Growth Traits In Goats Research Articles

Effect of indel variants within the sorting nexin 29 (SNX29) gene on growth traits of goats

The sorting nexin 29 gene (SNX29) is a well-known regulator of myocyte differentiation and proliferation. In this work, two indels (17-bp and 21-bp) were identified in the goat SNX29 gene, and their effects on the growth traits of 1,759 Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats were analyzed. Both indels had three genotypes [homozygote wild type (II), heterozygote (ID), and homozygote mutation (DD)] and displayed medium genetic diversity (0.25 < polymorphism information content (PIC) < 0.50) in the population. The 17-bp indel was significantly associated with chest width (p = 0.009), body weight (p = 0.021), and chest depth (p = 0.032), with the II genotype dominant. The 21-bp indel was significantly associated with chest width (p = 0.001), chest depth (p = 4.8E-5), heart girth (p = 0.007), and hip width (p = 0.002). Because the two indels were in the upstream (17-bp) and intron (21-bp) regions of the SNX29 gene, transcription factor binding sites were predicted. The IRF5 and MYC could bind with the 17-bp indel and 21-bp indel sequences, respectively. This study indicates that SNX29 is a promising candidate gene that can be used to improve meat production in goat breeding.

Detection of a 4 bp Mutation in the 3'UTR Region of Goat Sox9 Gene and Its Effect on the Growth Traits.

Simple SummaryThe sex determining region Y (SRY)-type high mobility group (HMG) box 9 (Sox9) gene is critically important in the formation and development of cartilage and is considered the “main regulator” of chondrogenesis. Additionally, a large number of studies have shown that mutations in a single allele of human Sox9 can lead to campomelic dysplasia syndrome. Therefore, the mutations of Sox9 have been the subject of increasing interest among researchers. However, no studies to date have examined the association between Sox9 gene variants and growth traits in goats. Here, we detected a 4 bp indel in the 3′Untranslated Regions (3′UTR) region of Sox9 in Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats (n = 1109) and studied the association between this indel and growth traits. The 4 bp indel of Sox9 was significantly associated with body length, heart girth, hip width, and all body measurement indexes (p < 0.05) in SBWC goats. Thus, this deletion could be used as an effective molecular marker for maximizing the growth traits of goats in breeding programs.The SRY-type HMG box 9 (Sox9) gene plays an important role in chondrocyte development as well as changes in hypertrophic chondrocytes, indicating that Sox9 can regulate growth in animals. However, no studies to date have examined the correlation between variations in Sox9 and growth traits in goats. Here, we found a 4 bp indel in the 3′UTR of Sox9 and verified its association with growth traits in Shaanbei white cashmere goats (n = 1109). The frequencies of two genotypes (ID and II) were 0.397 and 0.603, respectively, and polymorphic information content (PIC) values showed that the indel had a medium PIC (PIC > 0.25). The 4 bp indel was significantly correlated with body length (p = 0.006), heart girth (p = 0.001), and hip width (p = 4.37 × 10 −4). Notably, individuals with the ID genotype had significantly superior phenotypic traits compared with individuals bearing the II genotype. Hence, we speculated that the 4 bp indel is an important mutation affecting growth traits in goat, and may serve as an effective DNA molecular marker for marker-assisted selection in goat breeding programs.

Association Analysis to Copy Number Variation (CNV) of Opn4 Gene with Growth Traits of Goats.

