Diameter Of Growth Inhibition Zone Research Articles

A Comparative Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Thymus capitatus Ethanolic Extract on the Different Respiratory Tract Infections Isolates

Natural components, particularly those derived from medicinal plants, provide a promising source of new antimicrobial agents for the treatment of respiratory infections. In this work, we studied the antimicrobial potency of Thymus capitatus ethanolic extract against nine microorganisms isolated from clinical material obtained from patients admitted to hospitals in Egypt and Germany with infections of the respiratory tract (bacterial sinusitis, laryngitis, pharyngitis and bronchitis) using the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. All isolates obtained from the Giessen University Clinic (Germany) exhibit susceptibility of different extent to the plant extract tested. The growth inhibition zone diameters for nine strains were in the range of 13–15.5 mm at a concentration of 5 mg/disc. The extract produced large inhibition zones of 14–17 mm diameters for seven microbial strains obtained in Egypt although it failed to inhibit the growth of isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterococcus faecalis. In fact, most of the respiratory tract infections isolates from Egypt were generally more susceptible to the ethanolic extract of Thymus capitatus at lower MIC values than those obtained from Giessen University Clinic MIC values. The results of this study suggest that further delineation of bioactive phytomolecules of Thymus capitatus ethanolic extract will improve their potential application for the treatment of respiratory tract diseases.

A novel method to detect bacterial resistance to disinfectants

In clinical practice, the important hygienic prevention of bacterial pathogen spread is disinfection of potentially contaminated area. Benzalkonium bromide and chlorhexidine acetate are commonly used disinfectants with a broad spectrum of anti-microbial effect. It is vital to inhibit the spread of pathogen in hospital. However, a large number of pathogens with the decreased antiseptic susceptibility have been isolated from clinical samples which showed an increased minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against those antiseptics. These resistant pathogens are the major causes for nosocomial cross-infections in hospital. The present study demonstrated the utility of Oxford plate assay system in determining the potential disinfectant resistance of bacteria. The microbiological assay is based on the inhibitory effect of tested disinfectants upon the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Statistical analysis of the bioassay results indicated the linear correlation (r = 0.87–0.99, P < 0.01) between the diameter of growth inhibition zone and the log dosage of the tested disinfectants. Moreover, comparison of inhibitory efficacy of benzalkonium bromide upon 29 S. aureus strains isolated from clinical samples by both Oxford plate method and broth dilution method showed that the diameter of growth inhibition zone has significantly negative correlation with the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (r = −0.574, P < 0.001). These results suggest that the Oxford plate is a simple and time-saving method in detecting potential clinical disinfectant resistance and its usefulness for routine surveillance of pathogenic resistance to disinfectants warrants further investigation.

EFEK ANTI JAMUR AIR RENDAMAN DAUN KELOR (Moringa oleifera) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR Trichophyton mentagrophytes SECARA IN VITRO

Abstract&#x0D; Background Moringa oleifera is a plant that all parts can be used for medicinal purposes. Roots, flowers, bark, stems, leaves and seeds of Moringa has antimicrobial properties. Compound content in leaves of moringa, such as tannin,steroid, alkaloid, saponins ,and flavonoids .&#x0D; ObjectiveThe purpose of this research was to know the different of Trichophyton mentagrophytes growth on various leaves of moringa (Moringa oleifera) concentration extract.&#x0D; Methods This research uses a true experimental with post test only kontrol group design. The antifungal activity test use diffusion disk method, these were divided into four test group with concentration 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and two kontrol group were positive kontrol (ketokonazole 2%) and negatif kontrol (sterile distilled water).&#x0D; The result of this study showed that the average diameter of inhibition zone of concentration 25% until 100% is 0 mm. Statistic analysis was done by using Kolmogorof Smirnov test and Kruskal Wallis test. The test showed there was not a significant mean difference between group. All consentration haven’t an effect on Trichophyton mentagrophytes growth inhibition zone diameter.&#x0D; For next research with same topics using pure extract leaves of moringa was recommended.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Inhibition zone, Moringa oleifera, Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

