Passenger Growth Research Articles

Entrepreneurship development in destinations of religious tourism

After the introduction which summarizes the basic guidelines for the development of entrepreneurship in special interest tourism, the author explores the development and application as well as the management of entrepreneurship in religious tourism as a type of special interest tourism. Religious components and motives for visiting shrines as an integral part of human culture and tradition have a strenuous impact on the tourism industry, both on the offering and demanding side. The most visited shrines such as Fatima or Lourdes attract four to eight million visitors per year. Considering the fact that this type of tourism is economically very useful in a particular local environment, many shrines as sites have become centres of religious, commercial and cultural events in certain regions throughout history. Their development was followed by investment in infrastructure, culture, catering and other facilities. The implementation of entrepreneurship is based on various segments that enable the development of religious tourism in a particular area, such as catering industry, hospitality industry, tourist mediation, transportation companies and other complementary activities (agriculture, fishing, wine production, commerce and other services). The author explores the indicators of entrepreneurship development in the field of religious tourism as a type of special interest tourism indicating the possibilities it has on the destination development. The development of special interest tourism should be based on effective investment in tourism offer through entrepreneurial projects (catering and other tourist facilities) in accordance with market trends. The investment in tourism offer in the context of religious tourism would result in the growth of religious passengers' consumption as well as the increase in income from religious tourism, and thus the economic development of the sites with religious content. Examples of such shrines in the world are numerous, such as Lourdes in France, Assisi and San Giovani Rotondo in Italy, Fatima in Portugal, Međugorje in Bosnia and Herzegovina and others. This paper aims at showing the importance of entrepreneurship in special interest tourism in the field of implementation and management of entrepreneurship in religious tourism.

Passenger rail in Melbourne – new challenges in a new century

This paper offers a station-focused snapshot of growth and movement dynamics in Melbourne's passenger rail network.A variety of data is engaged and interpreted around a number of core themes, including growth at higher-volume and selected stations, the role of transfer and the identification of locations generating a distinct afternoon and evening (PM) home-return market. Ridership figures are analysed and discussed with reference to both urban planning policy contexts and the pure mass transit challenges and opportunities that they imply.With regard to station volumes, the analysis draws on crude agency data to develop a clustering of relatively high passenger volume stations, which are based on four distinct volume bands. While the Central Business District (CBD) core cluster is well-known, an important set of lower-order, but still high volume, stations are identified, towards which facilities and investment should possibly be directed towards to a greater degree.The second analysis task surrounds the identification of stations experiencing the strongest dynamic of recent passenger growth in percentage terms. Some of these stations are new, while others are clearly experiencing the impacts of some form of locally-driven growth, either population- or job-based. Others may simply be reflecting strong growth in the CBD-bound commuter market. In many instances, the full extent of growth is not readily explained by broad-based backgrounding demographics, and this is an important finding in, and of, itself.A third analysis exercise identifies the twelve stations in Melbourne, which hold the key to the rail-to-rail transfer task of the Melbourne system. This aspect of transfer relates closely to the idea of developing a more ‘network’ style public transport system in Melbourne over time.The final piece of analysis surrounds the identification of stations that cater to a clear PM peak ‘return journey’ market. While the CBD-located stations obviously lead this role, there are a number of other locations where PM peak volumes would seem to speak to the emergence of distinct CBD-alternative job clusters.Figures and analysis are then contextualised with reference to both Melbourne's stated and emerging aims of sustainable growth and development. Discussion suggests that the conceptualisation of rail in Melbourne is somewhat outdated and that a mixture of both ‘push and pull’ factors need to be engaged with for the metropolitan region's transport paradigm to enter the twenty-first century. These issues are broadened to reference changes, pressures and transport industry cultural challenges that are currently observable in many Australian or North American cities.

