Growth Of Red Sea Bream Research Articles

The paralogous gene of myostatin deficiency does not improve the growth of Red seabream (Pagrus major)

To improve livestock and aquaculture-raised fish as food, targeted mutagenesis using genome editing technologies is becoming more realizable. Myostatin (Mstn), which functions as the negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth, is one of the major targets to improve the edible ratio of livestock and farmed fish. We previously reported that the deficiency of Pm-mstn, one of Myostatin paralogs, improves muscle growth and changes body shape in a finfish species, red seabream (Pagrus major), as a result of editing the gene by means of CRISPR/Cas9. In this study, we established Pm-mstnb-deficient red seabream, which is a null-allelic mutant of another paralogous gene of Myostatin in the species, and analyzed their phenotype in terms of growth traits and body shape. A comparison of all growth traits between Pm-mstnbwt/wt and Pm-mstnb-5/-5 revealed no significant differences. In addition, all metrics for body shape, defined as the ratios of body depth, body width, and depth of the caudal peduncle to body length, respectively, were also similar in Pm-mstnbwt/wt and Pm-mstnb-5/-5. Therefore, we concluded that Pm-mstnb does not function as a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in red seabream.

Annual monitoring of growth of red sea bream by multi-stereo-image measurement

In aquaculture, periodic measurement of fish body size is required to suitably assess growth progress. The aim of this study is to monitor the growth of free-swimming red sea bream, Pagrus major, farmed in net cages using multi-stereo-image measurement to determine the efficacy and potential applications of the method. After estimating appropriate sample sizes based on mean fork length and varying acceptable error ranges, we tracked fish growth using both multi-stereo-image measurement and traditional scoop-net capture methods for 1 year. Measurements were conducted four times every 3 months. In fish with fork length exceeding 40 cm, the appropriate sample sizes with acceptable error ranges of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% were around 100, 26, 12, 7, and 5 individuals, respectively, based on a 95% confidence interval. The fish exhibited most of their growth from June to December, with slower growth from February to June. This study provides evidence that multi-stereo-image measurement is an accurate and useful tool to enhance understanding of growth processes in cultured fish.

低周波水中音がマダイ（Pagrus major）の摂餌行動および成長に及ぼす影響

低周波水中音がマダイ（Pagrus major）の摂餌行動および成長に及ぼす影響

Effects of restricted feeding on growth of red sea bream and sedimentation of aquaculture wastes

For improving the economic and environmental sustainability of fish farming, it is necessary to optimize feeding regimes. From this viewpoint, we monitored the growth and mortality of red sea bream ( Pagrus major), C and N fluxes and sediment chemistry at 2 commercial fish cages; cage 1 (conventional satiation feeding) and cage 2 (restricted feeding: same feeding frequency but 18% reduction in the feed amount) for 276 days. The similar specific growth rates (0.43% in cage 1 and 0.39% in cage 2) but different feed conversion efficiencies (0.54 in cage 1 and 0.62 in cage 2) and mortality (> 2-times higher in cage 1) between the 2 cages, indicate overfeeding in cage 1 culture. Elemental and stable isotopic analyses of sediment trap materials enabled the quantification of waste feed- and fecal matter-derived organic matter (OM) separately. The results shows that (1) aquaculture-derived OM comprised most of the fish-farm settling OM, excluding the period from January to April, when natural OM often accounted for a half of the bulk OM, (2) there was a difference in the seasonal trend between the fluxes of waste feed and fecal matter, and (3) there were no differences in the percentage compositions and fluxes of waste feed and fecal matter between the 2 cages. The isotopic analysis showed that the waste feed-derived OM in the sediment below cage 2 was 24% less than that below cage 1, suggesting effect of restricted feeding. Determining the relative amount of waste feed and fecal matter in settling and sedimentary OM is an effective method to evaluate the optimum feeding regime.

Effect of Restricted Feeding Regimes on Compensatory Growth and Body Composition of Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major

Abstract Compensatory growth of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during feed deprivation and after refeeding was investigated. Groups of three fish each were allocated into 28 cages. Fish were fed by a commercial feed to satiation twice a day. Four feeding groups of fish were prepared: one group with continuous feeding (C) for 9 wk and three other groups with feed deprivation for 1 wk (F1) in Week 3, 2 wk (F2) from Week 2 to Week 3, and 3 wk (F3) from Week 1 to Week 3, respectively. All fish in the feed deprivation treatments resumed feeding in Week 4. The full compensatory growth was achieved in F1 and F2 fish after refeeding for the first 3 wk but in F3 fish after refeeding for the second 3 wk. Specific growth rate and feed conversion efficiency in all fish experiencing fasting were higher than those of control fish after first 3 wk of refeeding. At the end of feed deprivation in Week 3, crude protein, crude lipid, and energy content of all fish experiencing fasting were lower than those of the control fish. These results indicated that red sea bream experienced 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐wk fasting could achieve full compensatory growth in the 9‐wk feeding trial.

Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> on early development of growth of red sea bream (<i>Pagrus major</i>)

Effects of CO<sub>2</sub> on early development of growth of red sea bream (<i>Pagrus major</i>)

Effect of Dietary Protein Sources in Microdiets on Feeding Behavior and Growth of Red Sea Bream, Pagrus major, During Weaning and Metamorphosis

ABSTRACT The use of two protein sources, krill meal (protein 62% dry matter) and soybean protein (protein 85.2% dry matter), and their effect on growth performance and feeding behavior of red sea bream, Pagrus major, during weaning and metamorphosis, was studied using microbound diets. High levels of dietary soybean protein (25% of the diet) resulted in a poor feeding response and marked anorexia, resulting in high mortalities and poor growth. Moderate levels of dietary soybean protein (17-19% of diet) resulted in higher growth. Krill meal contributed to an increase in food consumption. A possible reason for the reduced growth of fish fed soybean protein-based diets was the lower palatability of these diets. Alternative sources of protein could replace fish meal, if these sources are more palatable to the fish.

The effect of dietary carnitine supplementation on growth of red sea bream ( Pagrus major) fingerlings at two levels of dietary lysine

The effect of dietary carnitine supplementation (2 g kg −1 diet) on growth, proximate, neutral lipid and fatty acid composition of liver and muscle of red sea bream fingerlings at two levels of dietary lysine (10 and 14 g kg −1 diet, respectively) was investigated. Carnitine increased red sea bream growth fed a 14 g lysine kg −1 diet ( P < 0.05) but did not cause any effect on growth in fish fed the 10 g lysine kg −1 diet. A clear lysine sparing effect of carnitine in red sea bream was not observed. Carnitine did not reduce crude lipid levels in white muscle and liver of fish. Fatty acid composition of total lipids in liver showed reduced values for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and total long-chain fatty acids with 20 to 24 carbon atoms (ΣC 20–24) in fish receiving carnitine supplemented diets indicating an increased utilization of the above fatty acids. Free carnitine and acid-soluble carnitine in muscle increased two-fold after carnitine administration.

The effects of recombinant eel growth hormone, methyltestosterone and L-thyroxine on the growth of red sea bream,Pagrosomus major

the effects of recombinant eel growth hormone (reGH), methyltestosterone (MT) and L-thyroxine (T4) on the growth of red sea bream,Pagrosomus major, were investigated. Administration of reGH to fry by immersion at 2 mg/1 for 2 h every 5 days resulted in significant increase in both weight and length, but the condition factor (CF) diminished relative to that of similarly treated controls over the 37 day treatment period. Immersion in 0.1 mg/l T4 also resulted in significant increase in both weight and length and higher survival rate of test fry compared to the controls. Immersion in MT had less effect on growth and high-dose resulted in high mortality. In the second study, injection of 2 μg reGH/(g·wk) caused a significant increase in the specific growth rate (SGR) of test red sea bream fingerlings relative to that of the controls during the 4—week treatment period and maintained the increasing trend over the post-treatment period (weeks 4–6). Injection of MT at a dosage of 1μg/(g·wk) resulted in a significant increase in SGR during the 4—week treatment period. Intramuscular injection of 0.1 μg T4/(g·wk) also resulted in a significant increase in weight. Injection of high-doses of MT and T4 inhibited growth and resulted in darkening skin, bulging eyes and thinning body. In muscle chemical composition, the treated groups had no significant differences compared to the controls, but the high-dose MT and T4 groups showed significant increases in lipid content. Potential practical methods for hormone application in fish culture are discussed.

