Growth Of Slums Research Articles

Pendampingan Penyusunan Rancangan Peraturan Daerah tentang Pencegahan dan Peningkatan Kualitas Perumahan Kumuh dan Permukiman Kumuh Kota Lhokseumawe

Regional Regulation (Perda) concerning Prevention and Improvement of Quality of Slums and Slums is an instrument to prevent the growth and development of slums in livable housing and settlements and to improve the quality of housing and settlements that are indicated as slums to become livable. Regional regulations on the Prevention and Improvement of Quality of Slum Housing and Slum Settlements are expected to contain regulations as regulated in national legislation and are equipped with specific local content for each region and to assist the Regional Government in the drafting process of the Regulation on Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slums and Slum Settlements, the Government (in this case the Directorate of Settlement Development, Directorate General of Human Settlements, Ministry of Public Works) has prepared a Regional Regulation Model on the Prevention and Quality Improvement of Slums and Slums. The purpose of the drafting of this Perda Model is to provide references and examples of regulations on prevention and improvement of the quality of slums and slums that have accommodated various provisions in national legislation.

IDENTIFYING AND MAPPING OF SLUMS IN PUNE CITY USING GEOSPATIAL TECHNIQUES

Abstract. In India, rapid growth of slums in urban areas, especially in metropolitan cities, has become a major problem for the planners and decision-makers. The slum expansion is mainly due to the rural-urban migration and pressure of the population on un-used, un-protected, and un-suitable public land. It leads to many issues like poverty, unemployment, lack of access to clean water, lack of durable housing, traffic congestion, environmental pollution, insufficient living area, inadequate sanitation, scarcity of land, inappropriate land use, skyrocketing land value and insecure tenure, etc. Planning controls are usually ineffective in slum areas due to lack of timely information and people having little regard for such things in the absence of any other alternative. In most of the municipal bodies, proper updated information/map of slums are not available, which, create a problem in the decision-making process. Thus, there is an imperative need to resolve above-mentioned issues with the help of Geospatial techniques. This paper aims to identify and mapping of slums in Pune City using Geospatial techniques. The slums were identified based on high-resolution satellite images such as Resourcesat-2 (LISS-IV) data with the help of visual interpretation and standard image processing techniques, i.e., image rectification, enhancement, and classification. Afterward, the database was created and labeled with the help of the GIS tool. In Pune, there is around 40 percent of the urban population resides in slums. Such a large proportion of slum population also adds to the burden of already scarce resources and on overall urban infrastructure. The entire slum population of the city was accommodated in a total of 477 slums of which 238 and 239 were declared and undeclared slums respectively. The most of the slums in Pune mainly occurred in the central part due to natural increases as well as migration. But, the peripheral areas it’s happen due to vacant land/open areas along to river, canal, railway line and hill slope. The study reveals that more than 200 slums are located near environmentally sensitive areas and encroachment activities are increased in southern part of the city i.e., Ambegaon Bk., Vithhal Nagar and Warje areas.

A Study on Estimation of Chlorine in Drinking Water in an Urban Slum of Guntur District

Background: The share of urban population to the total population of India has increased from 27.81% in 2001 to 31.16% in 2011. This increase has also been accompanied by rapid growth of slums in cities. The 2011 Census of India reveals that 17.4% of urban households in India live in slums This survey was conducted in the urban slum area of Anandapet, Guntur. Objective: estimating the quality of drinking water, storage method at household level and waste disposal of both solid and sewage in that area and also to estimate chlorine levels in the drinking water consumed by the residents in the wake of the recent GE (gastroenteritis) epidemic in Guntur. Methodology: A community based Cross-sectional study was carried out during May to June 2018 with the objective of estimating the quality of drinking water, storage method at household level and waste disposal of both solid and sewage in that area. Results: 77(38.5%) houses do not follow any method of disinfection of water. Whereas 70(35%) houses follow boiling. 38(19%) houses use filter, and 15(7.5%) use water purifier for disinfection of water. Among those 70 houses that boil the water, 59 houses use different well maintained vessel for storage of boiled water and 11 houses use same vessel for storage of boiled water. Conclusions: Majority of the households in the study area had access to improved source of drinking water. But a few households practiced unhealthy storage and treatment practices like cleaning the overhead tank/ sumps once a month or once in 15 days, not treating water prior to consumption, dipping the glass into the water drum. Absence of free chlorine suggests the need for attention by the concerned authorities and the households