Forecasting of Hong Kong airport's passenger throughput

Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) is one of the main gateways to Mainland China and the major aviation hub in Asia. An accurate airport traffic demand forecast allows for short and long-term planning and decision making regarding airport facilities and flight networks. This paper employs the Box–Jenkins Seasonal ARIMA (SARIMA) model and the ARIMAX model to forecast airport passenger traffic for Hong Kong, and projecting its future growth trend to 2015. Both models predict a steady growth in future airport passenger traffic at Hong Kong. In addition, scenario analysis suggests that Hong Kong airport's future passenger traffic will continue to grow in different magnitudes.

Dynamic properties of system «rectifier with buck converter - load»

The introduction of high-speed rolling stock, the growth of passenger and freight transportation are placing ever greater demands for power supply devices and electric energy quality in a contact network. The application of direct current at traction substation along with uncontrolled diode rectifier of a controlled buck converter allows adjusting the average value of rectified voltage in the contact system. In addition, using the buck converter in a closed structure allows compensating the unwanted harmonic components of the load voltage. The need for investigating the dynamic properties of the “rectifier buck converters - load” system is specified by the possibility of realizing the finite duration processes in the voltage regulation channel, allowing the load voltage harmonic compensation on the feedback circle. The buck converter, operating in the pulse width modulation mode, allows using it as a wideband active filter. All the above requires a mathematical description of dynamic processes in the described system for the task solution. The obtained system of equations allows describing the dynamic processes in rectifying installation with width-controlled BC.

Design and Evaluation Criteria for Stations of Magnetically Levitated Trains

Application of magnetically levitated trains (maglev) has attracted numerous transportation industries throughout the world. Maglev stations are centers for planning, traffic attraction, and preparing the fleet. They definitely play a key role in any maglev system. The annual increase in passenger numbers and increasing willingness to use maglev systems indicates the necessity of professional designs for stations. Despite this necessity, no well-accepted report has been presented for the design and evaluation criteria of maglev stations yet. Therefore, a systematic approach is required for this methodology. For this purpose, the research provides a comprehensive overview of the design and evaluation criteria for maglev stations, including structures, equipment, and facilities. Moreover, primary activities at maglev stations are investigated and evaluated. In addition, this paper has tried to adopt a proposed algorithm considering the needs and volume of passengers. These studies facilitate planning and development of maglev stations. Based on this approach, passengers will face stations with appropriate area, the acceptable service and welfare space. This will answer the growth of passenger traffic in maglev systems and attract more passengers. KeywordsMagnetic Levitation; Magnetically Levitated Trains; Maglev; Guideway; Station; Design Criteria; Maintenance; Land Use

The impact of emigrants’ homeland relations on air travel demand in a security volatile market: a case study on Lebanon

The impacts of international migration have been heavily studied. Much of this analysis has been carried out within the framework of the economic and social effects of migrants, to both host and home countries. This paper looks at the impact of Lebanese emigrants’ homeland relations on air travel demand in a security volatile market. The emphasis is on two particular features: first, the principal impact of liberal air transport policies in facilitating emigrants’ home visits; and second, the sensitivity of passenger-GDP relation. The paper pulls together data and other cases on the Lebanese emigration evolution and explains its impacts on the economy as well as on the air transport market in Lebanon. The study findings suggest that in Lebanon and due to the presence of interrelated factors, the variation and the strength of the relationship between traffic levels and GDP are neither consistent nor static. The considerably huge expatriate communities, which are three times greater than the Lebanese residents, are said to defy the negative impact of security instability on the air passenger growth through frequently visiting expats. Moreover, the emigrants’ economic support to Lebanon through remittance inflows is observed to dampen the sensitivity of the relationship between passenger and GDP in times of war and peace. The results should be looked at as indicative of trends to encourage policy makers to consider how best to make use of these human and financial flows.