Simple SummaryCopy number variation is a common genetic polymorphism and is mainly represented by submicroscopic levels of deletion and duplication which are caused by rearrangement of the genome. It is well known that copy number variations of genes are associated with growth traits of livestock. In this study, we detected the correlation between the copy number variation of the Opn4 gene and growth traits of Guizhou goats. We found that the copy number variation of the Opn4 gene had a significant influence on the body length and body weight of Guizhou goats. The results may provide preliminary suggestions into Guizhou goat breeding and new insights into the future of CNV as a new promising molecular marker in animal breeding.Extensive research has been carried out regarding the correlation between the growth traits of livestock and genetic polymorphisms, including single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variations (CNV). The purpose of this study was to analyze the CNV and its genetic effects of the Opn4 gene in 284 Guizhou goats (Guizhou black goat: n = 186, Guizhou white goat: n = 98). We used qPCR to detect the CNV of the Opn4 gene in Guizhou goats, and the classification results were correlated with the corresponding individual growth traits by SPSS software. The results showed that the Opn4 gene had a superior effect on growth traits with multiple copy variants in Guizhou black goats, and there was a significant correlation between copy number variation sites and body length traits. Contrary to the former conclusion, in Guizhou white goats, individuals with the Normal copy number type showed superior growth traits and copy number variant sites were significantly associated with body weight traits. Therefore, the CNV of the Opn4 gene can be used as a candidate molecular genetic marker to improve goat growth traits, speeding up the breeding process of goat elite varieties.

Copy number variation of CADM2 gene revealed its association with growth traits across Chinese Capra hircus (goat) populations.

Copy number variations (CNVs) are the wide structural variations ranging from 50bp to several Mb at genome which can affect gene expression and further impacting growth and development traits of livestock. Comparing with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), CNVs can better explain the genetic and phenotypic diversity, are increasingly important in biological research. As a member of immunoglobulin super-family, cell adhesion molecule 2 (CADM2) plays a vital role in cancer development and metabolic regulation. Here, we tested the CNV of CADM2 gene in 443 goats across five breeds (Guizhou white goat, GZW; Guizhou black goat, GZB; Africa Nubian goat, AN; Boergoat ×Huai goat, BH; Boer goat, BG) and detected its association with phenotypic traits. Subsequently, we analyzed the CADM2 gene expression level in different tissues of NB goats (n=3, Nubian×Black) and the transcriptional expression in lung is much higher than others. The results showed that the CNV of CADM2 has a significant association with withers height and body length in GZB goat (P<0.01), in which individuals with type of deletion were superior to those with duplication or normal type in term of body hight and body length (P<0.01). In summary, this study confirmed the association between CNV of CADM2 gene and growth traits, and our research data indicated the CADM2-CNV may considered as a prospective candidate for the molecular marker-assisted selection breeding of goat growth traits, which conducived to accelerating the genetic amelioration in Chinese goats.

Detection of rs665862918 (15-bp Indel) of the HIAT1 Gene and its Strong Genetic Effects on Growth Traits in Goats.

Simple SummaryGrowth traits are important in goats and can affect their body size and meat production. In this study, the hippocampus abundant transcript 1 (HIAT1) gene, which has been reported as a meat-associated trait in elite goat breeds and a dairy-associated trait in water buffalo, was chosen to detect its correlation with growth traits in goats. The results show that the rs665862918 polymorphism (a 15 bp insertion) in HIAT1 is associated with body length, chest width, chest depth, height at hip cross and heart girth in Shaanbei white cashmere goats (SBWC, n = 1013). Our results reveal that rs665862918 in HIAT1 is relevant to the growth traits of goats and could be used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) as a molecular marker in goat populations.The hippocampus abundant transcript 1 (HIAT1) gene, which was detected by the genome-wide identification of selective sweeps among elite goat breeds and water buffalo, is proposed to play an important role in meat characteristics. Four indels of the HIAT1 gene selected from the NCBI and Ensembl databases were detected via a pooling and sequencing strategy. A 15 bp insertion (rs665862918) in the first intron of HIAT1 was selected and classified on an electrophoresis platform in the Shaanbei white cashmere goat (SBWC) population. The correlation analysis revealed that rs665862918 is significantly highly associated with chest width (p = 1.57 × 10−5), chest depth (p = 8.85 × 10−5), heart girth (p = 1.05 × 10−7), body length (p = 0.022), and height at hip cross (p = 0.023) in the SBWC population (n = 1013). Further analysis revealed that individuals with a genotype insertion/insertion (II) of the rs665862918 locus exhibited better growth trait performance than individuals with an insertion/deletion (ID) or deletion/deletion (DD). These findings verify that HIAT1 affects the body size of goats and that rs665862918 could be a potential molecular marker for growth traits in goat breeding.

