Guajava Research Articles

Heavy metal content of selected readily available commercial medicinal plants in Jos Plateau and their potential human health risk

This study determined the level of heavy metal contamination in selected medicinal plants sold in Jos Metropolis and assesses the health risks associated with their consumption. Five commonly used medicinal plants (Annona senegalensis, Mangifera indica, Psidium guajava, Vernonia amygdalina, and Vitex donniana) were analyzed for the presence of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) respectively using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result showed that the concentrations of As, Cd, Hg, Mn, and Zn in all the plants and Pb levels in two plants, V. amygdalina and V. donniana were significantly higher than the WHO recommended limits, indicating a potential health hazard. The calculated values of the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR) for the heavy metals exceed the acceptable levels for both adults and children, suggesting a high vulnerability to heavy metal toxicity and carcinogenicity with the highest and lowest HI values obtained by V. amygdalina (47.3) for children and P. guajava (9.63) for adults. The CR associated with Ni and As for adults and children indicated high carcinogenic risk. In contrast, the CR values for Cd and Pb for adults and children indicated a moderate CR. Based on the results and risk assessment provided by this study, the consumption of medicinal plants suggests a high vulnerability to heavy metal toxicity. It can be concluded that the consumption of medicinal plants poses a serious threat to human health due to heavy metal contamination and calls for implementing preventive measures and risk communication among users of these products to safeguard the health of the residents.

A high-density linkage map construction in guava (Psidium guajava L.) using genotyping by sequencing and identification of QTLs for leaf, peel, and pulp color in an intervarietal mapping population.

Psidium guajava L. is an important fruit crop in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The advanced breeding methods are not employed for important commercial traits like peel and pulp color, seed hardiness, fruit size, etc., due to the scarcity of genome-wide molecular markers and high-density linkage maps. In this study, we employed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions that are associated with color traits of leaf, peel, and pulp in the guava intervarietal mapping population. The mapping population was developed from the contrasting genotypes of fruit and leaf color. Variations in color among the segregating hybrids were recorded both visually and using a Color reader. A high-density linkage map of guava was constructed using the SNP markers from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) of 150 hybrid individuals of the cross 'Arka Poorna' (green) x 'Purple Local' (purple). The integrated linkage map consisted of 1426 SNPs mapped on 11 linkage groups (LG), spanning a total distance of around 730 cM with an average of 129.6 markers per LG. Through QTL analysis for color traits, a minor QTL region was identified for visually scored leaf color and peel color on LG1, whereas a major QTL was detected for pulp color in LG4. The Hunter color values (L* and, a*) also had major QTLs with overlapping marker intervals for leaf and peel colors, establishing the association of SNP markers to the trait. The QTLs harbored genes and transcription factors involved in lycopene and anthocyanin pigment biosynthesis. This is the first report of a high-density linkage map based on SNP markers in guava and QTL mapping for color characters in leaf, fruit peel and pulp. The genotyping information generated in this study can aid in genetic engineering and marker-assisted breeding in guava.

Phytochemical Evaluation, Antimicrobial Activity of Selected Indigenous Plant Ethanolic Extracts and ADMET Properties of its Phytocompounds

The scientific investigation was made to study the phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis of ethanoic extract of some indigenous plants and ADMET properties of its phytocompounds. We investigated 27 active phytochemical components in ethanolic extracts of four medicinal plants: Andrographis paniculata, Centella asiatica, Psidium guajava, and Solanum trilobatum. The extracts were subjected to a standard procedure of qualitative phytochemical screening. The phytocompounds in the leaf extracts of the selected plants were identified using IR and GC-MS spectroscopy. The extracts were then tested for in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli), as well as antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus, using Agar-diffusion methods and reference drugs Amikacin and Nystatin. Psidium guajava ethanol extract was found to be the most efficient against Enterococcus, with an inhibition area of 19 mm when compared to Amikacin. Centella asiatica showed a 13 mm zone of inhibition against Candida albicans, which is comparable to Nystatin's 15 mm zone. Molecular docking experiments revealed that Andrographis paniculata's Stigmasterol (-9.3 kcal/mol) is a good inhibitor of Staphylococcus (PDB:3FYM), and Lupeol (-9.6 kcal/mol) is a promising inhibitor of Candida albicans (PDB:4HOF). Both showed binding energies equivalent to common antibiotics amikacin (-7.2 kcal/mol) and nystatin (-8.6 kcal/mol).

