GST Activity Research Articles

Impact of Insecticides at Sublethal Concentrations on the Enzyme Activities in Adult Musca domestica L.

Nowadays, the use of pesticides is, as before, the most common way to control arthropod plant pests and the ectoparasites of animals. The sublethal effects of pesticides on insects can appear at different levels, from genetics to populations, and the study of these effects is important for a better understanding of the environmental and evolutionary patterns of pesticidal resistance. The current study aimed to assess the sublethal effects of chlorfenapyr and fipronil on the activities of detoxifying enzymes (carboxylesterase-CarE, acetylcholinesterase-AChE, glutathione-S-transferase-GST, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-P450) in adults Musca domestica L. The insects were exposure to insecticides by a no-choice feeding test and the enzyme activities and the AChE kinetic parameters were examined in female and male specimens at 24 h after their exposure. According to Tukey's test, the CarE activity was statistically significantly decreased by 29.63% in the females of M. domestica after an exposure to chlorfenapyr at a concentration of 0.015% when compared to the controls (p ≤ 0.05). An exposure to the sublethal concentration of fipronil (0.001%) was followed by a slightly decrease in the specific activity (33.20%, p ≤ 0.05) and the main kinetic parameters (Vmax, Km) of AChE in females in comparison with the control values. The GST and P450 activities had not significantly changed in M. domestica males and females 24 h after their exposure to chlorfenapyr and fipronil at sublethal concentrations. The results suggest that the males and females of M. domestica displayed biochemically different responses to fipronil, that is a neurotoxin, and chlorfenapyr, that is a decoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Further research needs to be addressed to the molecular mechanisms underlying the peculiarities of the insect enzyme responses to different insecticides.

ОЦЕНКА УРОВНЯ ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОГО СТРЕССА В ЭРИТРОЦИТАХ БОЛЬНЫХ ОСТРЫМ ПАНКРЕАТИТОМ

Oxidative stress is the most important pathogenetic link in the development of acute pancreatitis. We evaluated the level of oxidative stress in patients with acute pancreatitis at mild, moderate and severe forms of the disease. Irrespective of the severity degree of the pathological condition oxidative processes in erythrocytes of patients with acute pancreatitis prevail over antioxidant ones. Decrease in GSH content and GST activity makes the greatest contribution to the development of oxidative stress, especially in the severe form of the disease.

Effects of a combination of herbal oils (rosemary, black cumin, and clove) on quail growth, antioxidant enzymes and health status

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the potential of herbal oil combinations (rosemary, clove, and black cumin) in quail feeding as a natural growth enhancer. The effects of dietary gradual levels of this blend (RCBC) on growth indices, carcass attributes, and blood biochemical variables were compared to the control group (basal diets). For this, 300 1-week-old developing quails were employed. Birds were kept on the baseline diet with or free of herbal oils blend (RCBC) at three different amounts (0, 1.50, and 3.00 cm3/kg diet) from one to six weeks of age to suit their nutritional needs. There were no variations in live body weight or body weight gain over the entire period or at intervals. Compared to the control, birds fed RCBC-supplemented diets devoured more feed (P<0.01). RCBC supplementation in the diet did not affect the feed conversion ratio. Except for heart %, all carcass features were statistically (P <0.01) different after RCBC treatment when compared to the control. The amounts of total globulins, total protein, and albumin in quails given RCBC were higher than the control (P<0.001). In quails, the hepatic levels of GSH and the activity of SOD, catalase, GR, GPx, and GST all increased (P<0.001). MDA concentrations in hepatic homogenate were dramatically reduced by RCBC diets. Finally, RCBC supplementation at a dose of up to 3.0 cm3/ kg diet is recommended to enhance the growth and general health of quails during growth, which would have a favorable impact on the general health of quail meat consumers.