Myostatin (MSTN) Gene Indel Variation and Its Associations with Body Traits in Shaanbei White Cashmere Goat.

Simple SummaryAs a major gene to regulate the muscle mass of animals, Myostatin (MSTN) plays a negative role in regulating the number and size of skeletal myocytes. Additionally, it is reported that mutations of MSTN gene contribute to the double-muscling (DBM) phenomenon. Therefore, mutations of MSTN gene will always be one of the hot spots. A 5 bp indel (c. –120 ins) in the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) of goat MSTN gene was reported to relate to the growth traits of goat. However, all the sample sizes were limited. Herein, this study firstly enlarged the sample size (n = 1074, Shaanbei White Cashmere goat) to uncover the indel location, as well as its association with growing performance. Based on the data, the 5 bp insertion mutation in goat MSTN gene was significantly associated with the body height, height at hip cross, and chest width index in SBWC (p < 0.05), hinted that this insertion could be assigned to an effective molecular marker for growth trait in goat rearing.Myostatin (MSTN) gene, also known as growth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8), is a member of the transforming growth factor-beta super-family and plays a negative role in muscle development. It acts as key points during pre- and post-natal life of amniotes that ultimately determine the overall muscle mass of animals. There are several studies that concentrate on the effect of a 5 bp insertion/deletion (indel) within the 5’ untranslated region (5’ UTR) of goat MSTN gene in goats. However, almost all sample sizes were below 150 individuals. Only in Boer goats, the sample sizes reached 482. Hence, whether the 5 bp indel was still associated with the growth traits of goats in large sample sizes which were more reliable is not clear. To find an effective and dependable DNA marker for goat rearing, we first enlarged the sample sizes (n = 1074, Shaanbei White Cashmere goat) which would enhance the robustness of the analysis and did the association analyses between the 5 bp indel and growth traits. Results uncovered that the 5 bp indel was significantly related to body height, height at hip cross, and chest width index (p < 0.05). In addition, individuals with DD genotype had a superior growing performance than those with the ID genotype. These findings suggested that the 5 bp indel in MSTN gene are significantly associated with growth traits and the specific genotype might be promising for maker-assisted selection (MAS) of goats.

A novel duplicated insertion/deletion (InDel) of the CPT1a gene and its effects on growth traits in goat

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1a) is a rate-limited enzyme in the mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. It acts as a bridge between PPARα and the fatty acid oxidation pathways and is closely related to ruminant growth and development. In this study, one 12 bp InDel polymorphism of the CPT1a gene was identified in 700 goats, and we designated these three genotypes II, ID, and DD. Association analysis showed that the InDel polymorphism was closely associated with trunk index (p = 0.008) and body length index (p = 0.034) in Hainan black goats, and body length (p = 0.010), chest circumference (p = 0.004), chest depth (p = 0.029), and huckle bone width (p = 0.002) in Nubian goats, as well as the chest circumference (p = 0.016) in the Fuqing goat breed. In both kids and adult goats, qRT-PCR results showed that the CPT1a gene was expressed in all tissues, showing the highest mRNA levels in the liver, lung, spleen, and kidney, followed by the adipose tissue and brain. This indicates an association between the InDel of the CPT1a gene and growth traits in selected goat breeds, which may facilitate marker-assisted selection in goat genetics and breeding.

