Income Growth Research Articles

Production, Environment, and Population Growth

Abstract This paper analyses the joint evolution of production, environment, and population in the long run. The paper demonstrates that the link between output, resources, and population creates obstacles to sustained growth. This is because the law of conservation of mass implies that long-run growth of output would depend on increasing resource use. The amount of resources used in production directly increases pollution and causes environmental deterioration. Income growth and a fall in the quality of the environment raise the relative cost of living and affect fertility negatively. This leads to a trade-off between income growth and population growth. If resource use damages the environment at an increasing rate, then the sustainability of the environment requires that the total resource use should be capped. In this case, any per capita growth comes at the cost of a static or even falling population. The only way to ameliorate such a strict trade-off is to promote ’green’ technologies and policies that allow for growth with lesser pollution.

Exploring the Effects of Microfinance on Business Sustainability: A Qualitative Approach

ABSTRACT This study explores how microfinance impacts business sustainability in Bangladesh using a qualitative approach. In-depth interviews with 35 purposively selected Microfinance Institution (MFI) borrowers from the Khulna Division provided insights analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings reveal seven themes: employment generation, business growth, income growth, improved living standards, social empowerment, social awareness, and environmental awareness. These themes highlight microfinance’s role in fostering sustainable business practices. This pioneering study offers valuable insights for MFIs and policymakers, emphasizing microfinance as a tool for sustainable development in developing nations.

Explaining the Difference in Income Growth Among Post-Secondary Graduates: An Analysis of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Early Career Income Growth in Canada

Explaining the Difference in Income Growth Among Post-Secondary Graduates: An Analysis of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Early Career Income Growth in Canada

The Effect of Financial Behavior, Financial Technology, and E-Commerce Adoption on UMKM Income Growth: A Case Study of 'Baku Timba Fest,' Jayapura City

This study investigates the influence of financial behavior, financial technology, and e-commerce adoption on the income growth of micro, small, and medium enterprises (UMKM) participating in the "Baku Timba Fest" in Jayapura City. Using purposive sampling, data were collected from 30 respondents through questionnaires. Employing a quantitative research method, classical assumption tests and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted. The findings reveal that financial behavior significantly impacts income growth. Although financial technology and e-commerce adoption exhibit a positive relationship with income growth, their effects are not statistically significant. Furthermore, collectively, all three variables significantly influence UMKM income growth. These results highlight the need for targeted strategies to enhance financial behavior and effectively leverage technology for sustainable income growth among UMKM.

Implementation of integrated services of intelligent supply chains by leading Chinese logistics companies.

The article examines the restructuring of global supply chains within the framework of the active development of China’s logistics services market. It is established that with the continuous improvement of the country’s digital economy, these services can become one of the important directions for the development of large Chinese companies operating in this industry. The purpose of the work is to study the implementation of integrated intelligent supply chain services, analyze the practice of their application, and their impact on the growth of turnover and income of leading logistics enterprises in the country — Xiamen C&D Group Corp. Ltd., SF Express Holding, YTO Express — in 2021–2023. The paper describes the step-by-step mechanism of the intelligent supply chains of Chinese companies and its innovative component. It is determined that the studied organizations adhere to the principle of digital excellence, promote digital industrialization, jointly create a common logistics big data platform (the country’s digital logistics ecosystem), and apply new business formats and a modern logistics model to facilitate the industrial transformation and modernization of China’s economy. To achieve the goals of the study and analyze the restructuring of global supply chains within the framework of the active development of China’s logistics services market, methods of scientific analysis of scientific literature and economic analysis of reports of leading logistics companies in China, comparative analysis, content analysis, and case studies were used to study examples of the implementation of intelligent supply chains in Xiamen C&D Group Corp. Ltd., SF Express Holding, YTO Express. The results of the research can be useful for international organizations and partners of China engaged in joint logistics projects and initiatives to enhance cooperation and coordination efforts.

