Growth Of Mutans Research Articles

Antibacterial Effect of Three Kinds of Methylene Blue Photosensitizers Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Streptococcus Mutans

In order to study the antibacterial effect of methylene blue (MB) photosensitizer-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) on Streptococcus mutans in aqueous solvent form, SDS solution form and their mixed form, the influence of MB-PDT on antibacterial effect of Streptococcus mutans in different dosage forms was analyzed. The number of colonies after and before photodynamic therapy mediated by MB-mediated photodynamic therapy was compared by in vitro viable bacterial colony counting method. Negative control group, light alone group, water dosage MB group, mixed dosage MB group, SDS dosage MB group, water dosage MB-PDT group, mixed dosage MB-PDT group and SDS dosage MB-PDT group were set up respectively the effect of different dosage forms of photosensitizers on the antibacterial effect of Streptococcus mutans was analyzed by counting and comparing in vitro for 24 hours. Through in vitro culture experiment, it was found that the number of colonies in water dosage form, mixed dosage form and SDS dosage form MB-PDT group was less than that in water dosage form, mixed dosage form and SDS dosage form MB. The proportion of viable bacteria in SDS MB group was significantly lower than that in water and mixed MB groups, and the antibacterial rate of SDS MB-PDT group was significantly higher than that in water and mixed MB-PDT group. These results indicated that MB-PDT could significantly inhibit the proliferation and growth of Streptococcus mutans. Among them, SDS MB-PDT group had more obvious antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans than water MB-PDT group and mixed MB-PDT group, but there was no significant difference in antibacterial effect between water MB-mediated PDT group and mixed MB-mediated PDT group.

Chemical composition of essential oil from Lindera subumbelliflora Kosterm and its effect on the susceptibility and biofilm activities of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Lindera subumbelliflora (Lauraceae) was investigated for the first time. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and fully characterised by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antifungal activity of L. subumbelliflora essential oil was tested against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans using the broth microdilution assay, whereas the microbial biofilms were determined using a semi-quantitative static biofilm. A total of 28 components (99.6%) were successfully identified, which were characterised by β-eudesmol (14.6%), cis-α-bergamotene (11.0%), α-copaene (8.5%), dodecen-1-ol (8.5%), and (E)-nerolidol (8.3%). The essential oil exhibited activity against Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans with MIC values of 250 and 500 µg/mL, respectively. The essential oil increased the biofilm of Candida albicans by 38.25%, however, decreased the biofilm of Streptococcus mutans by 47.89% when treated with 500 µg/mL. Thus, the essential oil has a promising application in dentistry via inhibition of the growth of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. However, the antibiofilm activity of the essential oil is only applicable for cariogenic Streptococcus mutans.

THE INHIBITORY POWER OF PINEAPPLE HUMP ETHANOL EXTRACT TOWARD THE GROWTH OF STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

Background:This study aimed to investigate inhibitory powers of etanol extract from pinnaple hump with concentrations of 7,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% toward the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Methods: Pineapple hump extract was made using maseration technique with ethanol 96% as a solvent. Agar well diffusion method was used in order to investigate the inhibitory ability of pineapple humpagainst Streptococcus mutans. Few (20-100 µl) volume of the pineapple hump extract solution from each of concentrations was placed into each of well on blood agar in petri dishes had contained Streptococcus mutans then incubated for 24 hours at 370C temperature, lastly the measurement of inhibition power was measured with caliper. Results: The results showed that pineapple hump extract with concentrations of 7,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% could inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Pineapple hump extracts with concentrations of 7,5% and 10% have moderate inhibition power (average diameter respectively are 7,45 mm and 8,58 mm), pineapple hump extracts with concentrations of 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% have strong inhibition power (average diameter respectively are 10,16 mm, 11,33 mm, 13,33 mm, and 14,83 mm). Conclusions: The Conclusion is: ethanol extract of pineapple hump has inhibitory power toward the growth of Streptococcus mutans within range of moderate category and strong category

Antimicrobial Effects of Edible Mixed Herbal Extracts on Oral Microorganisms: An In Vitro Study.