ANALISIS MODEL KEBUTUHAN PERGERAKAN PENUMPANG DAN BARANG BANDARA RAHADI OESMAN KETAPANG

Airport of Rahadi Oesman in Kabupaten Ketapang Kalimantan Barat represent the main and important gate for air transport in Kabupaten Ketapang, where this airport own the strategic role in service activities of this transportation even for domestic transportation or regional. Activity in Airport of Rahadi Oesman in a few this the last year has growth so fast growth, so that felt the infrastructure and also available facility in this time have is not adequate again to support the growth rate of air traffic in this airport. In the plan development of facility of air side and also land side of the airport require to be conducted an analysis model of trip generation or attraction of passenger and goods. These models need for the prediction of mount the growth of passenger and goods/cargo and estimate the amount of passenger and aircraft movement in the future pursuant to aircraft characteristic that to be used. The models used for prediction of passenger and goods in this study are Trend Analysis Models consisted of linear regression trend method, exponential regression trend method, and polynomial regression trend method. Besides model of trend analysis, in this study also analyzed Market Share Model. Result from third model then compared to one another to obtain the most appropriate model. Pursuant to analyses result obtained that the best or most appropriate model is Model of Trend Analysis.Model for the attraction passenger is Y = 21,18X2+ 6181X + 5788 by R2= 0,922.Model for the generation passenger is Y = 128,3X2+ 7515X + 4965 by R2= 0,907.Model for the passenger of transit is Y = 795X2+ 561X + 3361 by R2= 1Model for the cargo movement is Y = 2468X2+ 41054X 28341 by R2= 0,918.

Airport surface access management: Issues and policies

Surface access is an increasingly important issue for airport managers. Currently, airport access is heavily reliant on private car trips. Rising demand for air travel in recent years has generated increased volumes of surface traffic at many airports, which has led to congestion on airport roads, overcrowded car-parking facilities, reduced local air quality and increased carbon emissions. If forecasts of future growth in world air passenger traffic are accurate, it is likely that this situation will worsen in the future. Subsequently, there has been growing pressure on airports to reduce the share of trips by private car and increase access by public transportation; however, private car trips provide an important source of revenue for airports via car-parking charges. Airport managers must formulate surface access policies that not only maximise capacity utilisation, but also marry various commercial and environmental goals. But this task is far from straightforward and there remain a number of key issues that airport managers must account for relating to the nature of surface access traffic, the varying requirements and characteristics of airport users, environmental concerns, car parking and the new market conditions in which airports operate. This paper presents these issues through a synthesis of the surface access literature and discusses various policies that can be employed to manage them. By highlighting the key surface access issues and exploring policies for their effective management, this paper aims to offer important lessons for airport managers.

Potential for Abu Dhabi, Doha and Dubai Airports to reach their traffic objectives

The air transport market in the Middle East is undergoing a rapid transformation as passenger traffic is beginning to surge through the area, primarily because of the rapid expansion of the Emirates, Etihad and Qatar Airways. Meanwhile, Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Doha airports have launched massive expansion projects to match the future traffic forecasts, and will have a combined capacity of 340 million passengers by 2020. The key aim of this paper is to assess if these airports will attain their objective of being able to match their projected airport capacity with passenger traffic. In order to achieve this, the paper studies the region's demographics and socioeconomics; the ongoing air transport developments; the hub and spoke mechanisms; and the growth of the region's low cost carriers. Traffic forecasts are then constructed for each airport to investigate if the future passenger growth is likely to meet the airports' expansion programs.

Motivational Considerations of the New Generations of Cruising

Cruise tourism is undoubtedly a high growth segment of the tourism industry, averaging an annual passenger growth of 7.4% since 1990. Behind this growth is a significant shift in the profile of the cruise passenger. What used to be a once-in-a-lifetime experience reserved for an older generation, now attracts repeat passengers, with as high as 85% having cruised before. Remarkably, the average age of cruisers has dropped from 65 years in the early 1970s, to 46 years in 2008, calling for a deeper understanding of the new generations of cruisers.