Early developmental toxicity of Atlantic salmon exposed to conventional and unconventional oils

Atlantic salmon is an important species for Canadian culture and economy and its importance extends beyond Canada to Scandinavia and Western Europe. However, it is a vulnerable species facing decline due to habitat contamination and destruction. Existing and new Canadian pipeline projects pose a threat to salmonid habitat. The effects of diluted bitumen (dilbit), the main oil circulating in pipelines, are less studied than those of conventional oils, especially during the critical early embryonic developmental stage occurring in freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of the Clearwater McMurray dilbit and the Lloydminster Heavy conventional oil on Atlantic salmon embryos exposed either from fertilization or from eyed stage. The dilbit contained the highest concentrations of low molecular weight (LMW) compounds (including BTEX and C6-C10), while the conventional oil contained the highest concentrations of PAHs. The Clearwater dilbit caused a higher percentage of mortality and malformations than the conventional oil at similar WAF concentrations. In addition, the embryos exposed from fertilization suffered a higher mortality rate, more developmental delays, and malformations than embryos exposed from the eyed stage, suggesting that early development is the most sensitive developmental stage to oil exposure. Gene expression and enzymatic activity of the detoxification phase I and II enzymes (CYP1A and GST) were measured. Data showed increases in both cyp1a expression and GST activity with increasing WAF concentrations, while gst expression was not affected by the exposures. Also, gene expression of proteins involved in the biotransformation of vitamin A and DNA damage repair were modified by the oil exposures. Overall, this study indicates that Atlantic salmon is mostly affected by oil exposure at the beginning of its development, during which embryos accumulate deformities that may impact their survival at later life stages.

Ro25-6981 alleviates neuronal damage and improves cognitive deficits by attenuating oxidative stress via the Nrf2/ARE pathway in ischemia/reperfusion rats

ObjectivesOxidative stress plays a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cerebral ischemia‒reperfusion injury (CIRI). Therefore, ameliorating oxidative damage is considered to be a beneficial strategy for the treatment of CIRI. NMDAR NR2B subunit antagonists have been reported to be beneficial for synaptic plasticity, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, and cerebral ischemia. However, it remains unclear whether the NR2B subunit antagonist Ro25-6981 has any effect on CIRI. MethodsIn this study, the Morris water maze test and passive avoidance test were used to detect spatial learning and memory. Neuronal loss was measured by Nissl staining. The expression of NSE was assayed by immunohistochemistry. The activities of MDA, 8-OHdG, SOD, GSH-Px, GST and CAT were detected by assay kits. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA levels of hippocampal SOD, GSH-Px and HO-1. Western blotting was used to measure the activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway by Ro25-6981. ResultsRo25-6981 ameliorated cognitive deficits and neuronal damage induced by ischemia‒reperfusion (I/R). Neuronal injury was decreased and the expression of NSE was increased in the CA1 regions of the hippocampus of I/R rats after Ro25-6981 treatment. Moreover, Ro25-6981 alleviated the levels of MDA and 8-OHdG by elevating the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, GST and CAT. Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of SOD, GSH-Px and HO-1 were increased in I/R rats after Ro25-6981 treatment. Furthermore, Ro25-6981 promoted the translocation of Nrf2 to the nucleus, promoting the expression of the Nrf2 downstream genes HO-1 and NQO1. ConclusionThe present study indicated that the improvement in the antioxidant properties of Ro25-6981 is mediated by the Nrf2/ARE pathway. This is the first study to demonstrate a favorable effect of Ro25-6981 on cognitive impairment in a CIRI rat model, rendering this NR2B subunit antagonist a promising agent for the treatment or prevention of CIRI.

Dietary Supplementation of Sophora flavescens Root Extract Improved the Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Innate Immunity, and Disease Resistance against Edwardsiella tarda Challenge in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus).

The impacts of dietary supplementation with graded levels of Sophora flavescens root extract (SFE) on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status, and resistance against Edwardsiella tarda challenge in Scophthalus maximus were investigated in this study. In all, 600 turbot (initial body weight: 8.38 ± 0.07 g) were randomly distributed in 12 tanks with 50 fish per tank and fed four experimental diets supplemented with 0, 0.05%, 0.1%, or 0.2% SFE (named as: SFE0, SFE0.05, SFE0.1, and SFE0.2, respectively), for 56 days. The results showed that 0.1% and 0.2% SFE supplementation have significantly increased the FBW, WGR, SGR, and PER of turbot, while decreased the FCR of turbot (p < 0.05). Dietary SFE supplementations have significantly increased the activities of plasma SOD, CAT, GPx, T-AOC, GST and LZM, decreased plasma MDA contents in turbot under normal or challenge condition (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, SFE addition dramatically enhanced the hepatic mRNA expression of antioxidant parameters (including Nrf2, Keap1, SOD, CAT, Trx2, GST and GR) during the normal condition. mRNA levels of NF-κB p65, IκBα, TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-10 in the liver of fish were notably up-regulated by SFE treatment during normal condition (p < 0.05), while the transcription of IL-1β was down-regulated by SFE whenever under normal or challenge condition. 0.1% and 0.2% SFE administration have significantly increased the survival rate of turbot against E. tarda challenge (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary SFE supplementation improved the growth performance, antioxidant activity and disease resistance of turbot, and SFE could be a potential feed additive for turbot.

