Growth Rate Of Shrimp Research Articles

The Utilization of Sweet Potatoes as Prebiotics on The Performance of Lactobacillus sp. in The Vanamei Shrimp Digestion (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The use of probiotics (Lactobacillus sp.) in feed is one alternative that is done to improve immunostimulants, growth stimulants, and can be used as a balance of microorganisms in digestion. This study aimed to evaluate the growth performance of vanamei shrimp fed with the addition of Lactobacillus sp. with sweet potatoes in feed. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment was by feeding with different sweet potato concentrations: A) The dose of sweet potato in feed was 0% (as control); B) The dose of sweet potato in feed was 10%; C) 1The dose of sweet potato in feed was 15%; and D) The dose of sweet potato in feed was 20%. Data were analyzed using variance analysis (ANOVA) and continued with W-Tuckey's further test. The research parameters were digestive enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, and growth. The results of the variance analysis showed the addition of various sweet potato concentrations with Lactobacillus sp. has no significant effect (p> 0.05) of the growth rate. The specific growth rate of vannamei shrimp ranges from 3.06 to 3.23% / day. Based on the results of the analysis on the utilization of sweet potatoes as a prebiotic on the performance of Lactobacillus sp. in the vannamei shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei) digestive tract can be concluded that the growth performance does not have a significant effect after being fed with the addition of Lactobacillus sp. and sweet potatoes in feed. Keywords: Enzymes, Digestion, Growth, Lactobacillus sp., Prebiotic, Probiotic.

Polyculture culture of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata under different densities: effects on water quality, post-larvae performance and their resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus

The integration of seaweeds (extractive, low-footprint species) into aquaculture systems has been considered an alternative approach for the sustainable development of the shrimp industry, which aims to expand in an environmentally friendly way. Two consecutive experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of integrating various densities of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon post-larvae (PL) and red seaweed Gracilaria tenuistipitata on water quality and shrimp performance in the nursery phase. The first experiment involved a 3 × 4 factorial design with three levels of shrimp density (1000; 2000 and 3000 PL m−3) and four levels of red seaweed density (0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg m−3) randomly allocated in triplicate tanks for 30 days. Shrimp PL (with a mean weight of 0.012 ± 0.002 g and length of 1.12 ± 0.09 cm) and red seaweed were reared in 150 L tanks at a salinity of 15 g L−1. Significant synergistic effects between shrimp and seaweed densities were observed for the NO3− total nitrogen (TN) and PO43− contents, as well as for the survival (p < 0.05) and production of shrimp (p < 0.01). The integration of shrimp and red seaweed significantly decreased the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the rearing tanks and greatly enhanced the survival and growth rate of shrimp. In particular, increased stocking density resulted in poorer growth performance but enhanced production. Applying stocking densities of 1000 and 2000 PL m−3 obtained larger shrimp size, while a density of 3000 PL m−3 achieved the highest production output in the integrated system. In the second experiment, which followed the 30-day growth trial, shrimp quality was assessed via an immersion challenge test using pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus (a concentration of 2 × 108 CFU mL−1) on the shrimp groups previously stocked at a density of 3000 PL m−3 and integrated with different quantities of seaweed. After 14 days of challenge, the cumulative mortality in the monoculture system averaged 75.6%, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those in the integrated groups (17.8–31.1%). It is concluded that the integration of P. monodon shrimp and G. tenuistipitata improved tank water quality as well as shrimp survival and growth while also enhancing the antibacterial activity of shrimp against V. parahaemolyticus infection in the nursery phase.