Background and Objectives: The oral cavity is inhabited by pathogenic bacteria, whose growth can be inhibited by synthetic oral drugs, including antibiotics and other chemical compounds. Natural antimicrobial substances that elicit fewer negative side effects may serve as alternatives to synthetic agents for long-term use. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of edible mixed herbal extracts on the growth of oral pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: The yield of each herbal extract was as follows: 5% Schizonepeta tenuifolia Briq (STB), 10.94% Mentha piperascens (MP), 5.47% Acanthopanax sessiliflorus Seem (AS), and 10.66% Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU). The herbal extracts used included 0.5 mg/mL STB, 1.5 mg/mL MP, 1.5 mg/mL AS, and 2.0 mg/mL GU. Antimicrobial tests, morphological analyses (using scanning electron microscopy), microbial surface hydrophobicity measurements, and oral malodor reduction tests were performed using each extract. Statistical analyses were performed with IBM® SPSS® (version 24), using paired t-tests. Results: The mixed herbal extracts significantly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis compared to the control (p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy results further revealed altered cellular morphology in the groups treated with the mixed herbal extracts. Additionally, the hydrophobicity assay results showed that the mixed herbal extracts reduced the oral adhesion capacities of bacteria (p < 0.001). Administration of the mixed herbal extracts also reduced the levels of volatile sulfur compounds, the main contributors to oral malodor (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Edible mixed herbal extracts can effectively eliminate oral pathogens and may be useful for improving oral health. The herbal extracts used were effective against all species of oral pathogens studied in this report.

Decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacterial colonies after administration of sentul fruit peel extract gel (Sandoricum koetjape) in gingivitis model of white Wistar rats

Link of Video Abstract: https://youtu.be/NpcREsYIlEE Introduction: Sentul fruit peel extract (Sandoricum koetjape) has the ability to bacterium Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus after administration of Sentul fruit peel extract gel on gingivitis model white Wistar rats. Utilization of extracts from the skin of sentul fruit (Sandoricum koetjape) as well as the proper use of natural sources will have an impact on the prevention and healing of gingivitis. The study aimed to determine the decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria colonies after administration of nano gel of sentul fruit peel extract in the gingivitis model of white Wistar rats. Method: study design with experimental animal models. The data obtained by the One-Way ANOVA test and if the effect is significant continue with Duncan's test at the 5% level. Result: There was a decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria colonies after administration of Sentul fruit peel extract gel in the gingivitis model of white Wistar Rats. The best gel concentration was Sentul peel extract gel 2.4% with the smallest number of bacterial colonies, Staphylococcus aureus colonies of 2.2 x 102 ± 1.9 x 101 colony forming unit (cfu) and the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies of 2.6 x 102 ± 1.2 x 101 CFU. Conclusion: Sentul fruit peel extract 2.4% effectively inhibits the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus Aureus in white Wistar rat models with gingivitis.

Virulence factors analysis and determination of the suitable chemical agent to inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth and biofilm formation

Streptococcus mutans is one of the most important causes of tooth decay and oral diseases, and it has received wide attention from researchers worldwide. The present work aimed to investigate, evaluation and comparisons effect of the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm property of some commercial compounds (chlorhexidine, hyaluronic acid, sodium fluoride and silver nanoparticles) against oral bacteria pathogens of S. mutans. In this work, S. mutans ATCC 25175 was used and its virulence factors were analyzed using Seed Viewer and The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD). The antibacterial susceptibility testing (AST) confirms effects of chlorhexidine mouthwash on S. mutans ATCC 25175 beggar than all components. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and Minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) of the commercial compounds were determined. The statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA (Tukey test). The VITEK2system was used to confirm the biochemical features of S. mutans ATCC 25175 and susceptibility testing was done to compare the results with Seed Viewer and CARD analysis. The findings showed that The MICs, MBCs, and MBIC means of chlorhexidine against S. mutans ATCC 25175 was 0.0079, 0.0038, and 0.0039 μg/mL respectively, where its biological activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to other commercial compounds included in this study. The S. mutans strain used in this study showed sensitivity to all tested antibiotics and the Seed Viewer and CARD reported that it has several virulence factors such as adhesion genes (hsp33, Cpa, PrtF, PrtF2, MsmRL, Nra, SOF, LepAL, Spy0135, and RofA) and antibiotic-resistant genes (vanY, vanT, and mdeA). This study concluded that chlorhexidine was the best in inhibiting S. mutans growth as well as preventing biofilm formation, and the study recommends further investigation about antibiotic resistance genes and susceptibility profile.

