Guard Nodes Research Articles

A wormhole attack detection method for tactical wireless sensor networks.

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are networks formed by organizing and combining tens of thousands of sensor nodes freely through wireless communication technology. WSNs are commonly affected by various attacks, such as identity theft, black holes, wormholes, protocol spoofing, etc. As one of the more severe threats, wormholes create passive attacks that are hard to detect and eliminate. Since WSN is often used in the tactical network field, a planned secure network is essential for military applications with high security. Guard nodes are traffic monitoring nodes used to supervise neighbors' data communication around the tactical networks. Therefore, this work proposes a Quality of Service (QoS) security mechanism to select multiple dual-layer guard nodes at different paths of the WSN based on the path qualities to detect wormholes. The entire network's links are categorized into high, normal, and low priority levels. As such, this study aimed to confirm the security of high priority nodes and links in the tactical network, avoid excessive overhead, and provide random security facilities to all nodes. The proposed measures of the QoS-based security provision, including link cluster formation, guard node selection, authenticated guard node identification, and intrusion detection, ensure economic and efficient network communication with different quality levels.

Point coordination mechanism based mobile ad hoc network investigation against jammers

In this paper, a jamming attack (a kind of Denial-of-Service attack) was investigated, which interfered with the normal operation of a Mobile Ad Hoc network, which is more vulnerable to various attacks because of its self-configuration, dynamic characteristics, therefore, jammers would affect the network QoS parameters by reducing the throughput and increasing the delay. This problem is solved in this study by enabling the Point Coordination Function, which is a media access mechanism specified by the IEEE standard in some selected MANET nodes (guard nodes) to improve the deficiency of MANET’s performance. The Riverbed modeler was utilized as a simulation tool. In this study, six jammers with two different transmission power values had been applied. In a number of different simulation scenarios with and without jammers, the estimated results showed that the jammers affected the network performance by increasing the delay to 3.0658 sec and decreasing the throughput to 120200.59 bits/sec. After enabling the PCF mechanism in a number of selected nodes, the results allowed the user to solve the problem by improving the network deficiency so that the throughput had been increased to 137478.32 bits/sec and the delay had been decreased to 0.7556 sec. It can be concluded that PCF is a good improvement for different levels of jammer transmission power such as 0.01 W and 0.001 W, and PCF also improved the network’s delay and throughput when the number of PCF enabled nodes had been increased to 10 nodes and 12 nodes, respectively. The improvement is also increased. This study can be used in practice for any ad hoc network when attacked by jammers

A Novel Hybrid Routing Algorithm with Two Fish Approach in Wireless Sensor Networks

Over the years, Internet of Things has advanced greatly advanced with technological inventions, enabling the development of smart networks globally. Network edge is introduced into the architectures in order to provide better user experience and quality of service But the issue with this these systems should be able to resist the attacks from external sources. There are many existing methods which are concerned with detecting the intrusion over static wireless sensor web. Due to various transmission regions being involved when using the sensor nodes, it is challenging task to choose the right guard nodes and sensor monitoring nodes. In order to address this issue, we propose a safe monitoring and routing protocol that incorporates Artificial intelligence on the basis of Authentication and Encryption Model. Analysis of the proposed work shows that it proves to be more efficient when compared to other routing and monitoring methods.

FBA Ecological Guild: Trio of Firmicutes-Bacteroidetes Alliance against Actinobacteria in Human Oral Microbiome

In a pioneering study, Zaura et al. (2009) found that majority of oral microbes fall within the five phyla including, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria. Subsequent studies further identified a set of microbes that were commonly shared among unrelated individuals (i.e., core). However, these existing studies may have not been designed to investigate the interactions among various core species. Here by harnessing the power of ecological network analysis, we identified some important ecological guilds in the form of network clusters. In particular, we found that the strongest cluster is an alliance between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes against Actinobacteria (FBA-guild). Within the guild, we further identified two sub-guilds, the Actinobacteria-dominant sub-guild (ASG) and Firmicutes-dominant allied with Bacteroidetes sub-guild (FBSG). Furthermore, we identified so-termed guard nodes in both sub-guilds, and their role may be to inhibit the peer sub-guild given they held competitive interactions only with the outside nodes only but held cooperative interactions only with the internal nodes, which we termed civilian nodes given that they only held cooperative interactions. We postulated that FBA-guild might be to do with protection of oral health against some opportunistic pathogens from Corynebacterium and Actinomyces, the two major genera of Actinobacteria (target of FB alliance).