Effects of carbohydrate sources on a biofloc nursery system for whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

In biofloc technology carbohydrate is added to stimulate the biofloc growth, the latter helps to improve water quality, reduce the need for water exchange and may serve as natural shrimp feed. The large diversity among possible carbohydrate sources makes the selection of a suitable carbohydrate difficult. This study investigated how corn starch addition compared to molasses addition affected water quality, biofloc and periphyton proximate composition, shrimp production parameters, diurnal fluctuations and distribution of carbon and nitrogen in whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture system. The results showed that both corn starch and molasses addition treatments resulted in low ammonium nitrogen levels in the water. The total suspended solids and volatile suspended solids in both treatments increased over time and were not significantly different among treatments. The protein content in the dry matter of the biofloc varied from 34% to 48%, being higher in the molasses treatment. The same was observed for the protein content in the dry matter of the periphyton which ranged between 16% and 26%. The corn starch treatment resulted in significantly higher shrimp growth rate, production, average body weight, and lower FCR compared to molasses addition. Water quality was stable on a daily basis, but changed over the weeks. Carbon and nitrogen accumulations in the system were not significantly different among treatments.

Protein‐rich product recovered from brewer's spent grain can partially replace fishmeal in diets of Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei

A protein-rich product (PP) with 46% protein and less than 1% fibre was recovered from brewery's spent grain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of replacing dietary fishmeal with PP on the growth, feed utilization efficiency and nutritional composition of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The control diet (PP0, containing 35% fishmeal) was compared with four isonitrogenous (44% crude protein), isolipidic (10% crude fat) and isocaloric (20 kJ/g) test diets, PP10, PP30, PP50 and PP70, which were formulated using PP protein to replace 10%, 30%, 50% and 70% of fishmeal protein. Sextuplicate groups of shrimp (averaging 1.10 g) were fed each of the five diets for 8 weeks. The results showed that up to 50% of fishmeal replaced with PP did not negatively affect the shrimp survival, growth performance, feed utilization efficiency, or the protein content and amino acid profile of shrimp. However, replacing 70% of fishmeal protein with PP protein negatively affected the percent weight gain and specific growth rate of shrimp, although the shrimp survival rate and feed conversion ratio were not affected.

Rice-shrimp ecosystems in the Mekong Delta: Linking water quality, shrimp and their natural food sources

Aquatic ecosystems are used for extensive rice-shrimp culture where the available water alternates seasonally between fresh and saline. Poor water quality has been implicated as a risk factor for shrimp survival; however, links between shrimp, water quality and their main food source, the natural aquatic biota inhabiting these ponds, are less well understood. We examined the aquatic biota and water quality of three ponds over an entire year in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, where the growing season for the marine shrimp Penaeus monodon has been extended into the wet season, when waters freshen. The survival (30–41%) and total areal biomass (350–531 kg ha−1) of shrimp was constrained by poor water quality, with water temperatures, salinity and dissolved oxygen concentrations falling outside known optimal ranges for several weeks. Declines in dissolved oxygen concentration were matched by declines in both shrimp growth rates and lipid content, the latter being indicative of nutritional condition. Furthermore, as the dry season transitioned into the wet, shifts in the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton and zooplankton were accompanied by declines in the biomass of benthic algae, an important basal food source in these systems. Densities of the benthic invertebrates directly consumed by shrimp also varied substantially throughout the year. Overall, our findings suggest that the survival, condition and growth of shrimp in extensive rice-shrimp ecosystems will be constrained when poor water quality and alternating high and low salinity negatively affect the physiology, growth and composition of the natural aquatic biota. Changes in management practices, such as restricting shrimp inhabiting ponds to the dry season, may help to address these issues and improve the sustainable productivity and overall condition of these important aquatic ecosystems.