Anti-Obesity Potentials of Methanol Extracts of Phragmanthera Incana Leaves Hemi-Parasitic on Guava, Cashew, Kolanut and Mango Trees in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rats

The anti-obesity potential of methanol extracts of Phragmanthera incana leaves hemi-parasitic on guava Psidium guajava (PIPG), cashew Anacardium occidentale (PIAO), mango Mangifera indica (PIMI) and kolanut Cola acuminata (PICA) trees were evaluated. Thirty high-fat diet-induced rats were grouped into six; four experimental, negative control and positive controls were orally administered lipid emulsion (5 mL/kg). Experimental received 400 mg/kg body weight from each of the four methanol extracts in addition to the lipid emulsion, positive control received 120 mg/kg bw Orlistat in addition to lipid emulsion while negative control received lipid emulsion alone. Blood samples were collected from ophthalmic venous plexus at 0, 90, and 180 minutes to determine plasma pancreatic lipase (PL) activity, alpha amylase activity and lipid profiles. PL inhibitory activity of the four methanol extracts showed that methanol extracts of PICA and PIAO had greater than 50% inhibition at 400 µg/mL. The α-amylase inhibitory activity of PICA was significantly higher (p < 0.05) when compared with PIAO, PIPG and PIMI. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in total cholesterol, low density Lipoprotein-cholesterol levels and atherogenic index of plasma of PICA when compared with other treatment groups after 180 minutes of extracts administration was observed. Methanol extract of PICA was found to exhibit higher inhibitory pancreatic lipase and α-amylase activities and higher hypocholesterolemic activity when compared with those of guava (PIPG), cashew (PIAO) and mango (PIMI). This indicates that methanol extract of P. incana leaves could serve as a source of phyto-compounds that could be developed as antiobesity drugs.

Physicochemical Parameters and Phytochemical Screening of Guava (Psidium Guajava) Leaves

Psidium guajava Linn. Family- Myrtaceae (guava) is a short tree or shrub and folk medicinal plant. It is found in all over India. Each part of the guava tree is useful and has biological importance. Many phytochemicals are present in guava leaves such as flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, oil and fats, steroids, phenols, proteins, carbohydrates. It is used in various diseases like cough, diabetes, cardiac diseases, diarrhea, wound healing. Guava has various biological activities like antispasmodic, antimicrobial, hepato-protective, antioxidant, anti-diarrheal, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol is for the extraction of the guava leaves. Soxhlet extraction method is used for the extraction. Liquid-liquid extraction is used for the extraction and purification of the extract and ethyl acetate used for extraction. Physicochemical parameters are studied such as ash value, extractive matter, crude fibre content, foreign matter, moisture content.

Bio‐Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Decorated on Hydrotalcite using Psidium Guajava Leaf Extract and Its Anti‐Bacterial Effect

AbstractPhenolic compounds are widely known for its well‐reduced behavior and surprisingly appeared in many leaf extracts, including Psidium guajava (P. guajava) leaf. This leaf extract has been confirmed as an efficiency reducing agent to reduce Ag(I) ions to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This work focused on the development of a “green” synthesis of nanosilver‐hydrotalcite nanoparticles (HT‐AgNPs) based on the bio‐reduction of the P. guajava leaf extract and the application of HT‐AgNPs as an antibacterial material. To assess factors affecting on synthesis process of the HT‐AgNPs, experiments have been carried out with a fixation of HT/AgNO3 precursors while varying concentration of P. guajava leaf extract as well as solvent for the extraction. The methods, including ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive X‐Ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to characterize the HT‐AgNPs. The yield of reduction process of Ag(I) ions to AgNPs on HT reached 55.12 to 90.55 % depending on the content of AgNO3 precursor. In particular, the antibacterial activity of HT‐AgNPs against to E. coli and S. aureus was also assessed and discussed.

Interactive Effects of Grafting Time and Technique on the Sprouting Time and Growth of Guava Grafts (Psidium guajava L.)