The Temporal Dynamics of Slums Employing a CNN-Based Change Detection Approach

Along with rapid urbanization, the growth and persistence of slums is a global challenge. While remote sensing imagery is increasingly used for producing slum maps, only a few studies have analyzed their temporal dynamics. This study explores the potential of fully convolutional networks (FCNs) to analyze the temporal dynamics of small clusters of temporary slums using very high resolution (VHR) imagery in Bangalore, India. The study develops two approaches based on FCNs. The first approach uses a post-classification change detection, and the second trains FCNs to directly classify the dynamics of slums. For both approaches, the performances of 3 × 3 kernels and 5 × 5 kernels of the networks were compared. While classification results of individual years exhibit a relatively high F1-score (3 × 3 kernel) of 88.4% on average, the change accuracies are lower. The post-classification results obtained an F1-score of 53.8% and the change-detection networks obtained an F1-score of 53.7%. According to the trajectory error matrix (TEM), the post-classification results scored higher for the overall accuracy but lower for the accuracy difference of change trajectories than the change-detection networks. Although the two methods did not have significant differences in terms of accuracy, the change-detection network was less noisy. Within our study area, the areas of slums show a small overall decrease; the annual growth of slums (between 2012 and 2016) was 7173 m2, in contrast to an annual decline of 8390 m2. However, these numbers hid the spatial dynamics, which were much larger. Interestingly, areas where slums disappeared commonly changed into green areas, not into built-up areas. The proposed change-detection network provides a robust map of the locations of changes with lower confidence about the exact boundaries. This shows the potential of FCNs for detecting the dynamics of slums in VHR imagery.

Water insecurity and urban poverty in the Global South: Implications for health and human biology.

Over half of the world's population (4 billion people) experience severe water scarcity at least one month per year, while half a billion people experience severe water scarcity throughout the year. Despite progress from national and global interventions, a staggering proportion of the Global South remains water insecure. Rapid urban growth and associated demographic changes, climate change, and governance failure have also fostered the growth and expansion of urban informal settlements and slums where widespread poverty and environmental hazards exacerbate the impact of water insecurity on health. This article reflects on the interactions between water insecurity and urban poverty in the Global South across four categories of health outcomes: gastrointestinal diseases, mosquito-borne diseases, injuries, and mental illness. These examples highlight the mechanisms through which urban poverty exacerbates the adverse health effects of water insecurity. The four selected health outcomes were chosen a priori to represent two communicable conditions with well-developed literatures, and two noncommunicable conditions with newer literatures that have emerged over the last decade. We conducted a narrative literature review of scholarly and gray literature appearing between January 2000 and April 2019 using several online scholarly databases. Gastrointestinal diseases, mosquito-borne diseases, injuries, and mental illness all exemplified the relationship between water insecurity and urban poverty through human biological pathways. For each of the four health categories, we identified frontiers for human biology research contributions to the water-poverty-health nexus. We discuss our findings in the context of three crosscutting themes that merit innovative research approaches: stressor interactions and trade-offs, exposure thresholds, and intervention efficacy. We reiterate that the global burden of disease associated with water insecurity cannot be addressed in isolation from efforts to alleviate extreme poverty.

Simulation of confined pocket of a city by leapfrogging method

Leapfrogging appears at several levels and hence may be one of the fundamental processes generating urban fractality. Simulations have been performed on random pockets (slums) with different areas and lifetime of the Delhi city. The images were procured and processed using GIS package SAS planet and ImageJ and the fractal dimension was calculated by the box-counting method. In addition, we propose a confined leapfrogging model. Both studies suggests that any such confined pocket shall eventually have a high fractal dimension in the range 1.65-1.85 with a central tendency of 1.76 from the data of pockets and 1.78 from the confined model. These slums will approach a high fractal dimension due to the high level of social and economic pressure there. The confined leapfrogging model is suggested as the underlying process of slum growth.

The future is urbanised

Summary The human population is shaping the planet like never before. Although this transformation started with agriculture, the focus is now switching to cities as humanity is rapidly becoming more urbanised. Thus, the environmental and sustainability challenges of this century will all have to be addressed in the context of more than 4 billion people living in cities. Michael Gross reports.