Application of Probiotics for Organic Matter and Enhancement of Growth Performance in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

HighlightsLitopenaeus vannamei has been established as alternative to Penaeus monodon to shrimp farming in several countries.Increased importance of in situ microorganisms both in regulating biogeochemical cycles within the culture environment and in directly affecting shrimp growth and survival.To improve water quality in aquaculture is the application of probiotics and/or enzymes to ponds. AbstractIntensive shrimp farming has raised environmental issues due to aquaculture pollution, which is caused by uneaten feed, feces, organic matter, and toxic compounds (ammonia and H2S). One way to solve this issue is by using probiotics. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the effect of probiotic administration (Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp.) at varying concentrations on total organic matter in the rearing water, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and growth rate of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). This study used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of four treatments: T0 (without the probiotic supplementations), T1 (probiotics at 106 CFU/ml), T2 (probiotics at 107 CFU/mL), T3 (probiotics at 108 CFU/mL) with three replicates each. The results showed that the administration of probiotics at different concentrations had a significant effect on the total amount of organic matter, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and specific growth rate of white shrimp. Administration of probiotics at a concentration of 107 CFU/ ml had the lowest organic matter in the rearing water, 138 mg /Lt. While probiotic administration at 108 CFU/ ml gave the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.22), the highest feed efficiency (81.57%) and the best growth rate (2.25%/day). This research suggests that the administration of 107-108 CFU/ ml probiotics could be applied to reduce organic content in the rearing water and improve the growth performances of white shrimp.

Effect of fish waste hydrolysate on growth, survival, health of Penaeus vannamei and plankton diversity in culture systems

A Fish Waste Hydrolysate (FWH) was prepared from fish waste and was evaluated its potential for use in Penaeus vannamei culture. FWH applied @ 20 ppm in two split application was found to be optimum for phytoplankton abundance, diversity and higher (<0.01) specific growth rate (SGR) and total biomass gain of shrimp. Supplementation of FWH significantly (P < .01) increased average daily gain (ADG), SGR, total biomass gain and survival of P. vannamei compared to control even at 30% less feed in tank system. Subsequent pond trial of P. vannamei with FWH supplementation showed higher growth and survival which might be due to higher abundance and diversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton. Therefore, it can be concluded that FWH supplementation can improve the production of P. vannamei when applied @ 20 ppm in a split dose and can save 30% of feed in P. vannamei culture.

Solid state fermented plant protein sources as fish meal replacers in whiteleg shrimp Litopaeneus vannamei

Six different types of solid state fermented plant proteins and soy protein concentrate were evaluated as fish meal replacers in whiteleg shrimp, Litopaeneus vannamei. In the first experiment, eight experimental diets consisted of a control diet without fish meal replacement (CON), and seven other diets replacing 30 % of fish meal with fermented soybean meal with Bacillus subtilis (FSMB), sterilized FSMB (FSMBS), fermented soybean meal and corn gluten meal with B. subtilis (FSCB), sterilized FSCB (FSCBS), fermented soy protein concentrate with B. subtilis (FSPB), fermented soybean meal with lactic acid bacteria (FSML), and soy protein concentrate (SPC). At the end of eight weeks, weight gain, specific growth rate and serum lysozyme activity of shrimp fed FSMB and FSCB diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed CON and FSML diets (P < 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficacy ratio of shrimp fed diets FSCB and FSCBS were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the FSPB diet. Total intestinal B. subtilis count of shrimp fed FSMB, FSCB and FSPB diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the other diets. After eight days of challenge test against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, average cumulative survival rate of shrimp fed diet FSCB was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed CON, SPC, FSMBS, FSCBS and FSML diets. In the second experiment, CON, FSMB, FSCB and FSPB diets, with (O) and without (X) bacterial water treatments were used for four weeks. Total ammonia nitrogen and NO2-N showed significantly lower values for FSCB(O) and FSPB(O) tanks compared to the CON(X) tank (P < 0.05). Total water B. subtilis counts, after 2 and 4 weeks, were significantly lower for both CON(O) and CON(X) tanks compared to all other tanks (P < 0.05). These results indicate that fish meal replacement with FSCB can improve growth, feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance in whiteleg shrimp while improving the water quality indices when administered with bacterial water treatment.