Security Improvement of AODV Routing Protocol through IPSO-IDRS Mechanism for Ad-hoc Networks

Ad-hoc network is vulnerable to different types of attacks because of its vigorously changing topology, limited storage capacity, absence of centralized infrastructure etc. Ad-hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV) is established protocol for routing for this type of networks. AODV is exposed to black hole attack due to the inadequacy of security consideration. The malicious nodes drop all information packets rather than sending it to the neighboring node. In this research paper, Anomaly based intrusion detection system (IDS) known as Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is purposefully utilized to detect the misbehavior activities in the network. In AODV routing protocol, swarm agents are used for identifying misbehavior activities of nodes based on dropping behavior of data packets. An intrusion response system (IRS) is activated after the detection of an intrusion. It is necessary to take action against black hole attack or reduce the effect of the damage caused by the attack. IDS and a response system are integrated for detection and removal of the source of an attack respectively. The guard nodes are placed in the network with the aim to oppose black hole attackers and in this way IR is initiated. The malevolent nodes detected by PSO are bypassed and new routing paths are established using guard nodes. This research has been carried out for analyzing the influence of malicious nodes and guard nodes on varying network size vice versa. The simulation study of proposed technique integrated particle swarm optimization intrusion detection response system (IPSO-IDRS) explains how it is better in terms of the performance metric like throughput and PDR.

A hybrid secure routing and monitoring mechanism in IoT-based wireless sensor networks

Internet of Things (IoT) has advanced its pervasiveness across the globe for the development of smart networks. It is aimed to deploy network edge that enables smart services and computation for the IoT devices. In addition, this deployment would not only improve the user experience but also provide service resiliency in case of any catastrophes. In IoT applications, the edge computing exploits distributed architecture and closeness of end-users to provide faster response and better quality of service. However, the security concern is majorly addressed to resist the vulnerability of attacks (VoA). Existing methodologies deal only with static wireless sensor web to deduce the intrusions in which the sensor nodes are deployed in a uniform manner to retain the constancy. Since the sensor nodes are constantly being in question through different transmission regions with several levels of velocities, selection of sensor monitoring nodes or guard nodes has become a challenging job in recent research. In addition, the adversaries are also moving from one location to another to explore its specific chores around the network. Thus, to provide flexible security, we propose a secure routing and monitoring protocol with multi-variant tuples using Two-Fish (TF) symmetric key approach to discover and prevent the adversaries in the global sensor network. The proposed approach is designed on the basis of the Authentication and Encryption Model (ATE). Using Eligibility Weight Function (EWF), the sensor guard nodes are selected and it is hidden with the help of complex symmetric key approach. A secure hybrid routing protocol is chosen to be built by inheriting the properties of both Multipath Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Ad hoc On-Demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) protocols. The result of the proposed approach is shown that it has a high percentage of monitoring nodes in comparison with the existing routing schemes. Moreover, the proposed routing mechanism is resilient to multiple mobile adversaries; and hence it ensures multipath delivery.

CC2: Defending Hybrid Worm on Mobile Networks with Two‐Dimensional Circulation Control

As the hybrid worm can propagate by both personal social interactions and wireless communications, it has been identified as one of the most severe threats to the mobile Internet. This problem is expected to become worse with the boom of social applications and mobile services. In this work, we study the propagation dynamics of hybrid worms and propose a systematic countermeasure. The system maintains a set of community structure which describes the high‐speed infection zone of worms and contains worm propagation by distributing the worm signature to the guard nodes selected from the periphery of each community. For those nodes that are geographically close but located in different communities , we evaluate the communication security between them based on the observed infection history and limit communications between insecure ones to avoid the worm spreading across communities. We also design an efficient worm signature forwarding strategy that enables most nodes in the network to reach an immune state before being infected by the worm. Extensive real‐trace driven simulations verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Empirical Research of Micro-blog Information Transmission Range by Guard nodes

The prediction and evaluation of information transmission in online social networks is a challenge. It is significant to solve this issue for monitoring public option and advertisement communication. First, the prediction process is described by a set language. Then with Sina Microblog system as used as the case object, the relationship between node influence and coverage rate is analyzed by using the topology structure of information nodes. A nonlinear model is built by a statistic method in a specific, bounded and controlled Microblog network. It can predict the message coverage rate by guard nodes. The experimental results show that the prediction model has higher accuracy to the source nodes which have lower influence in social network and practical application.

A Guard Node (GN) based Technique against Misbehaving Nodes in MANET

In open communication environment such as Ad hoc network, the possibility of having misbehaving nodes is high. The presence of misbehaving nodes could degrade the performance of the overall network. This mandates adopting Intrusion Detection System (IDS) that helps the routing protocol to avoid misbehavior nodes and links. The IDS should feature low overhead controlling packet, high accuracy level and low rate of both false alarms and missed detection rate. There are several IDS techniques proposed in the literature such as Watchdog and End-to-End acknowledgment based system. In this work, we propose a system based on assigning some nodes called “guard nodes” the responsibility of overhearing and reporting the misbehaving nodes. The scheme is proposed to overcome the majority of the drawbacks associated with the Watchdog techniques. We compare and evaluate our proposed scheme against Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol using NS-2 program.