Characterization of Hypericum perforatum polysaccharides with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities: Optimization based statistical modeling

In this study, the extracting parameters of crude polysaccharides (CPSs) from the Hypericum perforatum (HP) including extraction time (ETi, 60–180min), extraction temperature (ETe, 60–90°C), and the water/solid ratio (W/S, 10–30 was optimized by using three-variable-three-level Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) based on the single-factor experiments. The optimal extraction conditions were as follow: ETi 117.5min, ETe 74.28°C, and W/S 20.3:1. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 6.69%. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify structure of polysaccharide extracted at the optimal operating point. HP-CPSs was proved to possess antioxidant activities including 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH free-radicals scavenging activates in vitro. The antibacterial activities of HP-CPSs against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae and Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated by determining clear growth inhibition zone diameters and by essays in liquid media. Overall, the results indicated that those polysaccharides could offer promising sources of polysaccharides for future application as antioxidant ingredients in the food industry.

The in vitro activity of selected mouthrinses on standard strains of fungi

An oral cavity hygiene plays a key role in prophylactic and therapeutic measures to prevent pathological changes caused by different viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. It is important to maintain proper oral hygiene and assist the removal of potent pathogens; use of the mouthrinses can be one of method providing to these goal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of selected mouthrinses on the standard strains of Candida presented in the oral cavity. Eight reference strains of fungi were investigated: C. albicans (CBS 2312), C. albicans (L 45), C. albicans (ATCC 24433), C. dubliniensis (CBS 7987), C. glabrata (CBS 862), C. krusei (CBS 573), C. parapsilosis (CBS 10947) and C. tropicalis (CBS 2424). Thirteen mouthrinses were used in the study, including pure chlorhexidine (CHX), and 12 commercially available varieties: Azulan, Colgate Plax Complete Care Sensitive, Corsodyl 0,2%, Curasept ADS 205, Dentosept, Dentosept A, Eludril Classic, Listerine Total care, Octenidol, Oral-B Pro-Expert Clinic Line, Sylveco and Tinctura salviae. The present study used a qualitative diffusion in agar gel-well plate method to evaluated the antifungal properties of mouthrinses. Among the 12 commercially available mouthrinses examined in the study, the following were not found to show antifungal activity: Azulan, Dentosept, Eludril Classic, Listerine Total care, Tinctura salviae. The largest inhibition zones were produced by Dentosept, Chlorhexidine and Colgate. The smallest inhibition zones were produced by Octenidol and Curasept. With regard to mouthwash type, statistically significant differences in growth inhibition zone diameter were found between the following pairs of fungi: C. albicans and C. krusei for Colgate without dilution and with 1:2 dilution; C. albicans and C. glabrata for Corsodryl without dilution and with 1:2 dilution; C. albicans and C. dubliniensis for Dentosept A without dilution; C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis with 1:2 dilution; C. dubliniensis and C. tropicalis for Sylveco without dilution, 1:2 dilution and 1:4 dilution; C. dubliniensis and C. parapsilosis for Sylveco without dilution, 1:2 dilution and 1:4 dilution. The lowest MIC values calculated from the Iinear regression equation, indicating the strongest potential activity, were obtained for Dentosept A, followed by chlorhexidine; the lowest activity, was calculated for Curasept and for Octenidol. Some of the tested mouthrinses have antimycotic properties at commercially available concentrations. In spite of the fact that chlorhexidine is thought to be the gold standard for mouthrinse use, Dentosept has stronger antimycotic activity and acts on a wider spectrum of fungi species. Chlorhexidine and Colgate do not appear to act against C. tropicalis, neither does Curaspet against C.dubliniensis; therefore, the determination of the fungus species is necessary.