Air accessibility and growth – The economic effects of a capacity expansion at Vienna International Airport

We use an econometric endogenous growth model to estimate the impact of air accessibility on GDP and investment growth. This is done in a dynamic panel system estimation framework for the EU-15 between 1993 and 2006. The results are then used to predict the economic effects of an increase in capacity at the Vienna International Airport using actual forecasts of the required information set. We find a GDP elasticity of air accessibility of 0.014 and an investment elasticity of 0.05 for our sample. Given the official passenger forecast this would lead to additional GDP growth in Austria of accumulated 0.81% based on the values of the restricted scenario (no third runway). In a more conservative forecast scenario of 3% annual passenger growth, a third runway is projected to increase GDP by 0.2% by 2040.

Scenario Planning: China's Airline Industry in 2019

INTRODUCTION airline industry and then to imagine what the A preliminary analysis of the airline industry in context would look like in each of the four general identified two major criteria affecting scenarios in 10 years from now. Expert 1 is the development of the airline industry in the owner of a hospitality consultancy company China. These were: and previously had the position of flight catering director of a South East Asian airline. • which business model (that is, full-service He has lived and worked for more than 20 network carrier or low-cost carrier) would years in China and Hong Kong. Expert 2 is dominate the industry in future, and the head of in-flight services of an international • the rate of passenger growth (that is, negative British airline, who before this was head of or fast). catering for a national carrier and also spent several years in Beijing and Hong Kong. Expert The four scenarios derived from these criteria 3 is an academic whose research concentrates

The New Dutch Timetable: The OR Revolution

In December 2006, Netherlands Railways introduced a completely new timetable. Its objective was to facilitate the growth of passenger and freight transport on a highly utilized railway network and improve the robustness of the timetable, thus resulting in fewer operational train delays. Modifications to the existing timetable, which was constructed in 1970, were not an option; additional growth would require significant investments in the rail infrastructure. Constructing a railway timetable from scratch for about 5,500 daily trains was a complex problem. To support this process, we generated several timetables using sophisticated operations research techniques. Furthermore, because rolling-stock and crew costs are principal components of the costs of a passenger railway operator, we used innovative operations research tools to devise efficient schedules for these two resources. The new resource schedules and the increased number of passengers resulted in an additional annual profit of €40 million ($60 million); the additional revenues generated approximately €10 million of this profit. We expect this profit to increase to €70 million ($105 million) annually in the coming years. However, the benefits of the new timetable for the Dutch society as a whole are much greater: more trains are transporting more passengers on the same railway infrastructure, and these trains are arriving and departing on schedule more than they ever have in the past. In addition, the rail transport system will be able to handle future transportation demand growth and thus allow cities to remain accessible to more people. Therefore, we expect that many will switch from car transport to rail transport, thus reducing the emission of greenhouse gases.

Airport traffic and financial performance: a UK and Ireland case study

The aim of this paper is to examine the development of air services at UK and Irish airports since 1998 and to assess the impact on airport financial performance. A sample of 14 medium/small sized UK airports and three Irish airports is used. The traffic analysis shows that low cost carriers have been largely responsible for strong passenger growth and increased passenger load at a number of regional airports. Some of these carriers use established primary and regional airports whilst others seek out small secondary airports. The airports with a high proportion of low cost traffic tend to have lower unit revenues, particularly as regards airport charges, demonstrating their desire to remain price competitive to capture this type of traffic.

