Growth Of Pea Research Articles

Enhancing Pisum sativum growth and symbiosis under heat stress: the synergistic impact of co-inoculated bacterial consortia and ACC deaminase-lacking Rhizobium

The 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase is a crucial bacterial trait, yet it is not widely distributed among rhizobia. Hence, employing a co-inoculation approach that combines selected plant growth-promoting bacteria with compatible rhizobial strains, especially those lacking ACC deaminase, presents a practical solution to alleviate the negative effects of diverse abiotic stresses on legume nodulation. Our objective was to explore the efficacy of three non-rhizobial endophytes, Phyllobacterium salinisoli (PH), Starkeya sp. (ST) and Pseudomonas turukhanskensis (PS), isolated from native legumes grown in Tunisian arid regions, in improving the growth of cool-season legume and fostering symbiosis with an ACC deaminase-lacking rhizobial strain under heat stress. Various combinations of these endophytes (ST + PS, ST + PH, PS + PH, and ST + PS + PH) were co-inoculated with Rhizobium leguminosarum 128C53 or its ΔacdS mutant derivative on Pisum sativum plants exposed to a two-week heat stress period.Our findings revealed that the absence of ACC deaminase activity negatively impacted both pea growth and symbiosis under heat stress. Nevertheless, these detrimental effects were successfully mitigated in plants co-inoculated with ΔacdS mutant strain and specific non-rhizobial endophytes consortia. Our results indicated that heat stress significantly altered the phenolic content of pea root exudates. Despite this, there was no impact on IAA production. Interestingly, these changes positively influenced biofilm formation in consortia containing the mutant strain, indicating synergistic bacteria-bacteria interactions. Additionally, no positive effects were observed when these endophytic consortia were combined with the wild-type strain. This study highlights the potential of non-rhizobial endophytes to improve symbiotic performance of rhizobial strains lacking genetic mechanisms to mitigate stress effects on their legume host, holding promising potential to enhance the growth and yield of targeted legumes by boosting symbiosis.

Ameriolations with VAM and PSB Inoculation of Growth and yield attributes in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Arkel

Background: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most important legume grown all over the world with its varied uses as vegetables and other processed products. Its production and productivity in recent times have witnessed a diminishing graph due to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. With unexploited use of synthetics in legume crops number of nodule formation have reduced to lowest levels. VAM (Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza) and PSB (Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria) inoculation in soil have been observed in enhancing number of nodules, levels of NPK uptake and yield in pea. Methods: Considering the importance of above facts and experiment was laid in 2022 with RBD with three replications containing 7 treatments viz. T1 (Control), T2 (75% RDF + 25% PSB), T3 (50% RDF + 50% PSB), T4 (75% RDF + 25% VAM), T5 (50% RDF + 50% VAM), T6 (75% RDF + 12.5% VAM + 12.5% PSB) and T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB). Result: Investigations indicated that the treatment T7 (50% RDF + 25 % VAM + 25% PSB) showed significantly high growth, yield and quality like plant height (113.90 cm), number of leaves (87.09), number of branches (20.2), number of nodules (90.56), numbers of pod/plant (19.1), pod length (8.97 cm), number of seeds per pod (8.23), green pod yield/plot (4.80 kg), green pod yield/ha (80.12 q) compared to control. Hence, T7 (50% RDF + 25% VAM + 25% PSB) evidently exhibited a conglomeration of bio nutrient uptake enhancers resulting in maximum yield and quality.

Plant seedlings of peas, tomatoes, and cucumbers exude compounds that are needed for growth and chemoattraction of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 and Azospirillum brasilense Sp7.

This study characterizes seedling exudates of peas, tomatoes, and cucumbers at the level of chemical composition and functionality. A plant experiment confirmed that Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841 enhanced growth of pea shoots, while Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 supported growth of pea, tomato, and cucumber roots. Chemical analysis of exudates after 1 day of seedling incubation in water yielded differences between the exudates of the three plants. Most remarkably, cucumber seedling exudate did not contain detectable sugars. All exudates contained amino acids, nucleobases/nucleosides, and organic acids, among other compounds. Cucumber seedling exudate contained reduced glutathione. Migration on semi solid agar plates containing individual exudate compounds as putative chemoattractants revealed that R. leguminosarum bv. viciae was more selective than A. brasilense, which migrated towards any of the compounds tested. Migration on semi solid agar plates containing 1:1 dilutions of seedling exudate was observed for each of the combinations of bacteria and exudates tested. Likewise, R. leguminosarum bv. viciae and A. brasilense grew on each of the three seedling exudates, though at varying growth rates. We conclude that the seedling exudates of peas, tomatoes, and cucumbers contain everything that is needed for their symbiotic bacteria to migrate and grow on.

