Growth Of Electrification Research Articles

Temperature enhanced early detection of internal short circuits in lithium-ion batteries using an extended Kalman filter

Fuel shortages and environmental concerns primarily drive the recent growth in electrification. Lithium-ion batteries are the preferred power source for electric vehicles and other applications due to their high energy and power densities. Among potential issues that can affect Li-ion batteries, thermal runaway is a significant concern, believed to be primarily caused by internal short circuits. Therefore, early internal short circuit detection has become a critical task for any Li-ion battery-powered engineering system prioritizing safety. This paper presents a novel online internal short circuit detection method based on the state vector augmentation of an extended Kalman filter with: (i) voltage and surface temperature observations, (ii) a hysteresis state, and (iii) a state related to the internal short circuit. The proposed method is assessed numerically, mimicking an electrical vehicle battery working cycle. The framework allows for an online estimation of the internal short circuit state while remaining computationally lean, thus potentially allowing for implementation into commercial BMSs, and it is proven to capture the internal short circuit occurrence within safety limits. Additionally, the advantages of including both voltage and surface temperature observations have been highlighted. Future work envisaged towards field implementation of the technique in BMS is eventually and briefly discussed.

Development of Earth-Abundant Cathodes for Vehicle Applications and Beyond

The predicted growth in electrification of the grid-storage and transportation sectors has seemingly left the research community a significant responsibility in developing a more robust portfolio of materials solutions. Specifically, it has become clear that beyond simply meeting/exceeding the current technical requirements, new technologies would do well to align with the goals of sustainable development in supporting market growth. Current state-of-the-art, Li-ion cathodes, based heavily in Ni, will continue to play an important role. However, alternatives to these chemistries will be critical in diversifying supply chains and expanding the available portfolio of electrode materials towards a more sustainable future. Among the potential candidates for next-generation cathodes are Lithium- and Manganese-rich oxides. These oxides remain attractive because of their intrinsically high, specific capacities/energies and the economic benefits they offer through earth-abundant, Mn-rich (>50%) compositions.This presentation will discuss research and development efforts at Argonne National Laboratory aimed at advancing cathode materials that are rich in manganese and have the potential to be cost competitive for electric vehicle applications and beyond. Research efforts into mitigation of issues related to several identified critical barriers, such as impedance, will be discussed.

Modernizing the U.S. electric grid: A proposal to update transmission infrastructure for the future of electricity

AbstractElectric transmission infrastructure is often undervalued in the United States. However, a recent surge of electrical blackouts due to extreme weather conditions and natural disasters has brought the United States' aging transmission infrastructure to the spotlight. Recent cyberattacks on critical energy infrastructure have also brought attention to the vulnerabilities in the U.S. electric infrastructure. Advancements such as the growth of electrification in the transportation sector and the integration of variable renewable energy critical to the decarbonization of the energy sector, further challenge the capacity of current electrical infrastructure. Addressing deficiencies within U.S. electric infrastructure requires the collaboration of many stakeholders including federal agencies, state governments, local communities, and electricity generation and distribution entities. To properly undertake the challenges to the United States transmission infrastructure, it is recommended that potential solutions are accurately modeled, that the FERC uses its rulemaking capacity to foster collaboration, and that the federal government creates a national transmission loan program to specifically fund nationally significant transmission projects.

Long-term evolution of energy and electricity demand forecasting: The case of Ethiopia

Long-term energy demand forecasting is crucial for any country, in particular for developing countries with rapid developments of energy needs. This study focuses on Ethiopia, a country with a highly increasing energy demand resulting mainly from the currently low share of electricity access, rapid development of industrial parks, extensive expansion of the railway network, extensive irrigation schemes for agriculture, new cement and sugar factories, housing projects, power export plan to neighboring countries, etc. These all are on top of the 2.7% average population growth. In this study, the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning System (LEAP) is used to explore different possible futures and also to forecast the long-term energy requirements in Ethiopia. The planning period is 33 years from 2018 to 2050. The study employs six different scenarios to unfold the future evolution. The developed scenarios are Business-As-Usual (BAU), Growth in Electrification and Urbanization (E&U), High Economic Growth (HEG) and three policy-driven, Improved Energy Efficiency (IEE-1, IEE-2 and IEE-3) scenarios. The pathways represented by these scenarios can show the maximum expected rise in demand under different drivers and the best-case energy saving opportunities. The model is also used to estimate the associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE KALININGRAD REGION

The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is influenced to a greater extent by a degree of development of industry, a growth of electrification, deforestation, and the burning of fuel for the production of heating and electricity. The contribution of emissions of each of these factors and the ratio of greenhouse gases in them should be taken into account when developing the measures to prevent climate change. According to calculations of emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region the burning of fuel and energy resources are supposed to be playing the main role in the greenhouse gas emission from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. In statistical reference books this activity is described as the “activities for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” The usage of this fuel in the energy sector is increasing: from 1742.4 thousand tons of standard fuel in 1991 up to 2193.9 in 2016. Such little increase in total emissions is due to the general technology improvement in the country. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. The percentage of the gases in the total volume is as follows: CO2 - 96.7%, CH4 - 1%, N2 O - 2.3%. Its emissions for the period from 2013 to 2016 varied from 3,757.4 in 2014 to 4,091.7 in 2015 thousand tons of standard fuel, reaching its maximum value in 2015. The estimate presented in this paper is a lower estimate, since it does not take into account emissions from industrial processes, leaks, land use, waste, etc., as well as from some categories of emission sources due to the lack of data on the use of fuel in the Kaliningrad region. Among other things, the calculations of emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the use of fuel by vehicles in 2016, which have shown to be 1.86 times less than from burning of fossil fuels for the same year (2032.87 Gg CO2 eq. and 3914.79 Gg CO2 eq., respectively) and to account for 34.5% of the total emissions, have been made. Moreover, according to the methodology for calculating emissions the factor of carbon dioxide absorption by the region’s forests has been taken into account. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by forests has shown to be only 11.9% of the emissions of this gas during the combustion of boiler and furnace fuel.