Evaluation of the Cariogenic and Anti-Cariogenic Potential of Human Colostrum and Colostrum-Derived Probiotics: Impact on S. mutans Growth, Biofilm Formation, and L. rhamnosus Growth.

Human colostrum (HC) is essential for oral health as it is rich in probiotics that could affect the growth of the cariogenic S. mutans and its biofilm formation; hindering dental caries in advance. In this study, HC was collected from 36 healthy mothers 1-3 days postpartum. The effect of HC on oral health was carried out by assessing the impact of HC and its derived probiotics' cell-free supernatants (CFS) on the growth of S. mutans (using modified well diffusion) and its biofilm formation (using microtiter plate assay). Moreover, the effect of whole HC on L. rhamnosus, a probiotic oral bacterium, was examined. Probiotics were isolated and identified phenotypically by API 50 CH carbohydrate fermentation and genotypically by 16S rRNA amplification. The in vitro study revealed that HC has cariogenic activity and is associated with biofilm formation. Biofilm strength was inversely proportional to HC dilution (p-value < 0.0001). Nevertheless, HC and colostrum-derived probiotics improve oral health by inhibiting the growth of caries-inducing S. mutans with lower inhibition to L. rhamnosus probiotics. The CFS of isolated probiotics reduced the biofilm formation via the cariogenic S. mutans. These results are not only promising for caries eradication, but they also highlight the importance of breastfeeding infants from their first hours to shape healthy oral microbiota, protecting them from various diseases including dental caries.

Multifunctional Lithium-Doped Mesoporous Nanoparticles for Effective Dentin Regeneration in vivo.

Effective infection control without irritating the pulp tissue is the key to successful vital pulp therapy. Developing a novel antibacterial biomaterial that promotes dentin regeneration for pulp capping is thus a promising strategy for enhancing vital pulp therapy. Lithium-doped mesoporous nanoparticles (Li-MNPs) were synthesized using an alkali-catalyzed sol-gel method. The particle size, elemental distribution, surface morphology, pore structure, and ion release from Li-MNPs were measured. Human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were used to evaluate the biological effects of Li-MNPs. In addition, a dental pulp exposure mouse model was used to evaluate the regenerative effects of Li-MNPs. Li-MNPs had a larger surface area (221.18 m2/g), a larger pore volume (0.25 cm3/g), and a smaller particle size (520.92 ± 35.21 nm) than MNPs. The in vitro investigation demonstrated that Li-MNPs greatly enhanced the biomineralization and odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Li-MNPs showed a strong antibacterial effect on S. mutans. As expected, Li-MNPs significantly promoted dentin regeneration in situ and in vivo. Li-MNPs promoted dentin regeneration and inhibited S. mutans growth, implying a possible application as a pulp capping agent in vital pulp therapy.

Effects of Sulforaphene on the Cariogenic Properties of Streptococcus Mutans In Vitro and Dental Caries Development In Vivo.