InDels within caprine IGF2BP1 intron 2 and the 3'-untranslated regions are associated with goat growth traits.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) is involved in the Hedgehog pathway and has been shown to regulate the RNA stability of several growth-related target genes. It is located in a quantitative trait locus showing a strong association with traits related to body size in ducks. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) also participates in Hedgehog signaling pathways and has been reported to be associated with organic growth and development. FGFR1-knockout mice have been shown to have severe postnatal growth defects, including an approximately 50% reduction in body weight and bone mass. Meanwhile, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay factor (SMG6) can maintain genomic stability, which is associated with organic growth and development. Therefore, we hypothesized that IGF2BP1, FGFR1 and SMG6 genes may play important roles in the growth traits of goats. In this study, the existence of two insertion/deletion (InDel) variants within IGF2BP1, one InDel within FGFR1 and two InDels within SMG6 was verified and their correlation with growth traits was analyzed in 2429 female Shaanbei white cashmere goats. Results showed both the 15 bp InDel in intron 2 and the 5 bp InDel in the 3' regulatory region within IGF2BP1 were significantly associated with growth traits (P<0.05) and goats with the combinatorial homozygous insertion genotypes of these two loci had the highest body weight (P=0.046). The other InDels within FGFR1 and SMG6 were not obviously associated with growth traits (P>0.05). Therefore, the two InDels in IGF2BP1 were vital mutations affecting goat growth traits.

Estimation of additive and non-additive genetic variance component for growth traits in Adani goats.

Non-additive genetic effects are important to increase the accuracy of estimating genetic parameters for growth traits. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and variance components, specially dominance and epistasis genetic effects, for growth traits (birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW), 3 (W3), 6 (W6), 9 (W9), and 12 (W12) month weight) in Adani goats. Analyses were carried out using Bayesian method via Gibbs sampler animal model by fitting of 18 different models. All fixed effects (sex, type of birth, age of dam, and year) showed significant effects on BW, WW, W3, and W6, whereas the type of birth and age of dam were not significant on W9 and W12. With the best model, direct heritability estimates were 0.347, 0.178, 0.158, 0.359, 0.278, and 0.281 for BW, WW, W3, W6, W9, and W12 traits, respectively. Maternal permanent environmental effect was significant for BW and WW, but maternal genetic effect was significant only for W3. Dominance and epitasis effects were significant almost for all traits and as a proportion of phenotypic variance were ranged from 0.115 to 0.258 and 0.107 to 0.218, respectively. The range of accuracy of breeding values estimated for growth traits with appropriate evaluation models was from 0.521 to 0.652, 0.616 to 0.694, and 0.548 to 0.684 for the all animals, 10% of the best males and 50% of the best females, respectively. When dominance and epistasis effects added to models, the error variance was reduced and the accuracy of estimated breeding values increased. The accuracy of the best model showed a significant difference with the accuracy of other models (p < 0.01). The result of the present study suggests that non-additive genetic effects should be in genetic evaluation models for goat growth traits because of its effect on accuracy of estimated breeding values.

Detection of two insertion/deletions (indels) within the ADAMTS9 gene and their associations with growth traits in goat

Abstract The “A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Type-1 motifs 9″ (ADAMTS9) is a Zn2+-dependent metalloproteinases of ADAMTSs family, and it regulates growth and development of mammals. Here, the aim of this study was to explore the genetic variations of ADAMTS9 gene and evaluate their effect on growth performance. Herein, two novel deletions (22-bp and 14-bp) were found and their significant associations were detected in Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats (n = 1006). Further analysis showed low linkage disequilibrium. The results indicated that the 22-bp deletion was related to chest width (CW; P = 0.002), chest width index (CWI; P = 1.18E-04) and chest circumference index (CCI; P = 0.022), and the individuals with II genotype had lower CW, CWI and CCI. Another 14-bp deletion was associated with height across the hip (P = 0.039) and the II genotype was the dominant genotype. Combination analysis revealed that there were five joint genotypes with relatively high combination frequency, and significant effects were found for them on chest width (CW; P ≤ 0.020), chest circumference (CC; P ≤ 0.015), chest circumference index (CCI; P ≤ 0.047) and chest width index (CWI; P ≤ 0.006). Individuals with joint genotypes IP2DP2IP3DP3 and IP2DP2IP3IP3 had higher values. Together, these findings hinted that the two novel indels within ADAMTS9 gene were related to growth traits in goat, which may provide functional genetic markers for improving economical traits in goat breeding.