Pop Culture Exchange Through Screens: The Effect of Globalized Film and Television Industry on National Income in China

Pop culture has recently been impacted by the background of a globalized community. Based on the previous studies of digital prospects and cultural influences on the film and television industry in the world, the research objects are the elements that would cause modifications in national income in China. By using both quantitative and qualitative analysis of the positive impact the film and television industry has on national income and economic growth in China, the research suggests ways that the film and television industry affects the national income in China from three dimensions: the direct impact of increased government taxes and development funds, augment of workers and elimination of structural unemployment, and finally the inter-industrial effects on education and cultural promotion. The paper also illustrates policies for the government to implement in order to increase national income in China, and the investors could utilize the information from the paper as reference for investment and forecasting developmental trends of the film and television industry in China.

Role of Institutional Zakat Management of Bangladesh in Recipients’ Income Generation

The majority of Muslims in Bangladesh distribute zakat individually. Zakat management is conducted in both the public and private sectors. However, there is a significant lack of inclination towards making zakat payments via organizations. This research aims to investigate the role of zakat in generating money via institutional management. This study used a mixed-method approach, including qualitative and quantitative data. A systematic questionnaire survey was conducted on 200 people who received zakat, representing both the institutional and non-institutional sectors. The findings of this research suggest that those who received zakat via institutions had a greater capacity to generate money than those who got zakat through informal means. Several zakat management institutions are helping zakat recipients increase their income by supplying them with income-generating items and a significant quantity of zakat funds. It may be inferred that the proper implementation of institutional zakat management has the potential to enhance the income growth rate of zakat recipients in Bangladesh.

The impact of industrial synergistic agglomeration on residents' health levels.

This study investigates the impact of industrial synergistic agglomeration on residents' health levels in China. It explores how green and traditional industry agglomeration models influence residents' health levels outcomes and identifies the underlying mechanisms driving these effects. Using panel data from 283 prefecture-level cities and above in China from 2003 to 2020, the study applies the Generalized Spatial Two-Stage Least Squares (GS2SLS) method. This approach allows for a systematic analysis of both direct and spatial spillover effects, focusing on the comparative impacts of green and traditional industrial agglomeration models. (i) Spatial Effects: Residents' health levels exhibits a significant positive spatial effect, with public health improvements in one city positively influencing neighboring cities.(ii) Industrial Agglomeration: Industrial synergistic agglomeration has a stronger positive impact on residents' health levels compared to single-industry agglomeration.(iii) Mechanisms: The effect of industrial synergistic agglomeration on residents' health levels operates through three primary mechanisms:- Population Agglomeration Effects: Enhanced population clustering contributes to better public health services.- Media Dissemination Effects: Improved information dissemination raises public health awareness.- Income Growth Effects: Increased income levels drive better access to healthcare and lifestyle improvements.(iv) Model Comparison: Green industry synergistic agglomeration proves more beneficial for residents' health levels improvement than traditional industry agglomeration. The findings highlight the critical role of industrial synergistic agglomeration, particularly in green industries, in promoting residents' health levels. Policymakers are encouraged to prioritize strategies fostering green industry clustering and to leverage the identified mechanisms to amplify public health benefits across regions.

Does income growth affect renewable energy or carbon emissions first? A Fourier-based analysis for renewable and fossil energies

Does income growth affect renewable energy or carbon emissions first? A Fourier-based analysis for renewable and fossil energies

Energy–poverty–inequality SDGs: A large-scale household analysis and forecasting in China