Effects of three different dietary plant protein sources as fishmeal replacers in juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

BackgroundAs the cost of fishmeal continues to rise, there will be a need to optimize the diet by minimizing dietary fishmeal inclusion in aquafeed. In this study, a 7-week experiment was conducted to evaluate soybean meal, fermented soybean meal (soytide), and sesame meal as fishmeal replacers in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.MethodsA 30%-based fishmeal diet was considered as control (CON), six other diets were prepared by replacing 20% or 40% of fishmeal with soybean meal (SB20 and SB40), fermented soybean meal (ST20 and ST40), or sesame meal (SM20 and SM40) from the CON diet. Twenty shrimp with average initial weight of 0.65 ± 0.05 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 21 tanks (45 L) and fed four times a day. Water temperature was controlled at 28 ± 1 °C and aeration was provided by air stones.ResultsWeight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio of shrimp fed CON showed no significant differences compared to shrimp fed all the other diets. However, growth performance of shrimp fed ST20 diet was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the SM20 and SM40 diets (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) of shrimp fed CON, ST20, and ST40 diets was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the SB40 and SM40 diets. But there were no significant differences among shrimp fed CON, SB20, ST20, ST40, and SM20 diets. Also, lysozyme activity of shrimp fed ST20 diet was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the SB40 and SM40 diets. Although, lysozyme activity of shrimp fed the CON diet was not significantly different compared to shrimp fed all the other experimental diets.ConclusionsTherefore, SB, ST, and SM could replace 40% of fishmeal based on growth performance and lysozyme. According to the SOD activity, SB and SM could replace 20% of fishmeal and ST could replace 40% of fishmeal in juvenile whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.

Assessing the efficiency of a recirculating fluidized bed biofilter in white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) broodstock aquaculture

This paper shows the results of the efficiency of a circulating fluidized bed biofiltration system using polyethelene as a filtering material. Changes in water quality parameters and the growth rates of shrimp (broodstock and commercial production) were used to assess the efficiency of water treatment system. The concentration of NH4+ in waste water from the broodstock tanks decreased 61% after three months of treatment. The final concentration of NH4+ after treatment was 0.07 mg/ml which meet the Vietnamese regulations for discard of aquaculture waste into coastal waters. Biological oxygen demand decreased 48%. The corresponding figures for treating waste water from commercial shrimp tanks were decreases of NH4+ by up to 61% with outlet concentration 0.07 mg/ml accepted to discard according to Vietnamese Standard and biological oxygen demand by 55%. Outlet water providing from broodstock and commercial shrimp tanks were treated with COD concentration decreased from 3.12 down to 2.62 mg/ml and 4.62 down to 2.68 mg/ml, or 16% and 41.9% of COD removal, respectively.

Ảnh hưởng của độ mặn lên tăng trưởng và tỷ lệ sống của ương giống tôm sú (Penaeus monodon) theo công nghệ biofloc

This research is aimed to find suitable salinity for growth and survival rate of black tiger shrimp postlarvae using biofloc technology. The experiment is in a completely randomized design with three replications of five treatments which are salinity of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25‰. Molasses was used to create biofloc with the ratio of C:N = 10:1, nursery tanks with a volume of 500 litres, shrimp density of 600 shrimp/m3. During the 30-day rearing period, the environmental parameters, bacterial density, bioflocs were in the suitable range for shrimp growth and development. Shrimp in the treatment of 15‰ had the highest weight (0.38 ± 0.01 g), which was significnatly different (p>0.05) to the treatment of 5 and 25‰ but not to other treatments. Survival rate (95.5±2.1%) and productivity (573±13 shrimp/m3) of shrimp at the treatment of 15‰ was a statistically significant difference (p 0.05) compared to the remaining treatments. The results showed that the nursing of black tiger shrimp based on biofloc technology at the salinity from 10 to 20‰ obtained good results.