Effects of glutathione on mitochondrial DNA and antioxidant enzyme activities in Drosophila melanogaster

The free radical theory in aging assumes that the accumulation of macromolecular damage induced by toxic reactive oxygen species plays a central role in the aging process. The intake of nutritional antioxidants can prevent this damage by neutralizing reactive oxygen derivatives. Glutathione (GSH; en-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl glycine) is the lowest molecular weight thiol in the cells and as a cofactor of many enzymes and a potent antioxidant plays an important role in maintaining normal cell functions by destroying toxic oxygen radicals. In this study, the effects of GSH on SOD, GST and catalase enzymes and mtDNA damage were investigated at various time intervals by giving reduced glutathione to Drosophila. It was observed that 3-week GSH administration did not have a statistically significant effect on SOD and GST activities whereas GSH application decreased the catalase enzyme activities significantly. Although the decrease in antioxidant capacity with age was observed in SOD and catalase enzymes, such a situation was not observed in GST enzyme activities. There was no statistically significant difference between the control and GSH groups in mtDNA copy number values, while in the GSH group, oxidative mtDNA damage was high. These results may be due to the prooxidant effect of GSH at the dose used in this study.

The glutathione system state in rats exposed to ethanol intoxication, its combination with caffeine and modified photoperiod

Objective. To study the content of reduced glutathione (GSH), activities of glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione-S-transferase enzymes (GST) in blood and liver of rats exposed to subacute alcohol intoxication, its combination with caffeine intake or constant light exposure, and the possibility of their correction with melatonin.Materials and methods. Experiments were performed on 42 male rats weighing 180-200 g kept under standard conditions of the vivarium and artificial equinox. Alcohol intoxication was induced by intragastric administration 40 % ethanol at a dose of 7 ml/kg of body weight for 7 days. Caffeine was administered by gavage at a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight.Results. Ethanol poisoning and its combination with caffeine intake or exposure to constant light resulted in a decrease in GSH level and GP activity in RBCs and liver, besides the combination of ethanol+light resulted in more pronounced depletion of the parameters. The combination of ethanol with caffeine resulted in less reduction of GSH level in the blood (by 25%) but more depletion of GSH in the liver (by 45% vs. control) than in ethanol-treated rats. There was an elevation of GST activity in the liver of all groups of alcoholized animals. Administration of 5 mg/kg melatonin for 7 days limited depletion in GSH and prevented the changes in GP and GST activities in the blood and liver of all groups of animals.Conclusions. Melatonin administration prevented ethanol-induced toxicity in rats exposed to ethanol and its combination with caffeine or constant light for 7 days by limiting the depletion in GSH and preventing the changes in GP and GST activities in the blood and liver of all groups of animals.

Syringic acid ameliorates testicular oxidative stress via the conservation of endogenous antioxidant markers and inhibition of the activated Nrf2-Keap1-NQO1-HO1 signaling in methyl cellosolve-administered rats

IntroductionSyringic acid (SYRAC) isolated from Ban Lan Gen or Isatis root, a famous Chinese traditional medicine is known to possess antiendotoxic effect. Methyl cellosolve (MCE) on the other hand, is an important constituent of car brake fluids, pesticides, inks, paints, and liquid soaps, rendering humans inevitable to its exposure. MethodsThis study therefore investigated the effect of SYRAC treatments on MCE-induced testicular oxidative stress in rats. Six (6) groups of five (5) rats each were involved in this study that lasted for 30 days. The first group was the control that contained rats served food and water throughout, the second group were administered 100 mg/kg body weight of MCE everyday for 30 days, the third, fourth, and fifth group were treated same way as rats in second group but were treated with 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight of SYRAC respectively for 30 days, while rats in the sixth group were administered 75 mg/kg body weight of SYRAC only. ResultsAt the end of administrations, RTW, testicular GSH level, and activities of GPx, GST, CAT, and SOD were significantly decreased, while MDA, total mRNA expressions of HO-1, NQO1, Keap1, and Nrf2 were significantly increased by MCE compared with control. Compared with MCE only, treatments with SYRAC significantly increased the testicular levels of NO and GSH, as well as activities of GPx, GST, SOD, and CAT, while MDA, mRNA expressions of Keap1, NQO1, Nrf2, and HO-1 were significantly decreased. ConclusionConclusively, MCE-induced testicular oxidative stress was recorded. SYRAC demonstrated a gonadoprotective effect by maintaining the normal levels of the endogenous antioxidants and inhibiting MECE-induced Nrf2 activation and ARE-dependent genes in rats.