Growth, Yield and water use efficiency of Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) as influenced by Phosphorus, Micronutrients and organics in new alluvial zone of West Bengal

A field experiment was conducted to study the crop growth, yield and WUE of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) as influenced by phosphorus, micronutrients and organics in rice soils during rabi season of 2020-21 at the Teaching Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mondouri, Nadia under New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. The experiment was carried out taking ten different nutrient management practices with three replications in randomized block design to evaluate the performance of lathyrus. The results of the experiment revealed that lathyrus plot fertilized with the recommended dose of fertilizer along with foliar application of Borax @ 0.5% recorded the highest plant height, number of branches plant-1, dry matter accumulation, number of pods per plant, pod length, number of seeds per pod and 100-seed weight. Maximum seed yield (1450 kg ha-1), stover yield (2513 kg ha-1) and highest WUE (10.00 kg ha-1 mm-1) were recorded by the plot treated with RDF+ Borax @ 0.5%.With respect to quality parameters, the seed protein content was highest (31.18%) in the plot fertilized with RDF along with ammonium molybdate @ 0.1%. Therefore, it may be concluded from the results of the experiment that the combined use of RDF with Borax @ 0.5% application in grass pea is one of the best option for better production in terms of quality and quantity for cultivation in New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal.

Impact of short-term irrigation of diverse distillery wastewater types on plant attributes and antioxidative enzymes of pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Rachna).

The study was focused on evaluating the short-term irrigation effect of three different types of distillery wastewater, i.e., untreated, primary treated, and secondary treated, on the germination, growth, photosynthetic pigments, and antioxidant enzymes of pea (Pisum sativum L. var. Rachna). The findings indicated that exposure to 50% secondary treated distillery wastewater (ST50) resulted in the maximum values for positive germination parameters of pea, including germination percentage, germination value, germination index, peak value, vigor index, speed of germination, and tolerance index. The minimum values were observed at 100% concentration of untreated wastewater (UT100). In contrast, the maximum values for various negative germination parameters, i.e., percent inhibition, seedling mortality, and germination period, were observed at UT100 and minimum at ST50. All the growth parameters studied, i.e., length of shoot, length of root and length of seedlings, fresh weight of shoot, fresh weight of root, dry weight of shoot, and dry weight of root, showed maximum values at ST50 and minimum at UT100. Photosynthetic pigment analysis also followed a similar trend. The antioxidative enzyme characterization of Pisum sativum L. var. Rachna revealed the minimum values of catalase, ascorbic peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and superoxide dismutase at ST25 (25% concentration of secondary treated distillery wastewater) and maximum values were observed at UT100.

Assessing alkali activation of waste stone wool from greenhouses combined with direct foaming or granulation to obtain recycled plant substrate.

Stone wool is commonly used as a plant substrate in soilless cultivation and discarded after one growing season. Stone wool waste is difficult to recycle, and thus it is typically landfilled. Alkali-activation of stone wool (i.e., milling and mixing with an alkaline solution) has been shown to be a feasible way to upcycle this waste fraction into, for example, construction products. In this study, the aim was to develop recycled plant substrate from stone wool waste from greenhouses via alkali activation. Waste stone wool from greenhouses was characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and mixed with sodium silicate solution either directly or after ball milling. The alkali-activation process was combined with the addition of H 2O 2, pre-made foam, or granulation to obtain suitable porous material for the plant substrate application. Preliminary greenhouse cultivation experiments of pea ( Pisum sativum) were conducted with alkali-activated stone wool mixed with peat (a weight ratio of 1:1) and fertility analysis of the mixture were conducted. The results indicated that the most feasible production method was to use ball-milled stone wool and to combine alkali activation with granulation. The obtained granules could reach 2.7 MPa as compressive strength while the other methods resulted in very fragile material. The preliminary greenhouse cultivation experiments revealed that there were significant levels of nutrients (Ca, P, K, and S) and alkalinity leached from the granules which hindered the growth of pea. The high P and S amounts were also confirmed by the XRF results of stone wool. It can be concluded that the developed granules did not function well as a plant substrate for pea but could enable the re-utilization of the nutrients contained in the greenhouse stone wool waste. Moreover, their application to acidic sulfate soils could be feasible as it would utilize the alkalinity of granules.