Sulforaphene (SFE) is a common nutritional supplement with antibacterial, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, the effects of SFE on the cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans and dental caries have not been reported. The objectives of this study were to investigate the caries-controlling potential of SFE. The effects of SFE on S. mutans were investigated using the broth microdilution method, crystal violet staining, SEM observation, acid tolerance assays, lactic acid quantification, and polysaccharide measurements. A rat caries model was established to evaluate the caries-controlling effects and biocompatibility of SFE in vivo. SFE inhibited S. mutans growth and biofilm formation. Furthermore, SFE restrained the cariogenic properties of S. mutans, including its acid production, acid tolerance, and extracellular polysaccharide production, without affecting the bacterial viability at sub-inhibitory levels. In the rat caries model, SFE significantly arrested the onset and development of dental caries. Moreover, no visible hemolytic phenomenon or cytotoxicity was detected in the SFE groups. After four weeks of SFE treatment, all rats remained in apparent good health with no significant differences in weight gain; their hemogram and biochemical parameters were normal; no pathological changes were observed in the oral mucosa, liver, or kidneys. In conclusion, SFE was safe and inhibited the development of caries effectively.

Antibacterial Effects of Ramulus mori Oligosaccharides against Streptococcus mutans.

Ramulus mori has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine because of its physiological activities, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial properties of Ramulus mori extract have been well described. However, no information is available regarding on Ramulus mori oligosaccharides (RMOS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of RMOS on the growth and virulence properties of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans. The effects of RMOS on the biofilm structure and virulence gene expression of S. mutans were also evaluated, and the results were compared with the effects of commercial prebiotic galactooligosaccharides. RMOS were found to have an antibacterial effect against S. mutans, resulting in significant reductions in acid production, lactate dehydrogenase activity, adhesion, insoluble extracellular polysaccharide production, glucosyltransferase activity, and biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the biofilm structure was visibly damaged. A quantitative real-time PCR assay revealed downregulation of virulence gene-regulated acid production, polysaccharide production, adhesion, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. These findings suggest that RMOS may be a promising natural product for the prevention of dental caries.

Comparing the Antibacterial Effect of Coated and Impregnated Flexible Dentures with Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans

(1) Background: This study compares the antibacterial effect of coated and impregnated flexible dentures with magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgONPs) against Streptococcus mutans. (2) Methods: the study used flexible denture material discs. The experimental groups were uncoated dics (control), 5% MgONPs coated discs (coated), and 5% MgONPs impregnated discs (impregnated). The homogenous distribution of MgONPs within the matrix was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and surface roughness and modulus elasticity were also measured. The antibacterial efficacy was tested against Streptococcus mutans in suspension and biofilm. The adhesion of microorganisms was assessed using an adherence assay test, optical light microscopy, and turbidity test. (3) Results: The nanoparticles were successfully coated or impregnated on the substrate and caused a significant increase in roughness. The effect of 5% MgONPs was significant (p &lt; 0.05). The flexible denture samples whether coated or impregnated with 5% MgONPs effectively inhibited the growth of microorganisms. The Streptococcus mutans growth was 2.5 folds higher in control compared to coated samples, while Streptococcus mutans growth was 1.5 folds higher in control compared to impregnated samples. Furthermore, this study confirmed there was a homogenous distribution of MgONPs for both coated and impregnated groups. (4) Conclusions: It was found that addition of 5% MgONPs can prevent the attachment of Streptococcusn mutans to flexible removable denture material. Additionally, the antibacterial effect was higher in the coated-samples compared to impregnated-samples.

Controllable and complete conversion of agarose into oligosaccharides and monosaccharides by microwave-assisted hydrothermal and enzymatic hydrolysis and antibacterial activity of agaro-oligosaccharides

Hydrolysis of agar or agarose can yield two types of oligosaccharides: agaro-oligosaccharides (AOS) and neoagaro-oligosaccharides (NAOS). These oligosaccharides have various biological activities and promising applications in the future food industry and pharmaceuticals. In this study, we prepared AOS from agarose by microwave-assisted hydrothermal hydrolysis and then used a commercial β-galactosidase to treat AOS for producing NAOS. A complete conversion from agarose to AOS or NAOS can be achieved by microwave hydrothermal treatment and one-step enzyme reaction, and the production process was completely green. In addition, we combined β-galactosidase and α-neoagarobiose hydrolase from Saccharophagus degradans 2–40 (SdNABH) to treat AOS, and AOS was completely converted into monosaccharides. Then the results of the inhibitory activity of AOS on the growth of Streptococcus mutans showed that AOS might be a good potential sugar substitute for dental caries prevention. This study provides an efficient approach for the production of multiple mixed degrees of polymerization (DP) of pure AOS and NAOS without requiring acid catalyst and agarases while simplifying the production processes and reducing costs.