Role of organic selenium in resisting oxidative stress during tropical summer in broiler chicken

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of selenium supplementation on the oxidative status of hepatic tissue during heat stress in broilers. The study was conducted in two phases, one during autumn and the other during summer with a total of 300 birds. During the first phase, 60 chicks were divided into six replicates with 10 birds in each and during the second phase, 240 chicks were divided into four groups with six replicates containing 10 birds in each. The experimental rations given to different groups were control (Basal ration), HS I (Basal ration), HS II (Basal ration + 0.3 ppm Se, HS III (Basal ration + 0.6 ppm Se) and HS IV (Basal ration + 0.9 ppm Se). Hepatic tissues collected at 21 and 42d were analyzed for oxidative status. HS-induced oxidative stress was revealed by the significant elevation in lipid hydroperoxides, MDA and protein carbonyl levels which in turn triggered the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes, i.e GPx, GST, SOD and G6PD in the hepatic cytosol. The total antioxidant capacity and glutathione concentration were significantly altered due to HS. Selenium at 0.3 ppm was effective in counteracting the oxidative stress at 21d while 0.6 ppm of Se was more effective at 42d. Se supplementation at 0.6 ppm improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes and G6PD. The total antioxidant capacity and GSH concentrations were better improved with 0.6 ppm of Se compared to other treatments.

Guhong injection mitigates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by activating GST P to inhibit ASK1-JNK/p38 pathway

BackgroundGuhong injection (GHI), a novel compound preparation that is composed of a chemical drug, namely aceglutamide, and the aqueous extract of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), exhibits extreme antioxidative, antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Since oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammatory response are all the dominant mechanisms of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, we probe into the protective mechanism of GHI on MI/R injury for the first time. MethodsIn this research, we first employed molecular docking to determine whether three active ingredients in GHI, acetylglutamine (NAG), hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA), and syringin, possessed the potential activity to modulate the protein, glutathione S-transferase P (GST P). We further identified the protective effect of GHI on myocardial tissue with TTC staining, HE staining, TUNEL staining, and ELISA, and on H9c2 with flow cytometry and ELISA. We next explored whether the cardioprotective effect of GHI on left anterior descending ligation-reperfusion in rats and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) in H9c2 cells was related to activate GST P to inhibit ASK1-JNK/p38 pathway via approaches of qRT-PCR and Western blot. ResultsResults of molecular docking indicated that all three compounds spontaneously docked to GST P, among them the binding affinities of both HSYA and syringin to GST P were higher than NAG. In vivo, GHI reduced myocardial infarction size and mitigated myocardial pathological injury. In vitro, GHI enhanced cell viability and extenuated depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential. In addition, the results of in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that the cardioprotection of GHI was associated with improving the mRNA and protein expression levels of GST P to modulate oxidative stress, and inhibiting the levels of mRNA expression and protein phosphorylation of ASK1, JNK, and p38. However, the suppressed effect of GHI on ASK1-JNK/p38 pathway was reversed by ethacrynic acid (EA, a GST inhibitor), indicating that the regulation of GHI on ASK1-JNK/p38 was related to the activity of GST P. Besides, the in vitro results of qRT-PCR and western-blot also certified that the inhibited JNK and p38 further reduced Bax expression and elevated Bcl-2 expression to reduce the expression of caspase-3 to exert anti-apoptosis effects. ConclusionTaken together, the cardioprotection of GHI mainly incarnated in activating GST P to relieve oxidation properties, thereby inhibiting ASK1-JNK/p38 pathway to suppress apoptosis.

Effects of Dietary Copper and Escherichia coli Challenge on the Immune Response and Gill Oxidative Balance in the Freshwater Mussel Diplodon chilensis.