Effect of Drought Stress at Growth and Development of Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

One of the most important environmental factors that can has the significant effects on growth and development of the plant is drought stress. Drought condition causes the plant to undergo several physiological and biochemical changes that may have an impact on how well it functions overall. Peas belongs to a family Leguminosae which is cultivated as an edible seed all over the world which have the high nutritional importance. They are an effective source of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and plant-based protein. Legumes are essential for crop rotation because they fix nitrogen in the soil, enhancing soil fertility and lowering the demand for artificial fertilizers. Around 9,000 years ago, this crop has been cultivated in the Near East and the Mediterranean region. By altering numerous physiological and biochemical processes, including photosynthesis, water uptake, and nutrient assimilation, drought stress can drastically lower the productivity of this crop due to the numerous alterations of physiological and biochemical process such as photosynthesis, water absorption ratio and nutrients uptakes. Lack of water can cause pea plants to grow slowly, have fewer leaves, and causes the crop production decline. Drought stress not only affects growth and photosynthesis but also has the potential to affect the reproductive development of plants. Not only can drought stress cause fewer flowers to be formed, but it can also cause the size and weight of the seeds to diminish. Additionally, it might lead to a decline in pea quality and production. Pea plants have a number of defense mechanisms to deal with drought stress, such as altered root systems, osmotic adjustment, the synthesis of antioxidants, and stomatal modulation. The activation of genes that control the synthesis of osmo-protectants, including proline and sugars, as well as the expression of stress-responsive proteins, like LEA proteins and chaperones, is part of the molecular defense system against drought. by understanding the effect of drought stress and its mechanism activated under the stress condition to tolerate this stress.

Role of organic and inorganic amendments on physiological attributes of germinating pea seedlings under arsenic stress

There are scarce data regarding the effects of soil amendments on biophysicochemical responses of plants at the early stages of growth/germination. This study critically compares the effects of ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic-acid (EDTA) and calcium (Ca) on biophysicochemical responses of germinating pea seedlings under varied arsenic levels (As, 25, 125, 250 µM). Arsenic alone enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level in pea roots (176%) and shoot (89%), which significantly reduced seed germination percentage, pigment contents, and growth parameters. Presence of EDTA and Ca in growth culture minimized the toxic effects of As on pea seedlings, EDTA being more pertinent than Ca. Both the amendments decreased H2O2 levels in pea tissues (16% in shoot and 13% in roots by EDTA, and 7% by Ca in shoot), and maintained seed germination, pigment contents, and growth parameters of peas close to those of the control treatment. The effects of all As-treatments were more pronounced in the pea roots than in the shoot. The presence of organic and inorganic amendments can play a useful role in alleviating As toxicity at the early stages of pea growth. The scarcity of data demands comparing plant biophysicochemical responses at different stages of plant growth (germinating vs mature) in future studies.

Improving Pea Growth and Nutrient Efficiency in Calcareous Soils through the Synergy of Organic Amendments and Chemical Fertilizers

Introduction Soil fertility in Pakistan is hindered by insufficient and unstable organic matter, leading to stagnation and a decline in overall agricultural productivity. Methodology A pot study was conducted in 2018-19 comprised of four treatments including T1 = Recommended NPK fertilizer, T2 = NPK+FYM, T3 = NPK + Poultry manure, and T4 = NPK + Plant residue based on Complete Randomized Design (CRD) and was replicated thrice. Result The results exhibited significant differences in peas’ growth, yield, and nutrient use efficiency across the organic amendments. Among them, the higher plant height (70.63 cm), pod length (9.37 cm), and pod yield (158.63 g pot-1) was observed in T3 followed by T2. Regarding nutrient concentration and uptake, both T2 and T3 treatments elevated leaf tissue levels of N (4.76% and 5.03%), P (1.01% and 0.98%), and K (2.27% and 2.31%). These values were statistically comparable, accompanied by higher but non-significant P uptake (0.61 and 0.67 g pot-1) and K uptake (1.13 and 1.21 g pot-1) for the respective treatments. Further, higher nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium use efficiency (49.4, 5.20, and 42.0%) were recorded in T3 followed by T2. Together with that significantly positive correlation between soil properties and pod yield was found which reflects the nutrient-supplying power of soil under organic amendments. Conclusion Consequently, it is suggested that the joint utilization of organic additives of any source and chemical fertilizer is necessary for increasing yield and nutrient use efficiency over sole chemical fertilizer application in calcareous soils.