Affordable and clean energy, eliminating poverty, and reducing inequality are important goals of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper examines the role of access to clean cooking fuels in promoting income growth and reducing income inequality. Using data from Chinese households, we show that a 10% increase in the adoption of clean cooking fuels would result in an increase in total annual household income of US$37 billion nationwide. Income growth from access to clean cooking fuels is greater for lower-income groups due to a shift to higher household income and reduced downward household income mobility, which contributes to a reduction in income inequality. The effect of access to clean cooking fuels on household income growth is primarily driven by improved health and increased labor supply. The use of clean cooking fuels also saves fuel collection time and cooking time, reducing time spent on household chores by about 0.4 h per day, thereby increasing labor supply in the job market and improving wage income. Improvements in income due to clean cooking fuels are influenced by external conditions, urbanization, education, employment opportunities, and good market conditions. With further promotion of clean cooking fuels, household income and inequality in China are expected to improve further by 2030 and contribute more widely to human well-being and achievement of the SDGs.

The Role of Small and Medium Enterprises in Poverty Alleviation and Economic Well-Being

In socio-economic development and poverty reduction, particularly in countries with agrarian economies and a high proportion of rural populations small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are essential. Due to limited government resources for supporting social sectors, SMEs become means for job creation, household income growth, and economic stimulation. The purpose of this study is to examine the role of SMEs in well-being development and poverty reduction in Kazakhstan. For this purpose, there was conducted regression analysis and the study was focused on three main independent variables: SME share in GDP, employment in agriculture, and employment in individual entrepreneurship. The data covers the period from 2013 to 2023. The results showed that the SME contribution to GDP has a significant positive effect on household incomes and thus key role in enhancing economic well-being. Employment in individual entrepreneurship was directly associated with income growth and improved well-being, particularly in rural areas. Employment in agriculture demonstrated a dual effect: while it remained an essential source of income, its impact was constrained by low labor productivity and seasonality. However, crucial effect on poverty reduction and well-being improvement was achieved through the combined influence of SMEs, individual entrepreneurship, and agricultural employment. Thus, there is great need in diversifying income sources and adopting a comprehensive approach to economic development for effective poverty reduction.

PERAN PERGURUAN TINGGI DALAM PENGEMBANGAN AGROWISATA BERKELANJUTAN UNTUK MENEKAN KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN DI SAMBLONG, JEMBRANA, BALI

The development of sustainable agrotourism in Samblong, Jembrana, Bali, is a strategic solution to mitigate environmental degradation. This community service program aims to optimize the role of higher education institutions in supporting sustainable agrotourism development through participatory methods, training, research, and the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies. The method used involves a participatory approach, where local communities are engaged in the planning and implementation of the program. Higher education institutions provide training in agrotourism management, sustainable agricultural practices, and digital marketing, as well as technical assistance in using eco-friendly technologies. The results of this community service show an increased understanding among the community about the concept of sustainable agrotourism and the application of organic waste management technologies. Research conducted by the university yielded environmental data used as the foundation for long-term land management planning. Additionally, there was an improvement in the community's skills in promoting agrotourism digitally, directly impacting income growth. Collaboration between universities, local communities, and regional governments also succeeded in strengthening synergy in managing natural resources. Overall, this program has successfully reduced the rate of environmental degradation and improved the welfare of the community in Samblong.

Income Growth and Industrial Landscape: Examining Mexican Household Survey Data

This research explores the economic impact of the existence of industrial sectors throughout communities in Mexico. Of particular interest is the role of maquiladora based industries, or those sectors that import materials and equipment which are then assembled, processed and manufactured into export products. The latest updated data used in the study is from Mexican Family Life Survey managed by Iberoamerican University with other partners. The nationwide household panel data was collected in three waves from 2002 to 2012, with about 8,500 households and 150 communities surveyed. The data is analyzed with the fixed effects regression approach. Results indicate that the presence of maquiladoras in the community has a negative and significant impact on the growth of household income. Of its two parts, the existence of manufacturing facilities has a significantly negative relationship with the growth of household income while assembly plants existence does not have a statistically significant impact. Other variables that indicate robust evidence of importance include the number of people in the household, the number of schools per person in the communities, and the land area per person in the household. Education of the head of household has some positive impacts on household income growth, but the results are not robust