The present study was conducted during June to September, 2021 at the experimental orchard of the Department of Horticulture, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Haryana, India to investigate the impact of propagation methods, time, and varieties on the success rate of guava (Psidium guajava L.) propagation. The treatments were arranged in a three factorial layout using a Randomized Complete Design with three replications. In the months of June, July, August, and September, two different cultivars (L-49 and Hisar Safeda) and four different propagation techniques (Patch budding, T-budding, Wedge grafting, and Inarching) were applied six times each. The results revealed that wedge grafting exhibited the shortest time to sprout (14 days), whereas inarching displayed the longest duration for sprouting (54.33 days). The 2nd fortnight of July and the 1st fortnight of September demonstrated the most favorable time for bud sprouting. Moreover, Hisar Safeda exhibited superior performance compared to L-49 in terms of earlier sprouting and better growth. Therefore, propagation of guava using wedge grafting techniques during the months of July and September can be recommended for the study area and areas with similar agro-ecologies so as to achieve successful grafting within the shortest feasible timeframe. These findings offer crucial insights for agricultural practitioners seeking enhanced propagation techniques and optimal timings, thereby fostering improved guava cultivation practices and augmenting yields in similar agricultural settings.

The pharmacobotanical study of Psidium guajava L. (goiabeira)

Psidium guajava L. is widely used in folk medicine. The use of plants to treat diseases is an ancient habit common to many civilizations. Brazil has vast biodiversity and the commercialization of therapeutic preparations based on natural products demands characterization of the raw material used. This work aimed at the pharmacobotanical study of P. guajava L. species belonging to the Myrtaceae family. On the collected and identified leaves, studies of the external and internal leaf morphology were carried out through macroscopic and microscopic analysis. The main morphoanatomical characteristics of the leaves of P. guajava L. were determined, which can be used as tools in the quality control of this species for the purposes of identifying Traditional Phytotherapy Products that are presented in the form of a fresh, dried or crushed plant, making their use of this plant in a safer therapeutic way.

Interactions between climate, shade canopy characteristics and cocoa production in Colombia

Properly designed agroforestry systems (AFS) can generate optimal cocoa bean (BC) yields, produce co-products and provide ecosystem services. This study analyzes the interactions between climate, AFS structure and BC yield in six climatic zones across three natural regions of Colombia. A total of 305 plots of 1,000 m2 each were established in 132 farms where the cocoa-AFS structure, BC yield and climatic variables were determined. Five typologies of cocoa-AFS were obtained based on the characteristics of the shade canopy and the abundance of cocoa trees: “Highly diversified multistratum with high biomass” (HDMHB), “Diversified multistratum with high shade and abundance of Musaceae (DMHSM),” “Diversified multistratum with high abundance of cocoa trees (DMHDC),” “Diversified monostratum with low shade (DMLS)” and “monostratum with minimal shade (MMS).” In the departments of Huila and Caquetá, Andean and Amazonia regions, respectively, the HDMHB typology predominated, while in Meta, the Orinoquia region, it was MMS. In the temperate-humid zone, the DMHDC and DMHSM typologies were not found. A high floristic diversity of the shade canopy was found: 229 species; Caquetá registered the highest number (152). The most frequent canopy companion species were Musa paradisiaca, Cariniana pyriformis, Cedrela odorata, Psidium guajava, Musa sapientum, and Cordia alliodora. The highest abundance of cocoa trees occurs in areas with lower temperature and relative humidity and in AFS with lower abundance of fruit and timber trees. Zones with higher temperature and lower precipitation had higher abundance of timber species (r = 0.23). The BC yield is higher in areas with higher precipitation and is related to the lower abundance of individuals of timber and fruit species, and to the higher abundance of Fabaceae. The BC yield depends on the typology (p < 0.0001) of the cacao systems and was higher in DMHDC (1,148 kg ha−1 yr.−1). These results are key for the design of cocoa-AFS farms that maximize the integral production of BC, co-products and ecosystem services, approaching sustainable cocoa farming.