Measuring the Substitution of Vegetable Waste Fermented Rumen Fluid with Tofu Waste in Vannamei Shrimp Feed

Vannamei shrimp cultivation in Indonesia deals with the complication at high feed fees as a result of raw material feed protein sources. Rumen fluid fermented vegetable waste has the potential to substitute tofu in feed Litopenaues vannamei. This study aims to determine the substitution of vegetable waste with the rumen fluid fermented tofu is best to improve the performance of vannamei shrimp growth. Research carried out for 60 days with evaluation substitution levels of rumen fluid fermented vegetable waste with tofu in vannamei shrimp feed. designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments each with 3 replications, thus totaling 12 experimental units. Feed treatment tested is A) 0 (control), B) 33.33, C) 66.67, D) 100% rumen fluid fermented vegetable waste. The results showed that the substitution of tofu with fermented vegetable waste rumen fluid in vannamei shrimp feed a significant effect (P &lt;0.05) on digestive enzyme activity, total and nutrient digestibility, growth, and survival rate of vannamei shrimp. The research shows that the tofu substitution more than sixty percent of fermented vegetable waste could improve feed efficiency to more than a quarter of vannamei shrimp growth. Tofu substitution of rumen fluid fermented vegetable waste in feed could increase the activity of digestive enzymes, total digestibility, nutrient digestibility, growth, and survival of juvenile vannamei shrimp.

Effects of dietary administration of Macsumsuk®on growth and stress to low salinity and low dissolved oxygen in whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) juveniles

An 8-week study was conducted to explore the results of Macsumsuk® as a feed additive on the stress tolerance and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei in 15 culture tanks of 36 L each. Three hundred shrimp averaging 0.1 ± 0.01 g were fed with five isonitrogenous (48.38 ± 0.38% CP) diets (in triplicate groups) containing kaolinite (Macsumsuk®) at 0%, 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.2% and 2.4%, namely Mk0, Mk0.3, Mk0.6, Mk1.2 and Mk2.4. Specific growth rate (SGR) and weight gain (WG) of shrimp fed diets Mk1.2 and Mk2.4 were significantly better than those of shrimp fed diet Mk0 (p < .05). However, SGR and WG of shrimp fed diets Mk0.6, Mk1.2 and Mk2.4 were not significantly different. Protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed efficiency (FE) of shrimp fed diets Mk1.2 and Mk2.4 were significantly better than those of shrimp fed diets Mk0, Mk0.3 and Mk0.6. Furthermore, the survival of shrimp fed diet Mk2.4 was significantly lower than that of shrimp fed diet Mk0.6 (p < .05). Cumulative mortality of shrimp fed diet Mk1.2 was significantly lower than that of shrimp fed diet Mk0 at 1–1.5 hr post-stress to low dissolved oxygen (from 6.1 mg/L to 2.9 mg/L) and 4–5 hr post-stress to low salinity (from 32‰ to 1‰) (p < .05). The optimum dietary Macsumsuk® level for juvenile L. vannamei was determined as 1.97% by the polynomial regression analysis of weight gain.

Dietary lipid requirement of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles cultured in biofloc system

An eight‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the contribution of biofloc on dietary lipid requirement in whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five diets with graded levels of dietary lipid (45, 60, 90, 120 and 150 g/kg) were fed to juvenile shrimp. Final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of shrimp fed diets with 60, 90 and 120 g/kg lipid levels were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed diets with lipid levels 45 and 150 g/kg (p < .05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of shrimp fed 60, 90 and 120 g/kg were higher than those fed 150 g/kg diet. Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were lower in shrimp fed 45 g/kg compared with those fed the 90 g/kg (p < .05). Also, lysozyme activity for 90 g/kg group was higher than the 15 g/kg group. Hepatopancreas lipase and amylase activities of shrimp fed 90 and 120 g/kg diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed 45 and 150 g/kg diets. Broken‐line regression analysis for weight gain indicated that the dietary lipid requirement of whiteleg shrimp juveniles reared in a biofloc system was estimated to be higher than 56 g/kg but <60 g/kg.