Socio-Economic Determinants of Digital Financial Inclusion in Kenya

Empirical studies and data from the Global Findex show that financial inclusion varies widely across regions, income levels, and individual characteristics. This study examines the influence of socio-economic and demographic factors on the accessibility, usage, and well-being of digital financial inclusion in Kenya by using World Bank's 2017 Global Findex survey on Kenya, a microdata dataset with 1000 observations to meet research expectations. Given the dichotomous nature of dependent variables, this study uses binary probit analysis to draw the implications. The results show that factors like being a man, young, educated, employed, and rich are significant in determining the accessibility and utilization of digital financial services in Kenya. Furthermore, this research also revealed that the elements affecting financial inclusion and well-being include education level, gender, and income status. The result suggests that policymakers should focus on empowering women and the poor, adopting measures to enhance workforce and income growth, and addressing differences in individual characteristics on age and education to promote the inclusion of the poor into the formal financial system in Kenya.

The Impact of Income Inequality on Economic Growth in the Emerging Economies

Emerging market economies generally face severe income inequality. Despite the relatively high economic growth in these countries, the distribution of wealth is extremely unequal, with the rich controlling a large amount of wealth, while the incomes of low-income groups are growing slowly, with a marked urban-rural gap. Incomes in urban areas are much higher than in rural areas, making it difficult for rural populations to access development opportunities. While globalization and technological advances have contributed to economic development, their benefits have been concentrated among high-income and high-skilled people, exacerbating the skills gap and limiting income growth for low-skilled workers. In addition, inadequate social security systems further exacerbate the gap between the rich and the poor. Income inequality has a positive and negative impact on economic growth. In addition, inadequate social security systems further exacerbate the gap between the rich and the poor. Income inequality has a positive and negative impact on economic growth. Research by IMF and the World Bank suggests that sound redistributive policies, such as increased investment in education, health care and social security, can help mitigate the negative effects of income inequality and promote inclusive growth. Overall, addressing income inequality is critical to the long-term economic health of emerging market economies.

Rethinking the tunnel effect: income comparison and the dynamics of happiness in a changing economic landscape (2005–2018)

The tunnel effect explains how higher income of a reference group signals potential future income growth for individuals, fostering tolerance of inequality in a changing macroeconomic environment. This paper examines the interplay between economic growth, income comparison, and individual subjective well-being, providing empirical tests for the tunnel effect from the perspectives of reference groups, effect heterogeneity, and contextual moderators. Using data from 10 waves of CGSS spanning from 2005 to 2018, the mixed-effects model analysis reveals: (1) the tunnel effect exists, with reference group income positively impacting individual’s happiness after controlling for personal income; (2) the tunnel effect is stronger among younger people, lower income group and rural residents; (3) economic growth, rather than economic uncertainty or inequality growth, enhances the tunnel effect—provinces with faster growth show a more pronounced effect. These findings bridge the individual well-being with macroeconomic environment, illustrating group heterogeneity and identifying macroeconomic conditions sustaining this psychological dividend.

PROFIT FORMATION OF BANKING INSTITUTIONS IN UKRAINE: MODERN REALITIES

In the article examines the theoretical and practical aspects of profit formation of banking institutions in Ukraine in the pre-war period and at the present stage. Approaches to determining the bank's profit are considered and its importance for the state, the banking institution and its employees is highlighted. It was found that the effective functioning of domestic banks will contribute to the stabilization of the economy of our country as a whole, and therefore, ensuring the financial stability of banks is of national importance. The system of forming a positive financial result and its quality management is the duty and main task of every banking institution today and requires constant analysis. The ability to accurately estimate and effectively manage the bank's cash flows allows you to receive planned benefits from the implementation of activities both in the interests of the bank and in the interests of its clients. In the article analyzes the consequences of the functioning of the domestic banking business in conditions of constant crisis situations, highlights the influencing factors on changes in banking income and expenses. Despite the decrease in the number of banks by more than half, the income of banks over the last ten years has increased by almost half due to the growth of interest and commission income. A forecast was made regarding the future growth of banking income. It was established that the main reason for the increase in the profitability of the banking system in the pre-war period and the record profit in the second year after the beginning of the full-scale invasion of the russian federation was the increase in interest income from highly liquid assets and lending. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of banking business in wartime conditions and makes a forecast of financial results and profitability of capital and assets of domestic banking institutions for the nearest future. The increase in profitability indicators showed a general improvement in the financial stability of the banking system. Despite the deterioration of the general economic situation in the country, the situation on the market of banking services remains favorable.