Copper is a water and sediment pollutant that can be biomagnified by phytoplankton, and it often co-occurs with fecal bacteria. We addressed the combined effects of copper and Escherichia coli on the immune response and gill oxidative balance of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis. Bivalves were sorted into four groups fed with 1) control algae, 2) bacteria (E. coli), 3) copper-enriched algae (Cu2+ ) algae, and 4) copper-enriched algae followed by bacteria (Cu2+ + E. coli). Cellular and humoral immune and cytotoxic variables were analyzed in hemolymph, and detoxifying/antioxidant enzyme activities (glutathione S-transferase [GST] and catalase [CAT]) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances [TBARS]) were studied in gill tissue. The total hemocyte number increased after Cu2+ exposure, independently of the E. coli challenge. The proportion of hyalinocytes significantly diminished in the E. coli and Cu2+ groups but not in Cu2+ + E. coli groups; granulocytes significantly increased with E. coli but not with Cu2+ + E. coli treatments. Phagocytic activity was higher in all treatments than in control mussels. Acid phosphatase activity was increased by E. coli and inhibited by Cu2+ and Cu2+ + E. coli. Both E. coli and Cu2+ but not Cu2+ + E. coli augmented alkaline phosphatase activity. The Cu2+ and Cu2+ + E. coli treatments reduced the lysosomal membrane stability and cell viability. Humoral bacteriolytic and phenol oxidase activities were not affected by any treatment. The Cu2+ treatment induced gill CAT and GST activities and increased TBARS levels. The Cu2+ + E. coli treatment reversed this CAT and GST stimulation and increased the Cu2+ effect on TBARS. Dietary Cu2+ affects bivalves' immunological and oxidative status and impairs defensive responses against bacteria. In turn, E. coli potentiates the gill oxidative effects of Cu2+ . Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;42:154-165. © 2022 SETAC.

Luffa cylindrica (Linn. M. J. Roem) Reduces Oxidative Stress In Vivo in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Albino Mice

AbstractBackground Malaria is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, and oxidative stress has been implicated in malaria disease. Luffa cylindrica is an ethnomedicinal plant used to treat various diseases, including malaria. The oxidative stress-reducing potential of L. cylindrica in malaria-disease state of Plasmodium berghei NK-65 parasite-infected mice was carried out in vivo.Materials and Methods Mice were infected with P. berghei NK-65, and the effect of administration of methanolic leaves extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w) of L. cylindrica on percentage parasitemia in blood smear, antioxidant enzymes (catalase CAT, superoxide dismutase SOD, glutathione-s-transferase GST), non-enzymatic antioxidant (reduced glutathione GSH) and malondialdehyde concentration in tissues (plasma, liver, kidneys, and spleen) of mice was investigated and compared to chloroquine and artesunate as reference antimalarial drugs. Phytochemical constituents of the extract were determined by standard methods.Results Saponins, tannins, terpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids, and glycosides were the phytochemical constituents identified in the extract. The extract at three doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w.) investigated caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05) of parasite growth with over 90% reduction in parasitemia level in mice infected with the parasite. The extract also ameliorated oxidative stress in mice by significantly (p < 0.05) increasing the activities of CAT, SOD, and GST in the studied tissues of mice. The level of malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress in mice, was also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by the extract. The results were comparable with chloroquine- and artesunate-treated groups.Conclusion The study concludes that L. cylindrica is an effective therapy for treating malaria and for the management of its oxidative stress-related complications due to its antioxidant properties.

Effect of Eucalyptus globulus oil and Ricinus communis methanolic extract as potential natural molluscicides on the reproductive biology and some antioxidant enzymes of the land snail, Theba pisana

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Eucalyptus globulus oil and methanolic extract of Ricinus communis seeds on the reproductive biology of the land snail Theba pisana. For this purpose, the snails were exposed to different concentrations of these plant extracts for six weeks. Rates of oviposition, hatching percentages, reproductive hormones and the histological structures of the hermaphrodite gland were estimated. Antioxidant enzymes were also estimated. The obtained results revealed that all tested concentrations of both tested natural products exerted hazardous effects on exposed snails. The mean egg number/snail treated with 2% E. globulus and R. communis were significantly decreased to 22 and 14 eggs respectively compared to 79 eggs for control. The hatching rates were dramatically decreased with increasing concentrations of both products. 2% of R. communis extract caused highly significant decrease in the activities of CAT, SOD, GST and MDA antioxidant enzymes while the same concentration of Eucalyptus oil resulted in elevations of CAT and SOD activities and significantly decreased GST and MDA activities. Levels of reproductive hormones were greatly disrupted and the histological structures of hermaphrodite acini as well as various developmental stages of spermatogenesis and oogenesis of treated snails were strictly spoiled.