Growth and Yield Response of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Crop to Classical and Regulated Deficit Irrigation along with Nitrogen Fertilization under Drip Irrigation

Background: The conventional methods of applying water and nutrient results lot of wastage and negatively affect the soil, environment and crop response of pea. Methods: The experiments were conducted at Lovely Professional University, Punjab during two years. The five drip irrigated treatments having full irrigation, classical deficit irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation in combination same level of nitrogen fetigation @90% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) were taken in 4 replications. One control plot (having flood irrigation with soil application of nitrogen @100% RDN through broadcasting) was taken for comparison. Result: Plant growth, yield contributing parameters, pod yield and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly affected by drip irrigation in combination with 90% RDN through fetigation over conventional method of irrigation and fertilizer application. Among all the drip irrigated treatments, the increment in crop yield, WUE and irrigation water saving varied from 27.6 to 65.7%, 63.6 to 99.7% and 26.1 to 44.6%, respectively over control plot. In case of same nitrogen fertigation level, the yield and water use efficiency of drip irrigated pea crop can be improved by adoption of moderate water deficit level (which is 15% less than full IWR) under regulated deficit irrigation approach over full irrigation approach. The findings of the work can be utilized by farm managers for irrigation planning and nitrogen management for pea crop and by policy makers to conserve available fresh water resources in water scares regions.

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF SOME ECONOMIC TRAITS IN GARDEN PEAS AFFECTED BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL MUTAGENS

Garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is one of the most vegetable legume crops grown in Egypt through the winter season. In order to develop high-yieldinggenotypes in this legume crop available genetic wealth is very essential. Therefore, genetic variability induced by mutagenic agents in plant growth traits and their contribution towards seed yield may be used as a criterion for yield improvement in garden peas. The overall objective of this study was to estimate the extent of association between plant growth traits with the doses of mutagenic agents through correlation and regression analysis. One germplasm of garden pea, as well as seven doses of mutagenic agents in addition to the control, were used in this study. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Agri-Farm of Genetic Department inside the campus of Mansoura University. Analysis of the correlation coefficient revealed that the amount of correlation coefficients appeared very close between plant fresh weight, chlorophyll b with the mutagenic doses. Meanwhile, plant dry weight, leaf area developed per plant andtotal chlorophyll concentration exhibited a positive correlation with mutagenic doses that induced new genotypes in garden peas. Therefore, these traits may be considered the most reliable traits that respond to mutagenic agents which can be used as indicators for new genotypes induced which related to effective improvement in the growth and yield of garden peas through mutation breeding.

Influence of topsoil manure mix on affects germination in Pea and Onion seeds

Nutrient-rich southern chernozems have lost a significant part of their fertility during their exploitation in agrocenoses. The decrease in the fertility of the surface layer of soils in the steppe landscapes of the Orenburg Cis-Urals contributed to a decrease in the yield of grain crops and an increase in the volume of applied mineral fertilizers. The use of reverse technology of mechanical tillage contributed to the weathering of the surface fertile soil layer and its degradation. Plowing of the Orenburg steppes for agrocenoses led to a decrease in the number of wild ungulates and their adaptation to new living conditions in agrocenoses. Our work was devoted to modeling the process of the influence of the soil-manure mixture of the surface layer of southern chernozem and the manure of large phytophages on the germination of pea and onion seeds in laboratory conditions. Changes in the composition of bacterial communities during the preparation of the soil-manure mixture are one of the factors influencing the germination and morphometric growth parameters of onion and pea seeds. There is no doubt that the nutritional composition of the manure of large phytophages is of decisive importance for stimulating the growth of onions and peas. However, the differences we have shown in the bacterial composition of soil-manure mixtures of two large phytophages raises the problem of increasing or decreasing the nutritional value of the soil-manure mixture depending on the composition of the microbial communities of the manure of large phytophages.

To determine the influence of different nitrogen doses and spacing on the growth and development of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

To determine the influence of different nitrogen doses and spacing on the growth and development of field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Effect of phosphorusfertilization and humic acid on the growth, yield and nutritional status of pea plants grown in sandy soil