Life Skills Of Youth In Chennai Slums

Slums are universal in character and no country is able to get rid of them. Large-scale migration to the cities due to employment opportunities and other community facilities, an income level which is inadequate to maintain decent standards of living are some of the major contributory factors responsible for the growth of slums especially in Chennai as per Tamilnadu slum clearance board. Life Skills have been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as psychosocial abilities for adaptive and positive behavior that enable individuals to deal effectively with the demands and challenges of everyday life. The youth from slums due to lack of effective utilization of their skills are still in a lower level jobs and have not climbed to great ladders. The youth pursuing their graduation or pursuing their post graduation belonging to the age group between eighteen to twenty four years of age from Zone 8 slum recognized by the slum clearance board alone are the respondents. Strength of thirty samples by using simple random sampling method was used for the research. A majority 73.3% of the respondents were in poor condition level in self awareness dimension, while 26.7% of them were in average level. It is inferred that the respondents various life skills from different dimensions namely interpersonal relationship, critical thinking, decision making, problem solving and coping with emotions do differ with regard to their gender. It is observed that there is strong and significant association between various dimensions of life skills namely Interpersonal relationship (X2-4.562,df-1), Effective communication (X2-1.425,df-1) and Critical thinking (X2-4.124,df-1). The research suggests the need for bettering the life skill education among the youth from slums at the time of their academics itself

The Emergence and Growth of Slums: The Case Study of East Yangon District, Myanmar

The Emergence and Growth of Slums: The Case Study of East Yangon District, Myanmar

Simulating slum growth in Lagos: An integration of rule based and empirical based model

Demographic forecasts put Lagos as one of the cities with the highest population growth. Past trends show correlations between urban growth and slum growth, thereby creating a major challenge for sustainable city planning. This study explores the drivers of slum development in Lagos, and simulates scenarios for slum growth through coupling logistic regression with the cellular automata-based SLEUTH model. RapidEye (2009 and 2015) and Sentinel-2 (2015) imagery were used to create slum extents maps for each time point, and then used for the calibration and prediction, respectively, of the model. The driving forces of slum development in Lagos were analyzed, and the correlated spatial drivers compiled to create a probability map of slum development using the logistic regression model. The probability map was incorporated with the exclusion layer of the modified SLEUTH to simulate scenarios of slum growth in Lagos by 2035. Three scenarios were designed based on the modification of the exclusion layer and the transition rules. The Scenario 1 ‘business as usual’, depicts slum development following the present trend; the scenario 2 ‘excessive growth’, considers the demographic projection for the city; while the scenario 3 ‘limited government influence’, asserts limited interference by the government in slum management/control. Factors including distance to markets, distance to shoreline, distance to local government administrative buildings, land prices, etc. were predictors of slum development in Lagos. The prediction model, based on the logistic regression, reached an overall accuracy of 79.17% and a relative operation characteristics value of 0.85. The three scenarios show further densification of the existing slums, and increase in their area by 1.18 km2 (scenario 1), 4.02 km2 (scenario 2), and 1.28 km2 (scenario 3). New slums are predicted at the fringe of the south-eastern part of the city. The foreseen limited spatial growth of the slums is due to the high density of the city, thus new slums may likely develop in the neighboring zones to Lagos when land in the city is no longer available.

Urban solid waste management in developing countries from the sustainable supply chain management perspective: A case study of Brazil's largest slum

Urban solid waste management (SWM) is a central problem in major cities worldwide. This topic is particularly relevant for developing countries, given the constant growth of slums. SWM is an essential part of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM), which appears to be a viable method of incorporating social, environmental and economic goals as pillars for the sustainable development of an organization and its supply chain. Although the literature offers a large and growing number of publications in SSCM and SWM, there is not yet a study that addresses SWM in a slum of a developing country from the SSCM perspective and there still a need for more sustainable waste management strategies involving all relevant stakeholders. Through a longitudinal case study conducted in the largest slum of Brazil (Rocinha), this paper aims to address these research gaps by developing a framework for SWM from the SSCM perspective in areas of slums. The research findings indicate that to tackle environmental problems related to SWM in such areas, it is necessary to solve basic social issues related to education, security, and infrastructure, with the integration and support of government, local community and industry. Although some progress has been observed in the last 10 years in Rocinha, the studied real-life setting shows that in practice, the performance of SWM stakeholders, particularly industry, is far from fulfilling the social and environmental pillars of SSCM. The proposed framework encompasses government and the community viewpoints in addition to the industrial focus and points to practical actions based on SSCM enablers, reinforcing a holistic and multi-perspective view, and the need for integrated management for better SWM in slum areas in developing countries. As it is a first attempt in this direction, additional research in similar settings is required to evolve the analysis towards more generalizable findings.

SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SQUATTER HOUSING AREAS IN MECCA BY USING GIS

Government agencies have made dealing with squatter housing areas in Mecca their utmost priority through the adoption of policies for the comprehensive development of these areas in accordance with their economic components. The development of squatter housing areas in Mecca has prompted the establishment of strategic foundations for tackling this phenomenon, including stimulating investment, urban improvement, and the integration of these areas into the urban context. The widespread growth of slums is one result of the population concentration in the Holy Capital, which is accompanied by an increase in the housing values and the absence of housing alternatives that match the limits of the economic capacity of low-income families. This paper aims to identify the characteristics of the spatial distribution of squatter housing areas in Mecca, so they may respond to the strategic principles proposed by Article [9] of the slum development list in Mecca. The effective treatment of this phenomenon requires intensive efforts based on the alignment of strategic plans for regional development according to the characteristics of each region, thus contributing to the achievement of balance in development and a reduction in the population migration flowing to large urban areas. The study recommends the development of a time frame to address the issue of squatter housing areas in Mecca based on priorities that take into account an analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics before embarking on the development decision; this in turn will contribute to the direction of private sector investments and the rationalization of government spending.

Child labour and education – A survey of slum settlements in Dhaka (Bangladesh)

Bangladesh has registered extraordinary advances in education, notably on access and gender equity. Yet, while the country is nearing universal primary school enrolment, drop-out rates remain high – and learning levels are poor. Urbanisation, one of the engines of Bangladesh’s development, has gone hand-in-hand with the rapid growth of urban slums, where child labour is rife.This paper describes the results of a unique, large-scale representative survey into the relationship between child labour and education in slums of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The survey covers 2700 households drawn from a listing of 4500, with children and their parents responding to a detailed questionnaire.We report a number of findings that differ from those emerged from previous research and national surveys. First, there is a high work incidence among children aged 6–14, with an average rate of 15% reported across our survey sites. Second, in contrast to previous studies, the overwhelming majority of working children are out-of-school. Third, almost all working children are involved in what both International Labour Organization (ILO) Conventions and national legislation would categorise as child labour, with hazardous work figuring prominently. Fourth, the ready-made garments sector appears to be a major employer of children, accounting for two thirds of female child labour.The education system contributes to the child labour problem by creating a ‘supply’ of potential recruits. Late entry to school, grade repetition and poor-quality education all serve to push children out of education and into employment.One of the take-home messages of this research is that Bangladesh will not achieve the 2030 development goals on education without strengthened commitment to eradicate child labour; and the country will not eradicate child labour without making education compulsory and free for the 6–14 age group.

On the Determinants of Slum Formation

Abstract We construct a simple model of a city with heterogeneous agents and housing choice to explain the determinants of slums, home to about one-third of the urban population in developing countries. The model supports the main empirical evidence regarding slum formation and is able quantitatively to assess the role of each determinant of slum growth. We show that urban poverty, inequality and rural–urban migration explain much of the variation in slum growth in Brazil from 1980 to 2000. Ex ante evaluation of the impacts of policy interventions shows that removing barriers to formalisation has a strong impact on slum reduction.

Detecting and mapping slums using open data: a case study in Kenya

ABSTRACTThe worldwide slum population currently stands at over one billion, with substantial growth expected in the coming decades. Traditionally, slums have been mapped using information derived mainly from either physical indicators using remote sensing data, or socio-economic indicators using census data. Each data source on its own provides only a partial view of slums, an issue further compounded by data poverty in less-developed countries. To overcome such issues, this paper explores the fusion of traditional with emerging open data sources and data mining tools to identify additional indicators that can be used to detect and map the presence of slums, map their footprint, and map their evolution. Towards this goal, we develop an indicator database for slums using open sources of physical and socio-economic data that can be used to characterize slum settlements. Using this database, we then leverage data mining techniques to identify the most suitable combination of these indicators for mapping slums. Using three cities in Kenya as test cases, results show that the fusion of these data can improve the mapping accuracy of slums. These results suggest that the proposed approach can provide a viable solution to the emerging challenge of monitoring the growth of slums.

An integrated and sustainable infrastructure development to improve the quality of rural area in peri-urban

Rapid urbanization has created the disparity between urban-rural which potentially increase urban slum growth and expand urban problems to rural area in peri-urban. In order to anticipate this problems, the quality of rural area in peri-urban need to improve through the development of integrated and sustainable infrastructure. The purpose of this paper are: 1) to review the rural infrastructure development planning in peri-urban areas; and 2) to formulate strategies for integrated rural infrastructure development in peri-urban area based on spatial planning. Qualitative approach is used in this paper by using descriptive analysis.