Antibacterial Effects of Garlic Extracts and Ziziphora Essential Oil on Bacteria Associated with Peri-Implantitis.

Peri-implantitis is an inflammatory process, characterized by loss of bone around implants and bleeding on probing. Colonization of bacteria in the pocket created around the implant is one of the most important aetiologic factors involved. Although antibiotics are routinely used and are effective agents against this bacterial infection, due to the side effects and drug resistance of these medications, researchers are more interested in using herbal derivatives. There are relatively limited number of studies in this respect. To evaluate and compare the antibacterial effects of the extracts of Allium sativum and Ziziphora clinopodioides essential oil on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. In this in vitro study conducted at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences between March 2016 and July 2016, aqueous and methanolic extracts of garlic and ziziphora essential oil were prepared and then their effects on one standard strain of P. aeruginosa and two standard strains of S. aureus and 18 clinical strains, (nine strains of P. aeruginosa and nine strains of S. aureus) which had been isolated from wound and blood cultures, were evaluated using the reference broth macro dilution method and disk diffusion technique. Data were evaluated with descriptive statistical techniques and t-test for independent groups, using SPSS 17. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of garlic did not exhibit inhibitory effects on S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for ziziphora essential oil against S. aureus were 0.25 and 0.5 μg/mL, respectively. The mean diameter of growth inhibition zone for S. aureus in the ziziphora essential oil group (0.25μg/mL) and Vancomycin group (10 μg/mL) were 26.09±5.8 and 14.63±1.20 mm respectively (p<0.001). Growth inhibition zone for P. aeruginosa were observed in only one (35 mm) and three cases (12.5±3.4 mm) in the ziziphora essential oil group (0.5 μg/mL) and Nalidixic acid group (10 μg/mL) respectively. The essential oil of ziziphora exhibited a favourable antibacterial effect on S. aureus; therefore, its extract can be used as an effective antimicrobial agent alone or in association with other antibiotics in the treatment of infections due to S. aureus.

The evaluation of the classical Kirby-Bauer antibiogram method for the determination of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in tap water

Water supply systems are the main source of potable water for many inhabitants. The European Union and Polish laws demand high quality of tap water, but the aspect of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) is not mentioned. The special emphasis is placed on the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in water, determining by the presence of chosen indicators. Although these regulations provide quite good quality of drinking water, the neglect of resistance vectors could lead to a serious threat to human health. In this study the randomly chosen sample of water from the Wroclaw water supply system was tested in order to evaluate the usefulness of Kirby-Bauer antibiogram method for the assessment of the presence of ARB. The susceptibility testing with 6 chosen antibiotics was performed on bacterial strains isolated from the sample. The diameters of growth inhibition zones were measured and the preliminary identification of strains was carried out, including Gram staining and bacterial cellular morphologies assessments. Although full recognition of the drug resistance phenomenon demands the identification of bacterial species for the comparison with susceptibility testing guidelines, this preliminary research could answer the question, whether the Kirby-Bauer method is sufficient for investigations of ARB dwelling in Wroclaw tap water or the other solution should be applied.

Antibacterial Effects of Different Concentrations of Althaea officinalis Root Extract versus 0.2% Chlorhexidine and Penicillin on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus (In vitro).

Aims and Objectives:The aims of the present study were to determine and compare the effects of different concentrations of Althaea officinalis extract, 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and penicillin on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus in vitro.Materials and Methods:The laboratory study was done, for a period of 8 weeks. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in the test tube, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in a plate culture medium, and growth inhibition zone diameter methods were used to compare the antibacterial effects of 0.2% CHX, penicillin, and different concentrations of A. officinalis root extract. The data were analyzed by SPSS version 24 using ANOVA and t-test analysis.Results:The results showed A. officinalis root extract had antibacterial effect, but significant differences were in MIC and MBC against L. acidophilus and S. mutans with penicillin and 0.2% CHX mouthwash. In addition, the mean growth inhibition zones of all the concentrations of the plant extract were less than that of the positive control group (P = 0.001). However, the difference in the maximum growth inhibition zone from that with the negative control group was significant. In addition, the antibacterial effect of the extract increased with an increase in its concentration. The extract exerted a greater antibacterial effect on S. mutans than on L. acidophilus. The plant polyphenols content is 3.7% which is equivalent to 29.93 g/ml.Conclusion:The root extract of A. officinalis exhibited antibacterial effects on S. mutans and L. acidophilus, but this effect was less than those of CHX mouthwash and penicillin. The antibacterial effect increased with an increase in the concentration of the extract.