Anticancer Activity Of Guava Leaf Extract (Psidium Guajava)

Free radicals are chemical compounds that are highly reactive and have the possibility of being detrimental to the body's cells. At high levels, free radicals can pose a serious risk to health, inflicting damage to major components of cells. Cell damage caused by free radicals, especially to Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA), can result in the development of cancer and other health problems. Guava seed leaves (Psidium guajava) are the focus of research because of their potential in reducing the growth of breast cancer cells. The study details the results of two literature review studies that support this claim. The bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and ascorbic acid found in guava seeds have been linked to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The first study by showed that guava leaf extract has anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231 and MG-63). The second study highlighted the cytotoxic activity of 70% ethanol extract from guava leaves against T47D breast cancer cells. The results of both studies showed that guava seeds have the potential to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells, indicating a possible role for guava seeds in breast cancer prevention strategies.

To Study the Effect of Foliar Spray of Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids on Physiological and Quality Parameters of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an economically significant fruit crop with diverse applications in the food industry. The foliar application of Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids has a significant impact on the overall growth of guava plants, as it greatly affect the plant productive efficiency by changing various parameters of horticultural features such as fruiting potential, and quality of fruit. Major role of zinc sulphate is proper nitrogen metabolism, helps in cell division, and hormonal regulation for maintain proper quality of fruit with increased number of fruit set and reduced fruit drop. Brassinosteroids play a vital role in making plant tolerant against biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, the combined treatment exhibited a positive influence on fruit yield, with an observable increase in the number and size of harvested fruits. Quality parameters, including fruit size, weight, and nutritional content, were also assessed. The foliar spray with Zinc Sulphate and Brassinosteroids contributed to improved fruit quality, as evidenced by enhanced sugar content, vitamin levels, and overall taste.

Post-harvest cold shock treatment enhanced antioxidant capacity to reduce chilling injury and improves the shelf life of guava (Psidium guajava L.)

This study investigates the impact of storage temperature and cold shock treatment (CST) on the postharvest quality and shelf life of guava fruits. Guavas were stored at varying temperatures (4°C, 6°C, 8°C, and 10°C) for 25 days to evaluate the incidence of chilling injury (CI) and determine optimal storage conditions. Results indicated that the best storage temperature was 6°C, which effectively maintained fruit quality by inhibiting CI, controlling weight loss, and preserving soluble solid content and soluble sugars. Further analysis on the effect of CST on guavas showed that longer cold shock durations (6, 9, and 12 h) before storage at a constant 4°C improved the storage quality and shelf life significantly by decreasing the CI rates, reducing weight loss, maintaining firmness, and improving the fruit’s nutritional quality. Notably, a 12-h CST yielded the best outcomes, evidenced by the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the highest increases in proline and soluble protein content - biomarkers of enhanced cold tolerance and reduced CI. Additionally, CST was found to modulate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, increasing the activity levels of key antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), alongside higher contents of ascorbic acid. The study identified a correlation between the length of cold shock and improved antioxidant capacity, crucial for extending guava’s shelf life and preserving quality during cold storage. These findings have significant implications for the postharvest management of guava, recommending 6°C storage and 12-h CST as effective strategies for extending shelf life and ensuring quality in cold storage settings.

A Review on Phytochemical, Biological, and Pharma-cological Effects of Psidium guajava Linn. (Guava)

In today’s time there is a tremendously increased use of herbal products worldwide. Psidium guajava L., commonly known as guava, is an essential tropical food plant with various medicinal properties. It is widely available in many countries, especially in Asian countries it is used as a treatment for many diseases. Each plant part has particular properties to treat diseases. The bioactive constituents extracted from Psidium guajava (P. guajava) include (gallic acid, catechin, rutin, Gallocatechin, vanillic acid, quercetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, isoquercitrin, casuarina, pedunculagin dimer isomer, myricetin, morin, luteolin, apigenin, ellagic acid, guanosine B, Quercetin-3-0-β-glucoside, ursolic acid and also essential oils) used for the treatment of diseases like anti-diabetes, anti- hypertension, anti- hyperlipidaemia, anti-cancer, autonomous, neuroprotective, anti-depressant, etc. The goal of this review is to provide up-to-date information on the ethnomedicinal uses, bioactive compounds and pharmacological activity of Psidium guajava with greatest emphasis on its therapeutic potential.