Copy number variation of MYLK4 gene and its growth traits of Capra hircus (goat)

Copy number variation (CNV) is a form of genetic variation caused by genome rearrangement, with abnormal fragments ranging from 50 bp to Mb. And, CNV is closely related to disease, growth and reproductive shape of livestock. As a member of myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) family with serine/threonine specificity, MYLK4 belongs to an enzyme encoded by MYLK4 gene. Although MYLK4 is a recognized kinase, its function has yet to be revealed in subsequent studies. This study aims to analyze CNV and genetic effects of MYLK4 gene in goats. We used qPCR to detect CNV of MYLK4 gene in African Nubian goat (n = 32), Guizhou black goat (n = 196) and Guizhou white goat (n = 95), respectively, and correlated CNV data of MYLK4 gene with goat growth traits in Chinese goats. The results showed that the effect of MYLK4 gene CNV on body weight, body length and body height of goats had significantly different (p < 0.05, Q < 0.05), in which CNV showed better growth traits in type of deletion. Therefore, CNV of MYLK4 gene can be used as a molecular marker for assisted selection of goat growth traits, which provides a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of goat breeds in China.

A 20-bp insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism within the CDC25A gene and its associations with growth traits in goat.

Cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), a member of the CDC25 family of phosphatases, is required for progression from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle. CDC25A provides an essential function during early embryonic development in mice, suggesting that it plays an important role in growth and development. In this study, we used mathematical expectation (ME) methods to identify a 20-bp insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism of CDC25A gene in Shaanbei White Cashmere (SBWC) goats. We also investigated the association between this 20-bp indel and growth-related traits in SBWC goats. Association results showed that the indel was related to growth traits (height at hip cross, cannon circumference, and cannon circumference index) in SBWC goats. The height at hip cross of individuals with insertion/insertion (II) genotype was higher than those with insertion/deletion (ID) genotype (); on the contrary, the cannon circumference and cannon circumference index of individuals with ID genotype were superior when compared with those with II genotype ( and ). These findings suggest that the 20-bp indel in the CDC25A gene significantly affects growth-related traits, and could be utilized as a candidate marker for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in the cashmere goat industry.

A novel missense mutation (L280V) within POU1F1 gene strongly affects litter size and growth traits in goat

In mammals, POU1F1 is a key transcription factor that directly affects the secretion of pituitary hormones (GH, PRL, and TSH) and maintains growth and development. The aim of this study was to identify novel single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the POU1F1 gene and evaluate the relations to litter size and growth performance in Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats. The ear tissues of female goats (n = 653) were collected, and the corresponding data were recorded. From direct DNA sequencing, a missense mutation (NC_030808.1:g.34236169A > C) was first detected in exon 6 of POU1F1 in SBWC goats that transformed the amino acid leucine into valine (L280V). Further analyses showed that the number of lambs of female goats with the TT genotype was significantly greater than that of female goats with the TG genotype (P < 0.01). In addition, a Chi-square test showed that the distributions of the two genotypes were remarkably different in the litters of two different sizes (P = 2.06E-06). Simultaneously, the frequency of the TT genotype for female goats with multiple lambs (≥2) was much greater than that of the TG genotype. When the relationships between growth traits and L280V were evaluated, the individuals with the TT genotype had superior growth traits compared with those of the TG genotype (P < 0.05), including for body height, body length, chest circumference, chest depth, chest width, height at hip cross, and cannon circumference. Notably, a positive relationship indicated that TT genotype female goats with improved growth traits tended to give birth to more lambs. We hypothesized that the mutation was in linkage disequilibrium with other responsible SNPs or affected the post-transcriptional regulation levels and then affected growth and litter size. This novel SNP may provide a functional genetic marker for improving economically valuable traits in goat breeding.