Antifungal activity of the Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on some of the most common fungal pathogens in animals

Background: The increasing resistance to antifungal drugs and the reduced number of available drugs led to the search for therapeutic alternatives among aromatic plants and their essential oils, empirically used by antifungal effects. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil (EO) against the most frequent pathogenic fungi including Candida, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium and Trichophyton species. METHODS: EO from the seeds of the plant was obtained by hydrodistillation. Susceptibility tests were expressed as growth inhibition zone (diameter) using disk diffusion method and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) using broth microdilution method. RESULTS: Results of susceptibility tests showed that T. ammi EO was effective against all the tested strains. The diameters of growth inhibition zone of the EO were between 11 mm and 60 mm. The EO was also the most active, with MIC and MFC values ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 mg/ml and 0.6 to 5 mg/ml, respectively. The EO of T. ammi showed a significant degree of antifungal activity against different Candida species in comparison with other fungi (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The present study indicated that T. ammi EO has considerable antifungal activity, deserving further investigations for its clinical application for treatment of fungal infections.

Assessment of anti-bacterial activity of silver ions in infected diabetic foot ulcers – An answer to antibiotic resistance

Background: Easy accessibility and irrational use of antibiotics has led to emergence and spread of multidrug bacteria in nosocomial and community settings. MDR strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacteriaceae are commonly isolated from infected diabetic ulcers. Escalating antibiotic resistance has led us to reconsider use of heavy metals particularly silver which is known to reduce bacterial burden in infected wounds. This study aims to assess the bactericidal and clinical effect of silver alginate foam dressings on infected diabetic foot ulcers. Methods & Materials: Fifty cases of infected diabetic foot ulcers were studied. Quantitative bacterial cultures on sheep blood agar were performed as baseline (prior to treatment) and at 7 and 14 days following treatment with silver alginate dressing. Results of quantitative cultures were co-related with clinical improvement in ulcer size and local signs of infection. Bacteria isolated were identified and antibiogram was determined as per CLSI guidelines. Killing curves were recorded by inoculating the surface of silver alginate dressing with 105 bacteria. Sensitivity and duration of silver ion activity was assessed by disc diffusion method on nutrient agar using 7mm disc of silver dressing. Growth inhibition zone diameters were recorded by serial transfer of silver ion foam disc onto freshly inoculated plates for 7 consecutive days. Results: Bacteria isolated included S.aureus 32% (28% MRSA), E.coli 24% (39% ESBL producers, 12% MBL producers), P.aeruginosa 37% (15% MBL producers), Enterobacter spp 4% and Citrobacter 3%. Killing curves showed sterility approximately one to 2.5 hours following exposure to silver ions. All the isolates were sensitive to silver ions irrespective of their antibiotic resistance status. Growth inhibition zone diameters were maintained steady upto 7 days. In all cases decrease in bacterial load was associated with decrease in ulcer size. Conclusion: This study shows topical use of silver ions could serve as an effective alternative to topical or oral antibiotics in management of infected wounds. When used once weekly silver alginate foam dressing appears to be effective in reducing wound bio-burden which is positively associated with ulcer healing. Thus we can conclude that silver ions can be used effectively for treatment of chronic ulcers.