The effect of trigona spp. Propolis extract to saliva substitute ph as xerostomia therapy

Background: Patients with xerostomia generally have an acidic salivary pH. Low oral pH increases the occurrence of tooth caries and development of oral lesions such as recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) which are prone to occur in patients with xerostomia. Trigona spp. propolis extract with antimicrobial compounds was used as an additional natural ingredient in saliva substitute to inhibit the growth of Streptococcus mutans and prevent the decrease of salivary pH in patients with xerostomia. This study aimed to determine the effect of Trigona spp. propolis extract to saliva substitute pH as therapy for xerostomia with antimicrobial activity.&#x0D; Method: This study was experimental laboratory, namely Post-test only Control Group Design. The propolis Trigona spp. extract used in this study was extracted using maceration method with 70% ethanol as solvent which was then diluted into 5 concentrations 1,25%, 2,5%, 5%, 10%, 20%. This study used Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and saliva substitute with pH of 6.8. The research includes phytochemical test, absorbance measurement and pH test. &#x0D; Result: There is a significant difference in the pH value between saliva substitute induced with Streptococcus mutans with Trigona spp. propolis extract and the control group. Data analysis using One-way ANOVA test showed a significant value of

Sucrose-mediated formation and adhesion strength of Streptococcus mutans biofilms on titanium

Biofilms consist of bacterial cells surrounded by a matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), which protects the colony from many countermeasures, including antibiotic treatments. Growth and formation of bacterial biofilms are affected by nutrients available in the environment. In the oral cavity, the presence of sucrose affects the growth of Streptococcus mutans that produce acids that erode enamel and form dental caries. Biofilm formation on dental implants commonly leads to severe infections and can restrict osseointegration necessary for the implant to be successful. This work determines the effect of sucrose concentration on biofilm EPS formation and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, a common oral colonizer, to titanium substrates simulating common dental implants. Biofilm formation and profiles are visualized at high magnification with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Large mounds and complex structures consisting of bacterial cells and EPS can be seen in biofilms at sucrose concentrations that are favorable for biofilm growth. The laser spallation technique is used to apply stress wave loading to the biofilm, causing the biofilm to delaminate at a critical tensile stress threshold. The critical tensile stress threshold is the adhesion strength. Because laser spallation applies the stress loading to the rear of the substrate, bulk adhesion properties of the biofilm can be determined despite the heterogenous composition and low cohesion strength of the biofilm. Statistical analysis reveals that adhesion strength of biofilms initially increase with increasing sucrose concentration and then decrease as sucrose concentration continues to increase. The adhesion strength of bacterial biofilms to the substrate in this study is compared to the adhesion of osteoblast-like cells to the same substrates published previously. When sucrose is present in the biofilm growth environment, S. mutans adhesion is higher than that of the osteoblast-like cells. Results of this study suggest sucrose-mediated S. mutans biofilms may outcompete osteoblasts in terms of adhesion during osseointegration, which could explain higher rates of peri-implant disease associated with high sugar diets. Further studies demonstrating adhesion differentials between biofilms and cells including co-cultures are needed and motivated by the present work.