Effect of chitin, chitosan, and cellulose as diet supplements on the growth of cultured fish.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of supplementing chitin, chitosan, and cellulose in the diet on the growth of red sea bream, Japanese eel, and yellowtail. The growth rate of all fishes fed with the 10% chitin supplemented diet recorded the highest value indicating diet super-iority. The feed efficiency in the red sea bream and Japanese eel which were fed with the 10 chitin supplemented diet also recorded the highest values. All fishes fed with the chitosan sup-plemented diet had the lowest growth rates and feed efficiencies indicating that the inclusion of 10% chitosan in the diet must have inhibited the processes involved with the digestion, absorption, and assimilation of the basal diet. The growth rates and feed efficiencies of red sea bream and yellowtail fed with the 10% cellulose supplemented diet were slightly higher than the values recorded for the control diet. Chitinase, chitosanase, and cellulase activity in the stomach of the three types of fishes which were fed with the aforesaid diet were measured and only chitinase activity was detected. The level of chitinase activity in the stomach of these three fishes were in proportion to the rate of growth when fed with the chitin supplemented diet. These results suggested that in fishes which possess high activity of chitinase in their digestive gland, chitin is digested and utilized.

Studies on utilization of fish waste. 4. Effects of scrap meals fermented with fungi on growth of red sea bream and feed efficiency.

Red sea bream were raised on the diets containing white fish meal, nonfermented scrap meal, and fermented-resteamed scrap mcal, whose POV and TBA values decreased and ω3 HUFA content increased by fermentation. The fermentation was carried out with Aspergillus terreus (AT), Asp. flavus (AF), Asp. oryzae (AO), Penicillium citrinum (PC) and Peni. citrinum (PG) isolated from smoked-semidried skipjack, and the combined microbes (FS). The gowth and feed etfficiency of fish fed on the fermented-resteamed scrap meal diets except the PC diet were superior to those of the nonfermented scrap meal diet group. Especially, the AT, AO, and PG diet groups showed comparably high growth and feed efficiency, to the white fish meal diet group and the FS diet group.

Studies on utilization of fish waste. I. Effect of fermented and fermented-resteamed scrap meals on growth and feed efficiency of red sea bream.

Two attempts were conducted to examine the effect of fermentation on proximate composi-tion, POV, TBA, and VBN values of fish waste, and the effects of fermented and fermented-re-steamed scrap meals on the growth of red sea bream and feed efficiency. Fermentation by a combination of Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus sojae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Bacillus sub-tills decreased the lipid content, POV, and TBA in fish waste, and increased VBN. However, VBN decreased by resteaming after fermentation. The growth and feed efficiency of fish fed on fermented scrap meal diet was superior to those of the nonfermented scrap meal diet group. How-ever, both groups were significantly inferior to white fish meal diet group. On the other hand, no significant difference was recognized between fermented-resteamed scrap meal diet group and white fish meal diet group in the growth and feed efficiency. These findings indicate that the removal of both toxic oxidized lipids and protein degenerates is essential in the utilization of fish waste as a dietary protein source and that fermentation and steaming are effective for the removal.

Effect of carboxymethylcellulose supplement on the absorption of dietary nutrients, and on the levels of blood sugar and plasma amino nitrogen.

In order to clarify a reason for which carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) increases the growth of red sea bream Chysophrys major and feed efficiency, the effects of CMC supplement on the absorptions of dietary dextrin and protein, and on the levels of blood sugar and plasma amino nitrogen were studied. CMC supplement into diets delayed the absorptions of dextrin and protein, and suppressed the elevation of blood sugar and plasma amino nitrogen levels within 2 hours after the feeding. From these results, it is presumed that the dietary dextrin and protein are effectively utilized by the supplementation of CMC as the energy source and for the biosynthesis of body components, consequently the growth of red sea bream and feed effciency are improved.

マダイの成長および餌料効率におよぼすフラゾリドンの効果

It is well known that antibiotics and nitrofuran derivatives promote the growth and prevent or cure the disease of domestic animals. Some of these agents are also reported to have a curative effectiveness on fish diseases. However, many studies1) have shown that antibiotics have no growth promoting effect on trout. There have been no previous studies on the growth promoting effect of nitrofuran derivatives for fish. This current study deals with the effects of furazolidone, N-5-nitro-2-furfurylidene-3-amino-2-oxazolidone, on the growth and on the feed efficiency of red sea bream, Chrysophyrys major. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: (1) Furazolidone promoted the growth of red sea bream with higher feed efficiency. The growth and the feed efficiency of fish fed 0.01% level furazolidone were best, and those fed 0.1% level were less than those of the control group (Table 2 and Fig. 1). (2) The protein and fat contents of the dorsal muscle of fish fed furazolidone were nearly identical to those of the control fish (Table 3). (3) The differences between the ratio of the weight of liver, heart, kidney and milt to body weight of furazolidone fed fish and those of control fish were insignificant (Table 4).