Two indel variants of prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene are associated with growth traits in goat

Prolactin receptor (PRLR) gene plays a crucial role in the milk production, reproduction and the growth of mammals. To fully characterize the structure of the mutation and to further study the function of the goat PRLR gene, two insertion/deletion (indel) loci (12 bp; 16-bp; 5-bp) were detected in 1038 Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats. Associated analysis revealed that the 16-bp indel mutation was significantly associated the body length, body height, chest depth (CD), body length index (BLI), heart girth index and cannon circumference index (CCI) (p < 0.05). The polymorphism of 5-bp indel was significantly associated with CD, heart girth, CCI and BLI (p < 0.05). Overall, individuals with genotype DD showed better phenotypic traits than individuals with other genotypes at the two loci of PRLR gene in SBWC goat. These findings suggested that the two novel indels within the caprine PRLR gene could be considered as effective DNA molecular markers and could provide a valuable theoretical basis for the application of marker-assisted selection in the goat industry.

One 16 bp insertion/deletion (indel) within the KDM6A gene revealing strong associations with growth traits in goat

Lysine demethylase 6A (KDM6A), as a candidate gene associated with skeletal dysplasia and the differentiation of osteogenesis, might affect the growth traits in animals. In the previous study (Cui et al., 2018), one 16 bp intronic insertion/deletion (NW_017189516.1: g.138, 431_138,446delAATGTATAGCTTAAAA) within the KDM6A gene significantly influenced KDM6A gene expression. The objective of this work was to investigate the association between this 16 bp indel and growth-related traits in Shaanbei White Cashmere goat (SWCG). Association analyses showed the 16 bp indel was related to growth traits strongly (body height, chest depth, height across the hip, body length and chest circumference) in SWCG population (n = 1953, P < 0.05). Insertion/insertion (II) genotype individuals (n = 1502) had the best growth traits, by comparison of those of insertion/deletion (ID) (n = 410) and the deletion/deletion (DD) genotypes (n = 41). Particularly, the body weight of II genotype individuals were significantly higher than ID and DD genotypes (P < 0.01). Besides, the remarkable influence of this indel on traits might cause by the change of MEF2 binding site. These findings hinted that the 16 bp deletion mutation in KDM6A gene, which was significantly associated with growth-related traits, could be assigned to an effective molecular marker for growth traits in goat breeding.

The novel 22 bp insertion mutation in a promoter region of the PITX2 gene is associated with litter size and growth traits in goats

Abstract. The paired-like homeodomain 2 (PITX2) gene plays a critical role in regulating development, reproduction, and growth traits in ruminants. Hence, the objective of this study was to explore the polymorphisms of this gene and to evaluate their associations with quantitative traits. Herein, a novel insertion in the promoter region of the PITX2 gene was reported in Shaanbei white cashmere (SBWC) goats (n=1012). The genotype distributions between mothers of single-kid and multi-kid groups within SBWC goats were significantly different (P&lt;0.01), implying that this indel mutation might affect the litter size. Furthermore, association analysis found that this indel mutation was significantly associated with litter size (P=0.001). Individuals with genotype DD had a significantly smaller litter size than those with other genotypes (P&lt;0.01). Besides, this indel was significantly associated with the body length (P=0.042) and the chest width (P=0.031). Especially, the individuals with genotype DD had a significantly lower body length than those with genotype II (P&lt;0.05), which was consistent with the trend in litter size. These findings suggested that the new 22 bp indel mutation within the PITX2 gene is significantly associated with litter size and growth traits; this can be utilized as a functional molecular marker in goat breeding.