Sedimentary PAH and oxidative stress biomarkers responses on Namalycastis abiuma (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from an urbanized Amazon estuary

Contamination by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in sediments and oxidative stress biomarkers responses (glutathione-S-transferase activity—GST and lipoperoxidation—LPO) on the polychaetes Namalycastis abiuma were screened along the urbanized margin of the Guajará Estuary, Brazilian Amazon coast, during dry and rainy seasons. Total 16 priority PAH concentrations ranged from 17 to 386 ng g−1 dry sediment, with higher values during the dry season. High molecular weight PAHs predominated during dry season and were probably originated from fossil fuel burning. Increased naphthalene and anthracene concentrations were noted when the maximum river flow was recorded and suggest diffuse sources from drainage of contaminated surfaces. Ecotoxicological PAH risks were low according to international sediment quality indices. Nevertheless, PAH toxicity equivalency was around 10-fold higher nearer the oil terminal than alongside the estuary. Highest GST activities at the oil terminal and industrial sites coincided with the rainy season, and combined with hydrochemical and sedimentary conditions thought to promote PAH bioavailability and a prolonged toxicant exposure. LPO approached similar levels in both seasons, suggesting that enzymatic activities were sufficient to uphold the prooxidants exposure. This result indicates that the overall estuarine condition exerts subtle oxidative stress on a keystone species and matches the low PAH ecotoxicological risks. Depositional margins within the mangrove areas and port operation are susceptible to an enhanced PAH accumulation and need special surveillance.

Stressful Effects of T-2 Metabolites and Defense Capability of HepG2 Cells.

The T-2 toxin (T-2), a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium which belongs to group A of trichothecenes, is rapidly metabolized, and its main metabolites are HT-2, Neosolaniol (Neo), T2-triol and T2-tetraol. In this work, the antioxidant defense system of HepG2 cells against oxidative stress induced by T-2 and its metabolites was evaluated. The results obtained demonstrated that there is an overall decrease in glutathione (GSH) levels after all mycotoxins exposure. Moreover, the GSH levels and the enzymatic activities related to GSH (GPx and GST) increased with NAC pre-treatment (glutathione precursor) and decreased with BSO pre-treatment (glutathione inhibitor). The GPx activity is increased by T2-tetraol. The GST activity increased after T-2 and T2-triol exposure; however, T2-tetraol decreased its activity. Furthermore, CAT activity increased after T-2 and T2-triol; nevertheless, Neo decreased its activity. Finally, SOD activity is increased by all mycotoxins, except after T-2 exposure. So, the damage associated with oxidative stress by T-2 and its metabolites is relieved by the antioxidant enzymes system on HepG2 cells.

Analysis of bioactive compounds using LC-ESI-MS/MS, cytotoxic, antimicrobial effects, and enzyme activities from Cyclotrichium origanifolium.

Cyclotrichium origanifolium is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In this study, phenolic content analysis, antimicrobial effects, and cytotoxic effects of extracts of C. origanifolium were investigated. In the extracts, phenolic compound analysis by the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method, antimicrobial effect by the minimum inhibition concentration method, and cytotoxic effect on human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), glioblastoma cell (U87), ovarian adenocarcinoma cell (Skov-3), and human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell (CaCo-2) cancer cell lines were investigated. Cytotoxicity analyses were performed by the MTT method. In addition, the GST and AChE enzyme activities of the extracts were also measured. Around 18 compounds were detected in both the methanol and ethanol extract. It was found that the best antimicrobial effect on Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa was on methanol extract, while the ethanol extract was on Candida albicans fungus (respectively, 2.50 mg/ml, 5.0μg/ml). A 500 μg/ml of methanol extract has been shown to have cytotoxic activity high effect on HDF cells. GST and AChE activity were found to decrease in a concentration-dependent manner.

Triphenylmethane dye (C52H54N4O12) is potentially a hazardous substance in edible freshwater fish at trace level: toxicity, hematology, biochemistry, antioxidants, and molecular docking evaluation study.