A Comparative Study on the Antibacterial Effects of Some Newly Synthesized Thiazole, Imidazolidine and Tetrahydropyrimidine Derivatives Against Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium

Background: Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium are important human pathogenic bacteria. The spread of strains of drug-resistant these pathogens has encouraged researchers to identify and use novel antibacterial compounds. In this research project, we studied antibacterial effects of some newly synthesized thiazole, imidazolidine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives against B. cereus and S. typhimurium. Methods: 2-(E)-Cyano(thiazolidin-2-ylidene)thiazoles 1-4 and (imidazolidin or tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene)malononitriles 5-11 were synthesized. Then, the disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods were applied to evaluate antibacterial effects. Results were recorded as the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the growth inhibition zone diameters. Results: The in vitro assessment of antibacterial effects showed that only thiazole derivative 4 had considerable inhibitory effects against B. cereus and S. Typhimurium, whereas the others didn't have so. The inhibitory effects of thiazole derivative 4 against B. cereus and S. typhimurium were proven according to the MICs 125 and 500 µg/mL and the growth inhibition zone diameters 19.2±0.1 and 8.4±0.2 mm, respectively. Conclusion: The antibacterial effects of thiazole, imidazolidine and tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives were different, these effects were observed only in thiazole derivative 4. It could be due to the presence of 4-thiazolone ring in derivative 4, witch could reinforce these effects. After confirming that compound 4 is bactericidal against B. cereus and S. typhimurium, further studies can be accomplished on the determination of the cytotoxic and therapeutic effects of this compound in laboratory animals.

Investigating the Phytochemical, Antibacterial and Antifungal Effects of Thymus Vulgaris and Cuminum Cyminum Essential Oils

Background and Objective: Phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of Thymus vulgaris and Cuminum Cyminum essential oils (Eos) against foodborne pathogens and Candida species in vitro were assessment. Methods: The EOs was extracted using a Clevenger apparatus. Analysis of the EO constituents was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry. The antibacterial activity of EOs against Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium were evaluated in agar culture medium. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these EOs against fungal strains of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. dubliniensis was measured. Results: Thymol (64.45%) and cuminaldehyde (29.02%) were the main components of the Thymus vulgaris and Cuminum Cyminum EOs, respectively. The largest inhibition zone diameter in the Thymus vulgaris and Cuminum Cyminum Eos in the agar disk diffusion method was related to B.cereus with 30 and 21 mm diameter, respectively. The largest growth inhibition zone diameter by the Thymus vulgaris EO in the well diffusion method was 21 mm and against B.cereus. The MIC of Thymus vulgaris EO in the microdilution method was 0.09% against all the four Candida strains. The MIC of Cuminum Cyminum EO against strains of C. albicans and C. tropicalis was 0.39%, while it was found as 0.19% against C. parapsilosis and C. dubliniensis. Conclusion: In this study, Cuminum Cyminum and Thymus vulgaris Eos show suitable inhibitory effects against the growth of pathogenic bacteria and Candida species. This study has raised the possibility of using these EOs as an alternatives chemical preservative in the foods.

Chemical and biological profiles of essential oils from Mentha spicata L. leaf from Bejaia in Algeria

Air-dried leaves of Mentha spicata L. were collected in Bejaia location (Algeria) during 2013. The plant samples were distillated by Clevenger apparatus and the essential oils obtained were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Fifty compounds amounting to 98.9% of the oil, were identified. The major components of the oil were carvone (48.5%), limonene (20.7%), and 1,8-cineole (5.4%). This oil exhibited high antimicrobial activity with a high effectiveness against Candida albicans strain with a diameter of growth inhibition zones of ranging from 14.3 ± 1.5 to 44.3 ± 1.1 mm. The antioxidant activity determined by five different test systems showed that the oil exhibits moderate activity. The insecticidal activity has been tested on the adults of Rhyzopertha dominica F., the main pest of wheat. Contact and fumigant toxicity assays showed mortality percentages of 14.0 and 34.5% respectively at the dose of 2 μL/mL and the repellency percentage was 56.2% at 30 minutes.

Antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms associated with peri-implantitis.

Background. This study aimed to assessthe antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilms isolated from subgingival plaque of peri-implantitis lesions.Methods. Thirteen patients requiring peri-implantitis treatment were consecutively selected and their subgingival biofilm was collected by inserting fine sterile paper points into peri-implant pockets for 15 seconds. A. actinomycetemcomitans was isolated from the subgingival biofilm and cultured. In this study, the standard strain of A. actinomycetemcomitans served as the positive control group and a blank disc impregnated with water served as the negative control; 0.1 mL of the bacterial suspension was cultured on specific culture medium and blank discs (6 mm in diameter) impregnated with 0.2%CHX mouthrinse (Behsa Pharmaceutical Co.) and negative control discs were placed on two sides of the bacterial culture plate. The size of growth inhibition zone was measured by a blinded independent observer in millimetres.Results. According to the results of disc diffusion test, the mean diameter of growth inhibition zone of A. actinomycetemcomitans around discs impregnated with CHX was larger in both standard (positive control) and biofilm samples of A. actinomycetemcomitans compared to the negative control group (blank disc) (P<0.001).Conclusion. Use of0.2% CHX mouthwash had antibacterial effects on A. actinomycetemcomitans species isolated from peri-implantitis sites.

Antibacterial Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Punica granatum Linn. Petal on Common Oral Microorganisms.

Objectives. This study aimed to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Punica granatum Linn. (P. granatum) petal on Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sobrinus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods. In this in vitro study, P. granatum extract was prepared using powdered petals and water-ethanol solvent. Antibacterial effect of the extract, chlorhexidine (CHX), and ampicillin was evaluated on brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) using the cup-plate method. By assessing the diameter of the growth inhibition zone, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract were determined for the above-mentioned bacteria. Results. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum petal had inhibitory effects on the proliferation of all five bacterial strains with maximum effect on S. mutans with MIC and MBC of 3.9 mg/mL. The largest growth inhibition zone diameter belonged to S. sanguinis and the smallest to E. faecalis. Ampicillin and CHX had the greatest inhibitory effect on S. sanguinis. Conclusions. Hydroalcoholic extract of P. granatum had a significant antibacterial effect on common oral bacterial pathogens with maximum effect on S. mutans, which is the main microorganism responsible for dental plaque and caries.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF THIAZOLE DERIVATIVES ON RHODOCCOCUS EQUI, BRUCELLA ABORTUS, AND PASTEURELLA MULTOCIDA

Background: Rhodoccocus equi, Brucella abortus, and Pasteurella multocida are important veterinary bacterial pathogens that in recent years have been resisted to current antibiotics, and this problem threats the livestock industry. To control this resistant microorganisms, use of new antibacterial compounds, such as thiazole derivatives, in veterinary is necessary. OBJECTIVES: In this study, antibacterial effects of thiazole derivatives on Rhodoccocus equi, Brucella abortus, and Pasteurella multocida were evaluated. METHODS: Synthesized thiazole derivatives were prepared in DMSO, then the disk diffusion method was used to measure growth inhibition zone diameter and the broth microdilution method was applied to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). RESULTS: Results showed that thiazole derivatives had no significant inhibitory effects on B. abrotus, while they had inhibitory effects on R. equi and P. multocida with inhibition zone 12.7±0.4 -30.1±0.2 mm and MICs 32- 256 μg/ml. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study indicate that thiazole derivatives have considerable inhibitory effects on R. equi and P. multocida as veterinary bacterial pathogens.