Urban Governance in Africa: An Overview

Africa is urbanising rapidly and is facing enormous urban challenges, such as the growth of slums and increasing inequality. Secondary cities, with their smaller economies and less capacitated local governments compared to primary cities, face particularly severe challenges. However, responsibility for key urban governance issues is often fragmented amongst large numbers of government stakeholders with limited capacities and conflicting interests. Key urban governance stakeholders therefore need to be brought together in collaborative processes to jointly develop and implement new strategies that are based on a broader range of interests and meet a broader range of needs. In order to be able to do this, understanding actual urban governance processes, which are essentially about how different actors interact to make and operationalise decisions, is vitally important. This chapter highlights the diversity of actors involved in urban governance in Africa and the complexity of urban governance processes, with Kisumu, a secondary city in Kenya, used as an example. Key actors in urban governance in African cities include all levels of government, political parties, traditional leaders, private sector organisations and informal business organisations (such as traders’ organisations), international agencies and civil society organisations. The basic objects of urban governance can include a wide range of issues, such as land use management, the provision of basic services, ensuring access/mobility and ensuring public health and safety. The diversity of governance actors and of agendas complicates addressing urban issues, but can also be seen as an opportunity for leveraging additional skills and resources through collaborative urban governance processes that bring different stakeholders together to develop and implement more holistic and inclusive strategies.

Determining Factors for Slum Growth with Predictive Data Mining Methods

Currently, more than half of the world’s population lives in cities. Out of these more than four billion people, almost one quarter live in slums or informal settlements. In order to improve living conditions and provide possible solutions for the major problems in slums (e.g., insufficient infrastructure), it is important to understand the current situation of this form of settlement and its development. There are many different models that attempt to simulate the development of slums. In this paper, we present data mining models that correlate information about the temporal development of slums with other economic, ecologic, and demographic factors in order to identify dependencies. Different learning algorithms, such as decision rules and decision trees, are used to learn descriptive models for slum development from data, and the results are evaluated with commonly used attribute evaluation methods known from data mining. The results confirm various previously made statements about slum development in a quantitative way, such as the fact that slum development is very strongly linked to the demographic development of a country. Applying the introduced classification models to the most recent data for different regions, it can be shown that the slum development in Africa is expected to be above average.

Migration in Denpasar City: Study of Adaptation Strategy and Its Implication of Social Culture and Environment

Denpasar City, both as the capital of Bali as well as the center of trade, education, and tourism destinations. This potential is a strong attraction for the migrants to come and settle in Denpasar City. The purposes of this study are: 1) to get an overview of the characteristics of the migrants; 2) understanding the pattern of migrant adaptation; and 3) to analyze its implications of socio-cultural and environment. The approach method used is descriptive qualitative. Data collection used through structured interviews, observation, and Focus Group Discussion. Based on the analysis, this study found that the average age of migrants classified as productive, is in the range 30-40 years. The level of education of migrants is quite good, mostly high school and even some university grade. The pattern of adaptation that is done tends to choose clustered residence based on the similarity of ethnic and religion background. The socio-cultural implications have not been so apparent, that local cultures are still dominant. The implications for the environment appear to be quite significant, which is marked by the increasing number of land conversion for various designations. The emergence of slums and semi-permanent settlements built to meet the needs of many migrants throughout the sub district in Denpasar. This condition then injured the icon of Denpasar as a cultural city. Beside that, the quality of environments and raw water of the population has decreased, caused due of domestic household waste and wastewater of the garment industry and laundry services.

Physical and Mental Health Impacts of Household Gardens in an Urban Slum in Lima, Peru.

Rural poverty and lack of access to education has led to urban migration and fed the constant growth of urban slums in Lima, Peru. Inhabitants of these informal settlements lack land rights and access to a public water supply, resulting in poor sanitation, an inability to grow food, and suboptimal health outcomes. A repeated measures longitudinal pilot study utilizing participatory design methods was conducted in Lima between September 2013 and September 2014 to determine the feasibility of implementing household gardens and the subsequent impact of increased green space on well-being. Anthropometric data and a composite of five validated mental health surveys were collected at the baseline, 6-months, and 12-months after garden construction. Significant increases from the baseline in all domains of quality of life, including: physical (p < 0.01), psychological (p = 0.05), social (p = 0.02), environmental (p = 0.02), and overall social capital (p < 0.01) were identified 12 months after garden construction. Life-threatening experiences decreased significantly compared to the baseline (p = 0.02). There were no significant changes in parent or partner empathy (p = 0.21), BMI (p = 0.95), waist circumference (p = 0.18), or blood pressure (p = 0.66) at 6 or 12 months. Improved access to green space in the form of a household garden can significantly improve mental health in an urban slum setting.