Malachite green (C52H54N4O12) is a synthetic dye that is used in textile industries as a colorant and in aquaculture sectors to contain microbial damage. Aquatic contamination of malachite green(MG) has been reported globally. Fish is the highest trophic organism among aquatic inhabitants, highly sensitive to waterborne contaminants (metals, coloring agents, etc.). Toxicity of waterborne chemicals on nontarget organisms can be determined by assessing biomarkers. Assessing blood parameters and tissue antioxidants (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) is useful to evaluate MG toxicity. To initiate the MG toxicity data for freshwater fish (Cyprinus carpio), the median lethal toxicity was primarily evaluated. Then, hematological, blood biochemical (glucose, protein, and cholesterol) and tissue biochemical (amino acids, lipids), and vital tissue (gills, liver, and kidney) antioxidant capacity (CAT, LPO, GST, GR, POxy, vitamin C, and GSH) of C. carpio were analyzed under acute (LC50-96h) and sublethal (Treatment I-1/10th and Treatment II-1/5th LC50-96h) exposure periods (28days). Molecular docking for MG with hemoglobin was also obtained. Biomarkers examined were affected in the MG-treated groups with respect to the control group. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were observed in hematology (Hb, RBCs, and WBCs), glucose, proteins, lipids and tissue CAT, LPO, and GST activities under acute MG exposure. In sublethal treatment groups, biomarkers studied were significant (p < 0.05) throughout the study period. The potential for MG binding to hemoglobin was tested in this study. MG is potentially a multiorgan toxicant. Literally a chemical that is harmful to the aquatic environment if safety is concerned.

Acute toxicity, biochemical and histological of fenitrothion and thiobencarb on fish Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Abstract. Fouad MR, El-Aswad AF, Aly MI. 2022. Acute toxicity, biochemical and histological of fenitrothion and thiobencarb on fish Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Nusantara Bioscience 14: 217-226. The results show that the tested fenitrothion and thiobencarb are highly toxic to fish. However, fenitrothion is more toxic (1.6 times) on Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) than thiobencarb. The determined 96-h LC50 values using a static bioassay system to Nile tilapia fingerlings (8-10 g) were 0.20 and 0.32 mg L-1 for fenitrothion and thiobencarb, respectively. The mortality rate of fish exposed to ½ 96-h LC50 of fenitrothion (0.10 mg/L) and thiobencarb (0.16 mg/L) for four days demonstrated was 20% mortality rate. Fish showed tremors, lethargy, decreased movement, and increased respiratory rhythm. The total activity of AChE in control was 5.61 ±0.03; it was significantly reduced to 4.92 ±0.03 in fenitrothion treatment and 1.13 ±0.02 in thiobencarb treatment. Fenitrothion decreased the specific activity from 0.83 ±0.01 for the control to 0.68 ±0.01, whereas thiobencarb reduced the specific activity to 0.22 ±0.01. Generally, thiobencarb inhibited AChE activity much more than fenitrothion; it produced 80% inhibition, while fenitrothion produced 12.5% inhibition. It showed a significant increase in liver GST and SOD activity of Nile tilapia exposed to the tested pesticides compared to the control. There were no histological alterations in the tissues of the control individuals. It was found that the herbicide thiobencarb affected the gills, kidneys, and liver of Nile tilapia more than the insecticide fenitrothion.

Differential susceptibility to arsenic in glutathione S-transferase omega 2 (GST-O2)-targeted freshwater water flea Daphnia magna mutants

To examine the role of glutathione S-transferase omega class (GST-O2) genes in the biotransformation and detoxification in Daphnia magna, various responses such as in vivo endpoints, arsenic speciation, enzymatic activities, and gene expression pathways related to arsenic metabolism were investigated in wild-type (WT) and GST-O2–mutant-type (MT) fleas produced by CRISPR/Cas9. Sensitivity to arsenic in MT fleas was higher than in WT fleas. Also, the reduction rate of arsenate (AsV) to arsenite (AsIII) in the MT group was significantly lower and led to accumulation of higher arsenic concentrations, resulting in decreased protection against arsenic toxicity. Relative mRNA expression of other GST genes in the GST-O2–targeted MT group generally increased but the enzymatic activity of GST decreased compared with the WT group. Oxidative stress on arsenic exposure was more strongly induced in the MT group compared with the WT group, resulting in a decrease in the ability to defend against toxicity in GST-O2–targeted mutant D. magna. Our results suggest that GST-O2 plays an important role in arsenic biotransformation and detoxification functions in D. magna.