Offshore Enters a New Era

2019 OTC review Digitalization and automation were key topics in the panel and technical sessions at this year’s Offshore Technology Conference (OTC) as the iconic event celebrated its 50th anniversary. More than 59,000 attendees participated in the conference, which was held 6–9 May in Houston. OTC launched its golden anniversary with a wide-ranging panel discussion on the current viability of the offshore sector and how digitalization will change it in the future. Total’s Energy Outlook 2040 proposes two distinct scenarios of the energy future: a momentum scenario, in which oil demand is dominated by transportation and petrochemicals, and a rupture scenario, which sees a massive shift in public policy and the growth of renewables. Either way, “our industry has a major role to play in climate change issues,” said Arnaud Breuillac, president of exploration and production for Total. The global energy mix is changing, he said, but the question is how rapidly, especially regarding use of electric vehicles and the growth of electrification in developing countries. Given the projected population rise and the fact that 1.5 billion people do not have access to energy now, increased use of natural gas and renewables is the “right approach to stabilize the energy system,” Breuillac said. The 21st century will likely be the “century of electricity,” he added. “It is clear that the pace of change does not lie entirely in our hands,” he said about the use of hydrocarbons in the future, but will be influenced by the public and policymakers as well. For now, Total is pursuing projects on the low end of the cost curve while trying to reduce its carbon footprint from production to customer delivery. Whether the industry should pursue a future of reduced hydrocarbon production and use appears to be a dilemma, said panel moderator Scott Tinker, director of the Bureau of Economic Geology at The University of Texas at Austin. If climate change is the worst problem, then reduced hydrocarbon use could be part of the solution; but if poverty is the globe’s biggest issue, then hydrocarbons are undoubtedly part of the solution. Although the industry “does produce a lot of CO2,” Tinker said, access to readily available and affordable energy also alleviates hunger and provides clothing, shelter, and clean water, and allows access to education, health care, and medical services, among other things. Offering more perspective, Tinker noted that although there is a lot of talk about the growth in wind and power for energy, their use is but a fraction of demand for oil, natural gas, and coal. Over the past several decades, carbon emissions in the US and Europe have been flat to slightly down, while emissions in Asia have grown sharply, he said.

Interconnect and Packaging Techniques for System Integration of High Power Assemblies that Improve Assembly Efficiency and Design Flexibility

Growth in electrification and power conversion is driving a large need for electrical efficiency and improved cost models that in theory can be gained through the design consolidation of secondary assemblies into complete single modules. To put this theory into practice, there must be a cost effective way to interconnect these subassemblies that is space efficient, easy to assemble, supports high power and is resilient to temperature cycles. To integrate subassemblies cost effectively is to develop them so that they have interconnects between each subassembly that are an integral part of the subassembly itself and are not secondary add on or bolt on connector systems. Additionally these interconnects must be easily pluggable, to allow assembly methods that are manufacturing friendly, measureable and don't require secondary heating methods. This paper will show how proven highly reliable interconnects like press-fit, IDC and wirebonds can be integrated into subassemblies along with capacitors, motors, DBC power substrates, thermal coolers, heats sinks, busbars and other subassemblies typically found in power assemblies, to create a cost effective design that provides flexibility in manufacturing assembly with measureable results.

Scenarios of building energy demand for China with a detailed regional representation

Building energy consumption currently accounts for 28% of China's total energy use and is expected to continue to grow induced by floorspace expansion, income growth, and population change. Fuel sources and building services are also evolving over time as well as across regions and building types. To understand sectoral and regional difference in building energy use and how socioeconomic, physical, and technological development influence the evolution of the Chinese building sector, this study developed a building energy use model for China downscaled into four climate regions under an integrated assessment framework. Three building types (rural residential, urban residential, and commercial) were modeled specifically in each climate region. Our study finds that the Cold and Hot Summer Cold Winter regions lead in total building energy use. The impact of climate change on heating energy use is more significant than that of cooling energy use in most climate regions. Both rural and urban households will experience fuel switch from fossil fuel to cleaner fuels. Commercial buildings will experience rapid growth in electrification and energy intensity. Improved understanding of Chinese buildings with climate change highlighted in this study will help policy makers develop targeted policies and prioritize building energy efficiency measures.

Electrification: A Prescription for the Ills of Atmospheric CO2

The pattern of global electrification suggests that the global discharge of CO2 to the atmosphere is less, and will be increasingly less, than would be the case without the continuing shift toward use of electrical energy.Data show that the world has been moving steadily toward greater electrification. Each year electricity is used to perform a larger number of tasks, and the fraction of energy used in the form of electricity has increased whether in “good times” or in “bad times.” Scenarios that incorporate technological development, and therefore growth in electrification, yield slower growth in emissions of CO2, and consequently slower accumulation in the atmosphere.Increased world electrification slows the growth in CO2 for two reasons: electrification may reduce total energy demandelectrification presents opportunities to supply the energy without using CO2-producing fuels.The large potential for slowing atmospheric CO2 accumulation by generating electricity with nonfossil technologies is demonstrated by the scenarios presented here.

Supervisory Control and Remote Metering

Supervisory control and remote metering installations on the electrified section of the Pennsylvania Railroad are outlined herein. A brief history of the growth of electrification on this railroad, and of the supervisory control and remote metering installations which accompanied the electrification is given, together with the locations at which the different types of equipment are used. These remote metering and control systems have been of considerable assistance in load dispatching and substation operation.