Formulation and evaluation of mouthwash using guava leaves for aphthous ulcer treatment

Mouth ulcers are small sores that form on your gums, lips, tongue, inner cheeks or roof of your mouth. Lots of different things can cause them, including minor injuries, hormonal changes, biting your cheeks or tongue, lack of sleep, eating acidic food, emotional stress and oral hygiene. Many mouth ulcers go away on their own. Others may require treatment .Generally, for prevention of Mouth ulcers/canker sores the different types of formulations are used, such as pastes, gels, tablets, paints and mouthwashes. Psidium guajava Linn. (guava) is used not only as food but also as folk medicine in subtropical areas around the world because of its pharmacologic activities.It is demonstrated that the pharmacological ability of this plant to show antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti allergy, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, cardioactive, antidiabetic, anti inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. Guava leaves mouthwash was effective for aphthous ulcers in terms of reduction of symptoms of pain and faster reduction of ulcer size. further formulating mouthwash which has efficiency to inhibit the growth of the microorganism. This study is an attempt to outline such natural substances, which may be used as effective mouthwashes.

Boosting Solanum tuberosum resistance to Alternaria solani through green synthesized ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third crucial global crop facing threats from Alternaria solani, a necrotrophic fungal pathogen causing early blight disease. Beyond crop impact, it leads to substantial production reduction and economic losses worldwide. This study introduces a green synthesis method for producing Ferric Oxide nanoparticles (FNPs) using dried Guava (Psidium guajava) leaves. Guava leaf extract acts as a reducing agent, with iron (III) chloride hexahydrate (FeCl3·6H2O) as the oxidizing agent. This study employed various characterization techniques for Ferric Oxide nanoparticles (FNPs). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed peaks at 877 cm−1, 1180 cm−1, 1630 cm−1, 1833 cm−1, 2344 cm−1, and 3614 cm−1, associated with Maghemite vibrations, polyphenol compounds, and amino acids. UV–Vis spectroscopy exhibited a characteristic absorbance peak at 252 nm for FNPs. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images illustrated particle sizes of 29-41 nm, and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) indicated elemental composition. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed crystalline FNPs with peaks at 26.78, 30.64, 36.06, 38.21, 43.64, 53.52, 57.42, 63.14 and 78.32. Disease resistance assays demonstrated FNPs’ effectiveness against A. solani, reducing disease incidence and severity. In the leaf detach assay, concentrations of 15, 10 and 5 mg/L showed a dose-dependent reduction in disease severity and incidence. The Greenhouse Assay confirmed FNPs’ concentration-dependent effect on disease incidence and severity. The study also explored FNPs’ potential as biocontrol agents showing no adverse effects on overall plant development. Additionally, the study highlighted the agronomic potential of FNPs in enhancing plant growth and development emphasizing their role as micronutrients in biofortification. The findings suggest the promising application of FNPs in plant protection and biofortification strategies.

Effect of pectin coating incorporated with guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) on the stability of fresh beef steak

SummaryThis work evaluated the effect of a pectin‐based coating added with guava leaf extract on the quality and conservation of fresh beef during cold storage. Beef steak (CON), beef steak coated with pectin (PCB) and beef steak coated with pectin added with 5% guava leaf extract (PCB‐GLE) were evaluated for physical (weight loss, colour) and chemical (pH, lipid oxidation) parameters quality, as well as tissue modifications during 7 days of storage at 4 °C. PCB and PCB‐GLE showed the least weight loss, maintained the L* value and increased the a* value during the storage. Coated beef steaks showed lower lipid oxidation values during storage when compared with uncoated beef, highlighting samples covered with pectin coating added with guava leaf extract for the lowest TBARS indices during storage. Thus, the extract concentration added to the pectin coating showed potential antioxidant effect on beef steak. In fact, pectin‐based coating proved to be an excellent technology to improve the quality attributes of beef steak during refrigerated storage.