Enhancing the Security of Wireless Communication with the Aid of Guard Nodes

Enhancing the Security of Wireless Communication with the Aid of Guard Nodes

Evaluation of the use of guard nodes for securing the routing in VANETs

We address the problem of effective vehicular routing in hostile scenarios where malicious nodes intend to jeopardize the delivery of messages. Compromised vehicles can severely affect the performance of the network by a number of attacks, such as selectively dropping messages, manipulating them on the fly, and the likes. One of the best performing solutions that has been used in static wireless sensor networks to deal with these attacks is based on the concept of watchdog nodes (also known as guard nodes) that collaborate to continue the forwarding of data packets in case a malicious behavior in a neighbor node is detected. In this work, we consider the beacon-less routing algorithm for vehicular environments routing protocol, which has been previously shown to perform very well in vehicular networks, and analyze whether a similar solution would be feasible for vehicular environments. Our simulation results in an urban scenario show that watchdog nodes are able to avoid up to a 50% of packet drops across different network densities and for different number of attackers, without introducing a significant increase in terms of control overhead. However, the overall performance of the routing protocol is still far from optimal. Thus, in the case of vehicular networks, watchdog nodes alone are not able to completely alleviate these security threats.

Detecting and Preventing Wormhole Attacks In Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to the rapid development of wireless sensor devices in terms of low power and inexpensive data-relaying has been partially achieved because of the rapid progress in integrated circuits and radio transceiver designs and device technology. Because of this, the wireless sensor devices are able to gather information, process them if required and send them to the next sensor device. The resource constrained ad hoc wireless sensor network is versatile yet vulnerable to attacks. The communication infrastructure with less sensor networks may interact with the sensitive data in the hostile environment where the nodes may fail and new nodes may join the network, which may leads to the susceptibility to many kinds of security attacks. An adversary can eavesdrop on all the messages within the emission area, by operating in promiscuous mode. So, it is imperative that the protection of the network routing from the adversaries for the wireless ad hoc sensor network must be adopted for critical missions. A particularly devastating attack, predominant in today's world is the wormhole attack. In this paper, the wormhole attack made by the malicious attacker in sensor networks has been implemented and also the number of Guard nodes required has been decided and implemented. Functions of the guard nodes like local inter-node collaborative data fusion and decision fusion to detect, isolate and prevent any further attacks is to be implemented. Simulations have been performed under different scenarios and from the results of simulation we have observed that our scheme is capable of improving the

A New Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Scheme for Cognitive Ad-Hoc Networks

As the radio spectrum is becoming more and more crowded, the cognitive radio has recently become a hot research topic to improve the spectrum utilization efficiency. It is well known that the success of cognitive radio depends heavily on fast and efficient spectrum sensing that can be very difficult in practice. Toward this end, this paper introduces a new guard-resident collaborative spectrum sensing topology for a cognitive ad-hoc network. In particular, we classify cognitive nodes as either resident or guard based on the spectrum neighbor decision and distributed boundary search. The guard nodes sense the spectrum and then inform the resident nodes that are free from spectrum sensing about the environmental changes. The analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the total spectrum sensing load and improve the sensing accuracy.

Target Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks with Guard Nodes

Target tracking is one of important applications in wireless sensor networks, hence target tracking has become a widely studied subject. This study proposes a low-cost target tracking method which can very precisely monitor targets in real time, while complying with to various restrictions of wireless sensor networks. In this study, the movement characteristics and historical information of the target were used for selecting appropriate guard nodes, which were in charge of target positioning and tracking, so as to use energy more efficiently and reach a balance between the tracking quality and energy saving. The simulation result showed that the proposed method has the advantages of real-time monitoring, precise positioning, and energy efficiency.

Identification of malicious nodes in an AODV pure ad hoc network through guard nodes

This paper presents a guard node based scheme to identify malicious nodes in Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) protocol. In this scheme each node calculates trust level of its neighboring nodes for route selection. Trust calculation process involves opinions of other nodes about the node whose trust level is to be determined. If a neighboring node has a trust level lower than a predefined threshold value, it is identified as malicious and it is not considered for route selection. The proposed model does not use any key distribution process and no changes are made in control packets of AODV. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme improves performance of AODV by identifying and removing malicious nodes. Performance of the scheme has been evaluated for three different types of malicious attacks (impersonation attack, colluding nodes attack and black hole attack).