The Channel Tunnel—an ex post economic evaluation

The forecasts underpinning the construction of the Channel Tunnel largely and systematically overestimated the total size and growth of the cross-Channel passenger and freight markets. The share of the cross-Channel markets captured by the Tunnel was accurately predicted. However, this was only achieved through a competitive battle with ferry operators, which resulted in reduced tariffs. The combination of these two factors resulted in revenues much lower than predicted. For completely separate reasons, the construction costs of the Tunnel doubled. The cost benefit appraisal of the Channel Tunnel reveals that overall the British economy would have been better off had the Tunnel never been constructed, as the total resource cost outweighs the benefits generated. Users have gained significantly at the expense of owners (producers). The latter—both ferry operators and the Tunnel operator have incurred substantial losses. The single biggest component of user’s gain has not, as originally expected, been in terms of travel time savings, but due to the transfer from producers. The longer-term evaluation of the project confirms the poor viability of the investment both in financial and cost benefit terms. Eurotunnel has in recent months been the focus of much media attention. In the Extraordinary General Meeting (EGM) of April 2004 the shareholders voted to replace the management with a new French-dominated Executive. Project DARE was launched in October 2004, with the aim to address the company’s difficult situation. The developments over the next few months will be critical for Eurotunnel, given the approaching end of the Minimum Usage Charge (MUC) period in November 2006 and the start of the repayment of junior debt from 2007.

Measuring physical efficiency of domestic airports in Taiwan with undesirable outputs and environmental factors

The aim of the paper is to assist administrators ascertain the efficient future growth in passenger and aircraft movements when making use of currently available airport resources and at the same time embracing undesirable outputs and environmental factors. Three types of airport efficiency measures are considered using output-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA). The conventional efficiency, environment-adjusted efficiency, and environment/undesirability-adjusted efficiency embodied in the DEA models indicate that existing airports can process more passengers and aircraft movements than they did in 2000. In other words, expanding facilities at some of the domestic airports in Taiwan may not be necessary.

Paratransit demand of disabled people

This paper estimates the demand for transportation systems that are used primarily by disabled individuals. These systems are known as paratransit systems and have experienced large increases in number and average size over the past 15 years. We first use a national database and standard time series techniques to model aggregate demand. We then use a unique data set of administrative records from a paratransit system in central Virginia to estimate standard and nonstandard count models of individual demand. We conclude that most of the demand growth is from new passengers, but that predicting the growth of new passengers is very difficult. Our results also highlight the importance of incorporating autocorrelation and possible sample attrition into standard count models.

Performance measurement: a review of airports

Abstract This paper considers the past, present and future of airport performance measurement. The authors examine the changing nature of the performance measurement of airports. Airport performance measures are important for day to day business and operational management, regulatory bodies, Government and other stakeholders such as passengers and airlines. Measurement systems have been forced to develop in response to changing organisational contexts. With pressures for change coming from changing ownership patterns, an increased commercial focus, regulation, rapid passenger growth, increased concern for the natural environment and technical innovation, the experiences shared and lessons to be learnt highlighted in this paper will be of interest to both academics and practitioners.

Developments of hubbing at European airports

Passenger growth at many of Europe's airports is being driven by expansion of connecting traffic. The major airlines are increasing the effectiveness of their hubbing activities through improved flight scheduling, commercial partnerships and alliances, the utilisation of regional jet aircraft and high speed rail feeders. This article examines these key developments and considers the implications for different airports.

NASA subsonic jet transport noise reduction research

AbstractAlthough new jet transport aircraft in today’s fleet are considerably quieter than the first jet transports introduced about 40 years ago, airport community noise continues to be an important environmental issue. NASA’s Advanced Subsonic Transport (AST) Noise Reduction programme was begun in 1994 as a seven-year effort to develop technology to reduce jet transport noise 10dB relative to 1992 technology. This programme provides for reductions in engine source noise, improvements in nacelle acoustic treatments, reductions in the noise generated by the airframe, and improvements in the way aircraft are operated in the airport environs. These noise reduction efforts will terminate at the end of 2001 and it appears that the objective will be met. However, because of an anticipated 3-8% growth in passenger and cargo operations well into the 21st century and the slow introduction of the new noise reduction technology into the fleet, world aircraft noise impact will remain essentially constant until about 2020 to 2030 and thereafter begin to rise. Therefore, NASA has begun planning with the FAA, industry, universities and environmental interest groups in the USA for a new noise reduction initiative to provide technology for significant further reductions.