Preparation and Evaluation of Herbal Antifungal Patch of Extract of Psidium Guajava Leaves

Skin infections caused by fungi are a common problem worldwide, and the search for effective and safe antifungal treatments is ongoing. This research paper aims to prepare and evaluate an antifungal patch using Psidium guajava leaves. The study includes an introduction to the problem, the methodology employed, observations of the antifungal activity against various fungi related to skin infections, the results obtained, and a conclusion. The use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potential natural antifungal agent may provide a promising alternative for the treatment of skin infections. The cheapest polymer suitable for making an antifungal patch would be polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). PVA is a water-soluble polymer that can be easily processed into films or patches. It is biocompatible, non-toxic, and has good adhesive properties. PVA can also be used as a carrier for antifungal drugs, allowing for controlled release of the medication. Additionally, PVA is relatively inexpensive compared to other polymers, making it a cost-effective choice for manufacturing antifungal patches.

Uji Efektivitas Ekstrak Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava) dalam Menurunkan Kadar Gula Darah Mencit (Mus musculus)

Diabetes mellitus is a disorder of blood sugar metabolism chronically characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Treatment of diabetes mellitus consists of four pillars: education, medical nutrition therapy (MNT), and physical and pharmacological therapies. One of the plants that can be used as a medicinal ingredient is guava leaves. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are a group of herbal plants with a chemical content that is good for health. Therefore, guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are plants that are efficacious as medicine. This plant contains secondary metabolites that act as antidiabetics. Thus, the research aimed to determine the effectiveness of ethanol extract of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves on the decrease in blood sugar levels in male mice. The research method employed was maceration, phytochemical screening, and antidiabetic testing with the pre-test and post-test control group design methods to determine if there was a decrease after administration of the extract. The findings indicated that the phytochemical screening test found that guava (Psidium guajava L.) contained secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. In contrast, the antidiabetic test revealed that three extracts with concentrations of 50 mg, 100 mg. and 200 mg could decrease blood sugar levels by 15%, 21%, and 47%, respectively. From these findings, it can be concluded that antidiabetic compounds which play a role in the ellanol extrict of guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins.

In Silico Studies on the Antidiabetic activity of Avicularin

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide public health crisis. The existing treatments have limitations such as undesirable side effects such as hypoglycemia, unusual weight gain and the development of resistance after prolonged use, which necessitates the development of new therapies for paramount glycemic control, especially those of plant origin. Avicularin, a plant flavonoid and a quercetin glycoside, was originally purified from Psidium guajava. It has been reported to elicit a wide range of pharmacological and beneficial properties especially striking antidiabetic activity. In-silico models have been recognized as being of fundamental importance in the area of research and development of drugs due to their applications both in the evaluation of bioactive substances and in relation to their physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, giving rise to a new model of drug design with greater value and efficiency. The aim of the present study was to analyze the molecular interactions between Avicularin andprominent target proteins involved in the commencement and development of diabetes and its secondary complications using an in silico approach.

Effect of Pectin and Citric acid on Sensory Evaluation for Consumer’s acceptability of Preserved Guava Jelly

This study investigated the interaction of different pectin and citric acid concentrations on sensory evaluation for consumers' acceptability of economically preserved guava jelly. Fresh Psidium guajava (guava) jelly prepared with 0.15%, 0.2%, and 0.25% pectin and with 1.1%, 1.15%, and 1.2% citric acid as preservative. There are no additional preservatives added during the processing of jelly. A taste panel consisting of fifteen panelists adjudged the samples' acceptability for sensory evaluation. The test method (Nine points Hedonic rating) was used for the color, Texture, flavor, and overall acceptability of guava jelly, which was analyzed via One-way ANOVA statistical analysis. The jelly's pectin and citric acid composition regulated the color, flavor, and texture scores. Mean sensory scores of color ranged from 5.07−5.40, 5.33−7.80, and 5.60−7.33 for jellies with 0.15%, 0.20%, and 0.25% and 5.17−5.53, 5.58−5.80 and 6.07−6.83 for jellies in 1.1%, 1.15% and 1.20% pectin and citric acid respectively. Moreover, the highest color was observed for 0.25% and 1.20% pectin and citric acid treatment. However, the mean flavor score was the highest for sample P3 (0.25% pectin) and sample C3 (1.20% citric acid). Finally, the overall best acceptability of the sample was noticed till 90 days, with 0.25% pectin and 1.2% citric acid formulation.