Abstract
BackgroundAs the cost of fishmeal continues to rise, there will be a need to optimize the diet by minimizing dietary fishmeal inclusion in aquafeed. In this study, a 7-week experiment was conducted to evaluate soybean meal, fermented soybean meal (soytide), and sesame meal as fishmeal replacers in whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei.MethodsA 30%-based fishmeal diet was considered as control (CON), six other diets were prepared by replacing 20% or 40% of fishmeal with soybean meal (SB20 and SB40), fermented soybean meal (ST20 and ST40), or sesame meal (SM20 and SM40) from the CON diet. Twenty shrimp with average initial weight of 0.65 ± 0.05 g (mean ± SD) were randomly distributed into 21 tanks (45 L) and fed four times a day. Water temperature was controlled at 28 ± 1 °C and aeration was provided by air stones.ResultsWeight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio of shrimp fed CON showed no significant differences compared to shrimp fed all the other diets. However, growth performance of shrimp fed ST20 diet was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the SM20 and SM40 diets (P < 0.05). Superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) of shrimp fed CON, ST20, and ST40 diets was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the SB40 and SM40 diets. But there were no significant differences among shrimp fed CON, SB20, ST20, ST40, and SM20 diets. Also, lysozyme activity of shrimp fed ST20 diet was significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the SB40 and SM40 diets. Although, lysozyme activity of shrimp fed the CON diet was not significantly different compared to shrimp fed all the other experimental diets.ConclusionsTherefore, SB, ST, and SM could replace 40% of fishmeal based on growth performance and lysozyme. According to the SOD activity, SB and SM could replace 20% of fishmeal and ST could replace 40% of fishmeal in juvenile whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei.
Highlights
As the cost of fishmeal continues to rise, there will be a need to optimize the diet by minimizing dietary fishmeal inclusion in aquafeed
Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of shrimp fed CON diet showed no significant differences among shrimp fed the other experimental diets (P > 0.05)
Growth performance of shrimp fed the 20% fishmeal replacement (ST20) with fermented soybean meal was significantly higher than the sesame meal fed group (SM20 and SM40)
Summary
As the cost of fishmeal continues to rise, there will be a need to optimize the diet by minimizing dietary fishmeal inclusion in aquafeed. Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is an important species in aquaculture and is the most cultured prawn species in the world at 4,456,603 mt comprising over 84% of all cultured shrimp and prawn production at a value of over 26.7 billion USD (FAO 2017). This is in large part due to its rapid growth, disease tolerance, high stocking density tolerance, relatively low dietary protein requirement (30%), and broadness of supporting research (NRC 2011). In the same period of time, FM price have continued to rise from 413 USD/mt in the year 2000, to 1546 USD/mt; a 73% increase (Kobayashi et al 2015). When replacing FM with a more economic protein source, it is important to consider not just the price point, but to consider other aspects such as nutritional value, digestibility, palatability, and the presence of anti-nutritional factors (Oliva-Teles et al 2015)
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