Metric tools for assessing the socio-economic development of the region: Methodology and modeling

Subject. The article deals with methodology for determining the assessment of socio-economic development of the region. Objectives. The purpose is to substantiate the applicability of "human potential" interpretation for regional studies of the socio-economic state of the region, test the conceptual approach to assessing the integral indicator of the human potential of regions of the Siberian Federal District as an assessment tool. Methods. The study employs the statistical analysis method and the index method. Results. We obtained indicators for assessing the potential of the population, employment, standard of living, production, innovation; calculated an integral indicator of human potential for all subjects of the Siberian Federal District and for District as a whole. The analysis showed that in 2020–2022 there was a decrease in the potentials’ values, which in the future may negatively affect the economic development of the territory. Conclusions. When devising qualitatively new solutions for territory development, it is crucial to provide for the placement of new productive forces, creation of new logistic schemes, growth of household incomes, and improvement of investment climate in the regions of the Siberian Federal District.

Russia’s budget system in 2024. preliminary results and emerging trends

The revenues of all components of the Russian budget system showed positive growth rates in January-September 2024. Revenues to the federal budget have increased most significantly, both from oil and gas and non-oil and gas revenues. The pronounced dependence of federal budget revenues on world oil prices remains, provoking the budget execution risks. The growth rate of revenues of the consolidated (enlarged) budget of the country lagged behind the growth of federal budget revenues, but outpaced the rate of inflation. The excess of last year’s values in real terms occurred both in terms of tax revenues, social insurance premiums and other taxes and fees. Compared to last year, the receipts of practically all taxes have increased. The exception is budget revenues from corporate income tax, which have decreased even by nominal values. Regional budget revenues increased only in nominal terms. Here, against the background of nominal growth of own income, there was an absolute reduction in intergovernmantal transfers. The drop in regional budget revenues from corporate income tax in many regions of the Russian Federation was not offset by an increase in personal income tax revenues. The dynamics of expenditures of the components of the budget system in the first 9 months of the year also outstripped inflation.

Trends in Income and Well-Being Inequality During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan

AbstractAlthough the COVID-19 pandemic could have caused both monetary and non-monetary distributional changes, existing studies have only investigated its immediate monetary impacts. This study examines the pandemic’s medium-term impacts on income and well-being inequality using individual longitudinal data from the Japan Household Panel Survey. Gini coefficients and income mobility before and after the pandemic are calculated to analyze income inequality. Various well-being measures such as mental health and life satisfaction are used to analyze well-being inequality. The findings reveal no increase in income inequality. Progressive income growth ensured stable inequality throughout the pandemic. Conversely, on average, well-being worsened, and well-being inequality increased. Furthermore, we find an association between income and well-being inequality. The random-effects and fixed-effects models indicate that the well-being of the high-income group tended to improve, whereas that of the low-income group tended to deteriorate after the outbreak of the pandemic. Additionally, the causal mediation analysis shows that the adoption of remote work served as a factor for the increase in the well-being of people in the high-income group. Remote work became disproportionately prevalent during the pandemic, especially among people in the higher income group. This group experienced various benefits of remote work, which contributed to an improvement in their well-being and an increase in well-being inequality.