The Effect of Dosage Combination and Feeding Frequency on Growth and Survival Rate of Vannamei Shrimp Juveniles in Ponds

Vannamei shrimp production in Indonesia has experienced a rapid development in the last decade. One of the main problems in the cultivation of vannamei shrimp in ponds is the high use of artificial feed. This study aimed to examine the combination of feed dose and feeding frequency on the growth and survival rate of vannamei shrimp farmed in ponds. Vannamei shrimp juveniles were kept in square floating net cages (1 m x 1 m x 1.5 m) called hapa suspended in the ponds. The feed formulation used corn flour substituted with 50% sweet potato flour as a carbohydrate source. The research used a factorial Completely Randomised Design (CRD). The first factor was the feed dose (3%, 6% and 9% of shrimp bodyweight) and the second factor was the feeding frequency (3, 4 and 5 times per day). There were 3 replicates of each combination of treatments giving a total of 27 experimental units. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. The results showed a significant influence of treatment applied on the growth and survival of juvenile vannamei shrimp. The highest daily growth rate of shrimp was 3.98% obtained with the 3% feed dose treatment combined with the feeding frequency of 4 times per day. The highest survival rate of vannamei shrimp was 80%, obtained with a combination of 3% feed dose and feeding frequencies of 3 and 4 times per day.

Dietary administration of sea grape powder (Caulerpa lentillifera) effects on growth and survival rate of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

The objective of the study was to determine the dietary administration effect of sea grape powder (Caulerpa lentillifera) in the diet on the growth performance and survival rate of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Two hundred forty shrimps (PL 15) averaging 0.0020 g were randomly distributed into 24 of 10 l tanks. The 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g/kg of sea grape powder was supplemented into six formulated feed. The result showed that the application of the sea grape (Caulerpa lentillifera) meal in the diet gave a significant effect on the weight gain, specific growth rate, daily growth rate, absolute length, feed conversion ratio, and feed utilization efficiency, but no significant effect on survival rate. The optimum weight gain, specific growth rate, daily growth rate, absolute length, feed conversion ratio and feed utilization efficiency were found at treatment D (30 g/kg diet) with the values were 0.20 gram, 7, 86% /day, 0.003 g/day, 26.6 mm, 0.81 and 123.84% respectively. Based on these result, it is concluded that the recommended level of sea grape powder dietary level (Caulerpa lentillifera) in shrimp feed (Penaeus monodon) was 30 g/kg.

Black tiger shrimp larvae (Penaeus monodon) that received eggshell powder in diet exhibit decreasing of growth and survival rate

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of eggshell powder supplementation in diet on the growth and survival rate of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon larvae. A total of 600 shrimp larvae (PL 12) was used with five treatment levels and four replications. The shrimp fed with 42% of crude protein, feeding frequency three times a day at 08.00; 14.00; 18.00 pm and 5% feeding rate. The dietary treatments were A (0%), B (3%), C (6%), D (9%) and E (12%) fed for thirty days. Results showed that the supplementation of eggshell powder in diet had a significant effect on weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate, and survival of black tiger shrimp larvae. Duncan's advanced test showed that the optimum dose of eggshell powder was found in treatment A (0% eggshell powder) with weight gain, length gain, specific growth rate, and survival rate at 0.0301±0,0013 g, 12.41±0,56 mm, 12.82±0,16 %/day, and 94.17±1,66%, respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that the supplementation of eggshell powder may decrease the growth and survival rate of black tiger shrimp larvae.

Effect of three types of liquid compost combined with Avicennia marina leaves on growth and survival of tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon)