Two field experiments were carried out in consecutive winter season of 2022 and 2023 at the Research and Production Station of the National Research Centre at the Nubaria site in Beheira Governorate, Egypt, to determine the response of pea (Pisum sativumL.) to foliar application of humic acid and phosphorus fertilization on growth, yield parametres and nutrients content of pea plant. Phosphate fertilization rates (0, 36, 72 and 108 P2O5 kg ha-1) were used as the main factor, while humic acid concentrations (0, 1000 and 2000 mg l-1) were used as a second factor.The results showed significant growth and yield responses to phosphate fertilizer application and humic acid spraying. Increasing the application rate of humic acid at various concentrations and at the same time increasing the application rate of phosphorus fertilizer affected the growth and yield of pea in two consecutive growing seasons. The experimental treatment(humic acid at 2000 mgl-1+ 108 Kg P2O5ha-1of phosphorus fertilizer) was given the highest values for the pea growth and yield coordinates. Increasing the concentration of humic acid spraying led to a raise in the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content of pea seeds.The research results summarize the importance of paying attention to phosphorus fertilization, and spraying plants with humic acid during plant growth can increase the effectiveness of phosphorus fertilization and its effect on pea plants growing on sandy soils.

Growth and yield parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) as influenced by different priming treatments

Growth and yield parameters of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) as influenced by different priming treatments

Biochar derived from olive oil pomace mitigates salt stress on seedling growth of forage pea.

Studies are being conducted to develop strategies to reduce the adverse effects of salinity stress. In the present study, it was aimed to determine the interactive effects of salinity stress with biochar on plant growth-the physiological and biochemical attributes of forage peas (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L.). Salt applications were carried out with irrigation water at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mM NaCl. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three applications [control: 0 (B0), 2.5% biochar (B1), and 5% biochar (B2)], five salt doses [0 (S0), 25 (S1), 50 (S2), 75 (S3), and 100 (S4) mM NaCl], and three replications, arranged in a 3 × 5 factorial arrangement. In the salt-stressed environment, the highest plant height (18.75 cm) and stem diameter (1.71 mm) in forage pea seedlings were obtained with the application of B1. The root fresh (0.59 g/plant) and dry weight (0.36 g/plant) were determined to be the highest in the B1 application, both in non-saline and saline environments. A decrease in plant chlorophyll content in forage pea plants was observed parallel to the increasing salt levels. Specifically, lower H2O2, MDA, and proline content were determined at all salt levels with biochar applications, while in the B0 application these values were recorded at the highest levels. Furthermore, in the study, it was observed that the CAT, POD, and SOD enzyme activities were at their lowest levels at all salt levels with the biochar application, while in the B0 application, these values were determined to be at the highest levels. There was a significant decrease in plant mineral content, excluding Cl and Na, parallel to the increasing salt levels. The findings of the study indicate that biochar amendment can enhance forage peas' growth by modulating the plant physiology and biochemistry under salt stress. Considering the plant growth parameters, no significant difference was detected between 2.5% and 5% biochar application. Therefore, application of 2.5 biochar may be recommended.

Root transcriptomic provides insights on molecular mechanisms involved in the tolerance to water deficit in Pisum sativum inoculated with Pseudomonas sp.

Root transcriptomics and biochemical analyses in water-stressed Pisum sativum plants inoculated with Pseudomonas spp. suggested preservation of ABA-related pathway and ROS detoxification, resulting in an improved tolerance to stress. Drought already affects agriculture in large areas of the globe and, due to climate change, these areas are predicted to become increasingly unsuitable for agriculture. For several years, plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) have been used to improve legume yields, but many aspects of this interaction are still unclear. To elucidate the mechanisms through which root-associated PGPB can promote plant growth in dry environments, we investigated the response of pea plants inoculated with a potentially beneficial Pseudomonas strain (PK6) and subjected to two different water regimes. Combined biometric, biochemical, and root RNA-seq analyses revealed that PK6 improved pea growth specifically under water deficit, as inoculated plants showed an increased biomass, larger leaves, and longer roots. Abscisic acid (ABA) and proline quantification, together with the transcriptome analysis, suggested that PK6-inoculated plant response to water deficit was more diversified compared to non-inoculated plants, involving alternative metabolic pathways for the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the preservation of the ABA stress signaling pathway. We suggest that the metabolic response of PK6-inoculated plants was more effective in their adaptation to water deprivation, leading to their improved biometric traits. Besides confirming the positive role that PGPB can have in the growth of a legume crop under adverse conditions, this study offers novel information on the mechanisms regulating plant-bacteria interaction under varying water availability. These mechanisms and the involved genes could be exploited in the future for the development of legume varieties, which can profitably grow in dry climates.