The Effects of Fresh Fruit Extracts and Commercially Available Fruit Extracts on the Growth of Streptococcus mutans — An In Vitro Study

Resistance of antibiotics towards pathogenic microorganisms has led to the continuous search of natural plant products as a potential alternative for synthetic antibiotic agents. Many plant produces have shown promising results towards this end. This has led to commercialization and packaging of plant produce especially fruits. However, much research needs to be conducted to assess the potential benefits of commercially available plant produce compared to the natural ones. Consumable food items have both positive and bad effects, and their antibacterial effects on various microorganisms found in the oral cavity are good. To comparatively evaluate the effects of fresh fruit extracts and commercially available juice of Apple, Guava and Pomegranate on the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The present study describes the antibacterial activity of three selected fresh fruit extract and their commercial counterparts (Apple, Pomegranate and Guava) on Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrobial activity of fruit juices (fresh and commercial) was tested by well diffusion assay by an inhibition zone surrounding the well. The aim of the study was to comparatively evaluate the antibacterial activity of three fruit juices on Streptococcus mutans. Analysis of the results revealed the highest antibacterial activity for Fresh fruit extract of Guava towards Streptococcus mutans with a mean diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) value of 11.26 ± 0.53(P&gt;0.01) and the least was exhibited for commercial juice of pomegranate with a mean diameter of inhibition zone (DIZ) 2.20 ± 0.25 (P&gt;0.01). The results obtained in this study clearly demonstrated a significant antimicrobial effect of fresh fruit extract of guava against Streptococcus mutans. However, preclinical and clinical trials are needed to evaluate biocompatibility and other effects, but in vitro observation of fresh fruit extracts of selected fruits appears promising. Keywords: Antimicrobial, Fruit Juice, Microorganism, Agar well diffusion method, Apple (Malus domestica), Psidium guajava, Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

Antibacterial efficacy of Mangifera indica L. leaves extract against Streptococcus mutants

Background: Various preventive actions are being developed to prevent dental caries. On the other hand, some of these methods can only be applied by the dentist. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative caries prevention method. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) leaves extract in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: This research is experimental laboratory research and used a random sampling technique. Mango (M. indica L.) leaves extract was diluted using the double dilution method, which were 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.12%, 1.6%, 0.8%, 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.15%, 0.1%, 0.05%, and 0.025%. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of mango (M. indica L.) leaves extract against S. mutans was determined using the agar plate thinning method. Results: The results showed no bacterial growth in the media with 100%, 50%, and 25% mango leaves extract. In addition, it was found that in media with 12.5% mango leaves extract still showed colony growth. Conclusion: Mango (M. indica L.) leaves extract in ethanol solvent has an antibacterial effect against S. mutans with the MBC value of 25%.

Inhibition of biofilm formation and virulence factors of cariogenic oral pathogen Streptococcus mutans by natural flavonoid phloretin

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the effect and mechanism of action of the flavonoid phloretin on the growth and sucrose-dependent biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans. Methods Minimum inhibitory concentration, viability, and biofilm susceptibility assays were conducted to assess antimicrobial and antibiofilm effect of phloretin. Biofilm composition and structure were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Water-soluble (WSG) and water-insoluble glucan (WIG) were determined using anthrone method. Lactic acid measurements and acid tolerance assay were performed to assess acidogenicity and aciduricity. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to measure the expression of virulence genes essential for surface attachment, biofilm formation, and quorum sensing. Results Phloretin inhibited S. mutans growth and viability in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, it reduced gtfB and gtfC gene expression, correlating with the reduction of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)/bacteria and WIG/WSG ratio. Inhibition of comED and luxS gene expression, involved in stress tolerance, was associated with compromised acidogenicity and aciduricity of S. mutans. Conclusions Phloretin exhibits antibacterial properties against S. mutans, modulates acid production and tolerance, and reduces biofilm formation. Clinical significance Phloretin is a promising natural compound with pronounced inhibitory effect on key virulence factors of the cariogenic pathogen, S. mutans.

Antibacterial Activity of Dissolved Silver Fractions Released from Silver-Coated Titanium Dental Implant Abutments: A Study on Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation.