ANTIBACTERIAL POTENTIAL OF JAMU INGGU AGAINTS SOME BACTERIA CAUSING UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION

This study aims to examine the potential of jamu inggu as an alternative antibacterial herb that can be used against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pnuemoniae, S. Pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is causing Upper Respiratory Infections (URI). Antibacteria activity test of jamu inggu was using the Agar diffusion method by Kirby-Bauer. To test jamu inggu antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus pnuemoniae, S. Pyogenes, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the diameter of the test bacteria growth inhibition zone was measured. The formation of a clear zone around the disc indicates that jamu inggu has chemical compounds that are antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus,while the Pseudomonas aerugenosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, and S. pneumoniae bacteria cannot be inhibited by jamu inggu. It was indicated by no formation of a clear zone around the disc. Result shows that jamu inggu can be used as an alternativesource of antibiotics against the Staphylococcus aureus

Impact of Extraction Methods on Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Citrus Essential Oils

In this study, impact of extraction methods, cold-pressing and vacuum-distillation methods, on yield, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of citrus essential oils were investigated. The antioxidant activities of citrus essential oils were determined by DPPH scavenging and Ferric thiocyanate assays, while the antimicrobial activities were determined by growth inhibition zone diameter and broth dilution assays against several important foodborne pathogens. The yields of essential oils of Dao lime, PhuTho orange and DoanHung pomelo, extracted by the vacuum-distillation method, were 0.16 %, 0.59 % and 0.04 %, respectively, significantly higher than those extracted by the cold-pressing methods (0.03 %, 0.25 % and 0.03 %, respectively). Total relative concentrations of nine major components of the essential oils extracted by the cold-pressing and vacuum-distillation methods were not significantly different. However, concentration of individual component in the essential oils was changed when using the vacuum-distillation method. Although the essential oils extracted by both cold-pressing and vacuum-distillation methods showed strong antioxidant and inhibition capacities, the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of citrus essential oils extracted by the vacuum-distillation method were lower than those extracted by the cold-pressing method. As a result, the vacuum-distillation is considered to be the promising innovation theme for producing natural fragrance and essential oil with high production efficiency.

UJI DAYA ANTIBAKTERI BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEAMANAN PANGAN

Garlic is widely used as a herbal medicine. In order to support the empirical use and improve its application in food safety, this study was conducted to test the antibacterial activity of garlic against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Garlic was used in the form of fine powder. Garlic powder then dissolved in sterile distilled water and squeezed to obtain garlic solution with a concentration of 50%, 25% and 12.5%. Antibacterial activity of garlic juice was tested by diffusion method using paper disc to determine diameter of bacterial growth inhibition zones. Screening results demonstrated that the chemical constituents of garlic powder were saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Garlic powder has antibacterial activity to Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa. Garlic has antimicrobial potential and can be used as decontaminant against Escherichia coli to maintain quality of food safety such as meat.

Antimicrobial Activity of Two Root Canal Filling Pastes in Deciduous Teeth: an in Vitro Study

&lt;p&gt;Endodontic treatment in deciduous teeth is very important so that we can preserve the primary dentition and thus promote appropriate craniofacial development. However, the use of filling pastes that have some important biological properties for the preservation of the tooth is required. The objective this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of two root canal filling pastes in deciduous teeth, Vitapex® and Calcipex®, on microbial species commonly found in endodontic infections (Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sanguinis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), using the agar diffusion test. The experiment was carried out on BHI (Brain Heart Infusion) plates in four equidistant points, which were immediately filled with the sealers Vitapex® and Calcipex®. The&lt;br /&gt;chlorhexidine gluconate 1% (CHX) and distilled water were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. After incubation of plates at 37 °C for 24 h, the diameter of the growth inhibition zones around the wells was measured (in millimeters) with a digital caliper with reflected light. The test was performed in triplicate and data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Both pastes had antimicrobial activity, but Calcipex® was more efficient for most strains. The halo formed in the experiments with S. mutans and S. sanguinis was similar for both pastes. This study suggests that Calcipex® had the highest antimicrobial property with respect to the microorganisms studied.&lt;/p&gt;