical constituents with high anti-lipid peroxidation activity could be helpful in synthesizing candidate drugs.

Guggulipid ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis and liver oxidative damage by suppressing inflammatory and oxidative stress mediators

BackgroundArthritis is a common degenerative joint disease characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage, subchondral bone, and associated with immobility, pain and inflammation. The incessant action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during progressive arthritis causes severe oxidative damage to vital organs and circulatory system. PurposeIn this study we investigated the ability of guggulipid (GL), a lipid rich extract from the gum resin of the plant Commiphora whighitii to suppress the progressive arthritis and associated liver oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro. Study design/MethodsThe anti-arthritic ability of GL was demonstrated in vitro using IL-1β stimulated bovine nasal cartilage model and in vivo Freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model. Collagen/proteoglycan degradation and pro-inflammatory mediators were monitored in the harvested culture medium of nasal cartilage by estimating the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), hydroxy proline, glycosaminoglycans and inflammatory mediators. Further, anti-arthritic ability of GL was evaluated in vivo by measuring enzymatic and non-enzymatic mediators of cartilage degradation, inflammation and oxidative stress markers. ResultsGL significantly inhibited the IL-1β stimulated cartilage degradation in vitro by mitigating the MMPs activity, collagen degradation and secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators. Further, GL significantly reduced the adjuvant-induced paw swelling and body weight loss in vivo. GL remarkably reduced the MMPs and hyaluronidases activities in serum and bone homogenate along with altered hematological parameters. GL also mitigated the elevated bone resorbing enzymes cathepsins, exoglycosidases and phosphatases. Additionally, GL effectively mitigated ROS and oxidative stress-mediators recuperating the altered serum/liver oxidative stress and liver damage incurred during arthritic progression. ConclusionIn summary, the study clearly demonstrates the protective efficacy of GL against arthritis and its associated oxidative stress, particularly, liver oxidative damage. Hence, GL could be a potential alternative and complementary medicine to treat inflammatory joint diseases.

Electrochemical determination of gallic acid in Camellia sinensis, Viola odorata, Commiphora mukul, and Vitex agnus-castus by MWCNTs-COOH modified CPE

Gallic acid (GA) is the main phenolic antioxidant which has been subjected of many studies because of its important biological properties including anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities as well as free radicals scavenger and cardiovascular diseases protector. Hereupon, fabricating a selective and sensitive sensor for GA detection and measurement is an important issue. In this paper a carboxylated MWCNTs modified carbon paste electrode (MWCNTs-COOH/CPE) was successfully fabricated and employed for GA determination. Activating the carboxylic sites of the MWCNTs carried out in nitric acid solution in ultrasonic bath and further studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic oxidation of GA at the MWCNTs-COOH/CPE surface was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods. The GA presented a high electrochemical response on MWCNTs-COOH/CPE at pH 2 in comparison with the CPE. This sensor showed a linear response range of 0.33 - 196 µM and detection limit of 17.2 nM (S/N = 3). Furthermore, the designed MWCNTs-COOH/CPE was successfully applied as a electrochemical sensing system for GA determination in extracts of Camellia sinensis, Viola odorata L, Commiphora mukul, and Vitex agnus-castus respectively with estimated amount of 11.4, 8.9, 11.91 and 2.9 mg L-1 GA in each extract.