Antagonistic Activity of Trichoderma Strains Isolated from Southeast Kazakhstan Soils Against Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Effects on Pea Growth

Antagonistic Activity of Trichoderma Strains Isolated from Southeast Kazakhstan Soils Against Phytopathogenic Fungi and Their Effects on Pea Growth

Growth and productivity of winter pea under different weed control practices in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To analyze the features of growth and formation of the winter pea productivity under various weed control options in the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. The research was conducted at the Salyvonky State Enterprise of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine (Bila Tserkva district, Kyiv region) in 2020–2023. The agronomic practices used in the experiment were conventional for the zone of insufficient moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine, with the exception of the studied elements. Results. The best conditions for the growth and development of pea plants and leaf area formation were noted for the autumn application of the herbicide Corum in the BBCH 12 stage. This contributed to the fact that during the flowering period, the leaf area of the crop plants was more than 36 thousand m2/ha, and in the spring, it was more than 35 thousand m2/ha. The use of the same herbicide in the BBCH 14 ensured the formation of a leaf area of more than 35 thousand m2/ha, which corresponded to the indicators of the treatment with herbicide Pulsar 40 in the BBCH 12. That is, winter pea crops, during flowering, are able to effectively limit the sprouting of new weed plants and the growth and development of their existing plants, which was facilitated by the timely application of the herbicide. The application of the herbicide Corum turned out to be the best option from the point of view of the formation of a high level of photosynthetic potential (PP) of pea crops. For the application in the herbicide in autumn in the BBCH 12 stage at an application rate of 1.50 l/ha, the FP was 1.57 thousand m2/ha × day. At the same time, application rate of 1.25 l/ha slightly differed from the best in the experiment. The spring application of the herbicide Corum in the BBCH 12 at application rates of 1.25 and 1.50 l/ha contributed to obtaining PP of 1.51–1.52 thousand m2/ha × days, which also provided the highest indicators in the spring block of the experiment. Since, thanks to the application of Corum herbicide, winter pea plants formed a large leaf area, the indicators of net photosynthesis productivity of crops in the best treatments were at the level of 2.89 g/m2 per day for autumn application and 2.64 g/m2 per day for spring application. The highest PP of pea in the experiment was provided by the use of herbicide Pulsar Flex, which was probably achieved due to the slightly smaller leaf area formed by the crops and the mild effect of the herbicide on the plants, which reduced the risk of stress in crops and contributed to active plant growth and development. Conclusions. Autumn application of Corum herbicide to protect crops was the most efficient for increasing pea yield. In all years of research, as well as on average in the experiment, the application of 1.50 l/ha of this herbicide in the BBCH 12 provided the highest yield: 3.08, 1.98, and 3.68 t/ha in 2021, 2022, and 2023, respectively, and 2.91 t/ha on average over three years. In the second place in terms of yield formation efficiency was the application of the same rate of herbicide in the BBCH 14, while later application dates did not contribute to a high level of realization of the crop biological potential. Spring application of Corum was also effective at both application rates in the BBCH 12 stage of weed development: the yield of pea seeds was 2.52 and 2.62 t/ha, respectively.

Response of Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) Varieties to Application of Blended NPS Fertilizer in Bore, Southern Ethiopia

Low soil fertility influences plant establishment, growth, seed yield and the profitability of a field pea production in the study area. A field experiment was conducted in Bore on station of Bore Agricultural Research Centre with five levels of NPS (0, 50, 100 and 150) with three varieties of field pea (Arjo-1 and Bilalo) in randomized complete block design with three replications. The aim of the study were to evaluate the effect of blended NPS rates on the yield and yield components of field pea varieties and to identify economically feasible rates of blended NPS that increase the productivity of the field pea. Growth, Yield and yield components of field pea were significantly influenced by different rates of blended fertilizer treatments. Results showed significant effect of various levels of blended fertilizer on all tested parameters except on days to flowering, days to maturity and number of seed per pod. Variety Arjo-1 showed the highest plant height (182.1 cm), highest grain yield (5023 kg ha-1) and highest net benefit (152299.5 Birr ha-1) with application of 150 kg NPS ha-1. Likewise, variety Bilalo with application of 150 kg blended NPS ha-1 fertilizer scored significantly the highest hundred seed weight (271.3 g). The highest number of total pods per plant (89.67) was recorded at application rate of 100 kg NPS ha-1 variety Arjo-1 and same application of fertilizer gave the highest agronomic efficiency (1282 %) for Bilalo variety. Although, minimum value of those traits were obtained with 0 kg ha-1. Similarly, application of 50 kg NPS gave net benefit (132111.0 Birr ha-1) with the highest marginal rate of return (129686 Birr ha-1) with Arjo-1 variety. Therefore, production of field pea with the application of 50 kg NPS ha-1 was most productive for economical production.