(1) Background: The aim of this research was to investigate the antibacterial activity of dissolved silver from silver-coated titanium implants against Streptococcus mutans. (2) Methodology: Silver-coated titanium implant discs were immersed in 1.8 mL of brain heart infusion broth (BHIB) and incubated for 24 h in order to release the silver ions into the broth. The coating quality was confirmed via EDS, and the dissolved silver was measured via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The experimental design used unconditioned broth (control) and broth conditioned with silver released from silver-coated titanium implants (n = 6). Regarding the antibacterial activity, isolated Streptococcus mutans was used. A turbidity test and lactate production test were performed to determine the effect of dissolved silver on bacterial growth in a suspension and biofilm formation. (3) Result: The results showed that the coating was successfully applied on the substrate. There was around 0.3 mg/L of silver released into the BHIB, and the turbidity of the control group was significantly higher than the treatment, with measured absorbance values of 1.4 and 0.8, respectively, indicating that the dissolved silver ions from the silver-coated titanium discs exhibited some degree of antibacterial activity by preventing the growth of Streptococcus mutans. However, the results of the antibiofilm activity test did not show any significant difference between the groups. (4) Conclusion: The dissolved silver from silver-coated titanium implants has an antibacterial activity but not a significant antimicrobial activity, indicating that the dissolved silver from silver-coated titanium abutments can significantly reduce the incidence of peri-implant mucositis.

Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Eugenia polyantha Wigh in Inhibiting Streptococcus mutans

Background: Many microorganisms can be found within the oral cavity, including Streptococcus mutans. The introduction of oral bacteria into the bloodstream can lead to the occurrence of bacteremia and subsequent development of systemic diseases. Traditional medicine uses specific ingredients or herbs employed over successive generations and is widely believed to possess medicinal properties. One example is the bay leaf, scientifically known as Eugenia polyantha Wight. Objective. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of bay leaf extract (Eugenia polyantha Wight.) in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans. Materials and Methods: This type of research is an experimental laboratory with Post-test Only Control Group Design. Testing the effectiveness of antibacterial in this study using the diffusion method by diluting bay leaf extract using DMSO solvent into five concentrations, namely 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%, with a sample size of 4 for each concentration. Results: The results showed that bay leaf extract concentrations of 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125% showed a clear zone around the disc paper in Muller Hinton Agar as a medium for the breeding of Streptococcus mutans bacteria. The formation of a clear zone indicates that the ability of bay leaf extract inhibits the growth of Streptococcus mutans with a mean diameter of inhibition of 10.4 ± 0.2944 mm; 8.9 ± 0.7500 mm; 7.1 ± 0.3202 mm; 6.9 ± 0.2944 mm; and 6.4 ± 0.1826 mm. Conclusion: Eugenia polyantha Wight can inhibit the development of Streptococcus mutans. A concentration of 50% is the best in inhibiting the development of Streptococcus mutans based on the growth zone of bacteria.

Effectiveness of Xylitol Toothpaste on the Growth and Biofilm Formation of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175

Background: Several toothpaste ingredients have also been proven to prevent dental caries. An alternative material like xylitol can reduce biofilms and caries’ formation. Objective: This study aims to test the antibacterial xylitol toothpaste against Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Materials and Methods: The type of this research was true experimental by using two kinds of toothpaste with xylitol active ingredient (samples 1 and 2) and toothpaste with fluoride (sample 3). The toothpaste was diluted using the serial dilution method, and then the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericide concentration (MBC), minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC), and minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) were examined. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Pearson correlation with a significance value of p0.005. Results: The MIC values of samples 1, 2, and 3 were 0.39%, 0.78%, and 0.39%, respectively. The MBC of samples 1, 2, and 3 were 12.5%, 25%, and 6.25%, respectively. The results of MBIC samples 1, 2, and 3 were 1.56%, 1.56%, and 0.78%, respectively. The results of MBEC samples 1, 2, and 3 were 6.25%, 6.25%, and 1.56%, respectively. There was a difference in the decrease of the mass of Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175 biofilm after administration using xylitol and fluoride toothpaste, with a p-value of 0.0295. Additionally, there is a correlation between the time of administration of xylitol toothpaste with the changes in the mass of the biofilm Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25175. Conclusion: Xylitol toothpaste can inhibit the growth and eradication of Streptococcus mutans biofilm ATCC 25175.