Association of a SacII polymorphism in the Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) gene exon 3 with growth traits in Indian goats

Nerve Growth Factor expression in skeletal muscle tissue is associated with an autocrine action by its effect on the proliferation, fusion into myotubes and morphology of developing myoblasts. The objectives of this study were to verify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NGF gene and their association with growth traits in two indigenous native goat breeds of Kerala, viz., Malabari and Attappady Black. A total of 232 goats were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using the restriction enzyme SacII. One SNP, C291A was detected in coding region of the NGF gene, and accordingly two genotypes were revealed CC and CA. The frequencies of CC and CA genotypes were 0.66 and 0.34 in the population. In addition, a significant association between the SNP, C291A and growth traits was observed in the goat population under study. The goats with CA genotypes showed superior values for body conformation traits than those with CC genotypes. The association of NGF gene with these traits emphasizes the importance of caprine NGF as a candidate gene for marker assisted selection for growth traits in goats.

A novel 12-bp indel polymorphism within the GDF9 gene is significantly associated with litter size and growth traits in goats.

A novel 12-bp indel polymorphism within the GDF9 gene is significantly associated with litter size and growth traits in goats.

Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphism at thyroid hormone responsive (THRSP) gene of native goat breeds of India

Precise knowledge about the genes causing variation within a trait will provide an opportunity for more effective marker assisted selection. Thyroid hormone responsive (THRSP) gene encodes for small acidic nuclear protein, associated with growth and lactation. Therefore, the present study was planned to detect single nucleotide variations in THRSP gene of goats. Genomic DNA was isolated from 200 animals belonging to Malabari and Attapady Black goats and PCR was done to amplify intron-1 (472bp) and exon-2 (412bp) region of THRSP gene. Single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique was used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).Two unique band patterns were detected in 472bp fragment of THRSP gene. The pooled population frequencies of GG and GA diplotype were 0.88 and 0.12, respectively. The haplotype frequencies were 0.94 for G and 0.06 for a haplotype. Similar pattern of three bands were noticed in exon-2 region of THRSP gene in goats and the population was found to be monomorphic. Sequencing revealed two single nucleotide variations including a novel g.56G>T and g.306A>G in intron-1 of THRSP gene. This study indicates the existence of genetic variability in THRSP gene on goats. Hence, it could be used as a marker for selection to improve growth traits in goats.

Associations of six SNPs of POU1F1-PROP1-PITX1-SIX3 pathway genes with growth traits in two Chinese indigenous goat breeds

Abstract In the process of anterior pituitary gland development and maturation, numerous transcription factors were involved in the pituitary organogenesis. To date, the lack of knowledge on POU1F1-PROP1-PITX1-SIX3 pathway genes affecting growth traits was reported in Chinese goat breeds. The objective of this work was to identify genetic variants of the POU1F1, PROP1, PITX1 and SIX3 genes, as well as to evaluate their associations with growth traits in goats. The results showed that one novel and five reported single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were confirmed in above four genes. The novel SNP (NC_019460.2:g.1100T&gt;A) was located in intron 1 of SIX3 gene. Among these loci, DQ826397.1:g.102T&gt;G (SNP1), DQ826397.1:g.279T&gt;C (SNP2) and NC_019460.2:g.1100T&gt;A (SNP6) were associated with growth traits. In details, the SNP1 locus had significant association with hucklebone width (P&lt;0.05) and hucklebone width index (P&lt;0.05) in the Guanzhong dairy goat. The SNP2 locus was associated with body weight (P&lt;0.05), chest circumference (P&lt;0.01), chest width (P&lt;0.05), hucklebone width (P&lt;0.05), cannon circumference (P&lt;0.01) and trunk index (P&lt;0.01) in the Hainan black goat. The SNP6 locus was significantly associated with hucklebone width index (P&lt;0.05) and chest width (P&lt;0.05) in the Guanzhong dairy goat and Hainan black goat, respectively. These findings indicated that goat POU1F1-PROP1-PITX1-SIX3 pathway genes were important genetic factors, which could affect growth traits. Three SNPs detected in this study may be useful for potential marker-assisted selection programs in goat breeding and production.