The sustainability of prawn farming in brackish water ponds is controversial because of low yields and a history of mangrove clearing. Low yields are due largely to insufficient preparation of pond bottoms. Mangrove trees are often planted on pond bunds as window dressing. This study examines the effect of three types of liquid compost from vegetable, fruit, and both vegetable and fruit in tanks to which whole or chopped Avicennia marina leaves have been added to mimic local pond conditions. In a split-plot design, 28 square tanks were each stocked with one hundred 15-day-old post-larvae tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon). Four tanks were used as controls and 24 were assigned to the treatments, 12 with whole and 12 with chopped leaves. Of the treatment tanks, 4 received liquid compost from vegetable, 4 received fruit, and 4 received mixed vegetable and fruit. Shrimp were weighed at the start, halfway point, and the end of the 50-day trial, and fed at 5% of the estimated total weight; survival was counted at the end. The survival rates of treatments and controls (65–76%) were not significantly different. Shrimp in water with vegetable compost grew significantly faster (2.7% day−1) than in both treatments with fruit (2.5% day−1), while all treatments were associated with significantly faster growth than were the controls (2.0% day−1). The lower growth rate of shrimp fed fruit compost may have been due to dinoflagellates, which are known to negatively affect shrimp. Shrimp in tanks with chopped mangrove leaves grew slightly better than shrimp in tanks with whole mangrove leaves.

Effects of Addition of Sucrose and Probiotics on Whiteleg Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Postlarvae Performance, Water Quality, and Microbial Community

AbstractIt has been reported that supplying a carbon source and probiotics improves water quality and animals in aquaculture systems. Most studies used molasses as a carbon source, which is a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. In the present study, sucrose and probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis; hereafter referred to by only the genus name “Bacillus”) were added in the culture media of 5‐d‐old postlarvae of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and then cultured for 20 d. The results showed that compared with the control concentrations of NH4+‐N, NO2−‐N, and NO3−‐N, values were lower in treatments with sucrose and Bacillus, suggesting that water quality was improved and material circulation was promoted. Values of dissolved oxygen decreased, probably due to oxygen consumption during microbial growth and oxidation processes. Body length growth rate of whiteleg shrimp was significantly higher in treatments with sucrose and Bacillus compared with the control, which might result from an increased energy uptake from ingesting microorganisms. In comparison to the control, treatments with sucrose and Bacillus greatly influenced bacterial community structure. Among them, the proportion of Actinobacteria increased and that of Proteobacteria decreased. Actinomycetes can degrade organic compounds and produce a wide variety of antibiotics, vitamins, and enzymes, inhibiting growth of some pathogenic microorganisms. Proteobacteria includes many pathogenic bacteria. Changes in these two phyla suggest that the immunity of whiteleg shrimp might be enhanced in response to treatments. These results indicate that microorganism composition might be important to biofloc systems. Further investigations in this area would help guide aquaculture production.

Acreditation Certificate Acreditation No. 21/E/KPT/2018 Article Tools Print this article Indexing metadata How to cite item Supplementary files Email this article Email the author About The Authors Heri Ariadi ORCID iD http://ub.edu/heri Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, University of Brawijaya Indonesia Good luck to RJLS Publisher Mohammad Mahmudi Fisheries and Marine Science Faculty, University of Brawijaya Indonesia Mohamad Fadjar Fisheries

The abundance of Vibrio bacteria and the presence of an excess Oscillatoria sp plankton type are the main problems that often arise in intensive vanamei ( Litopenaeus vannamei ) shrimp culture. To examine this problem, the purpose of this study was to determine of model approach interaction between the abundance of Vibrio and Oscillatoria sp with the shrimp growth rate in ponds. This research was conducted with the ex-pose facto design on intensive shrimp culture operations in Bayeman Village, Probolinggo. The results data from field research variable are analyzed using a dynamic modeling system. From the modeling analysis results, showed that the Oscillatoria sp abundance pattern tended to increase over with shrimp culture period as following the pattern of tropical status dynamics by the nutrient increase load of 16.37%/week in ponds ecosystem. Meanwhile, the increase of Vibrio colonies density in ponds continued to increase aggregately by 0.99%/week on nine weeks and 12.5% / week on the last eight weeks of shrimp culture periods. So, it can be concluded that the fluctuations density of vibrio and Oscillatoria sp bacteria in ponds is are bioecological responses from increased nutrient loads and other micromaterials in ponds due to the longer period of shrimp culture.