Groups In Bangladesh Research Articles

P-418 - Relationships among perceived teachers' and parental behavior and adolescent outcomes: a cross-cultural literature review

This article is a review of empirical studies assessing the contribution of perceived parental and teachers’ behavior to children's psychological adjustment, school-conduct, and academic achievement within seven nations cross-culturally. The goal of this study was to investigate potential cross-cultural differences in major dimensions of parents and teachers behavior. There were four different strategies used to locate the relevant literature, including the data base of American Psychological Association. The review is based on a total sample of 1,731 youths averaging 12 years in age representing different cultural groups in Bangladesh, Estonia, India, Kuwait, Pakistan, Turkey, and USA. Furthermore, a cross-cultural comparison was made according to the cultural ideology. A burgeoning literature suggests that the quality of the relationship which children have with their parents and teachers has significant developmental consequences. Research in this area has indicated that security in the teacher-child relationship influences children's development in the same way that parent-child attachment does. This review exposed gender and cultural variability in the patterns of predictors associated with the outcome variables. The results of these studies have diversity in the impact of teachers’ versus parents’ behavior on boys’ versus girls’ outcomes. The findings have varied widely between cultural groups they have tended to be gender-specific, outcome-specific, and cultural-specific.

A Multistage Budgeting Approach to the Analysis of Demand for Fish: An Application to Inland Areas of Bangladesh

This study was conducted to estimate the elasticities of demand for eight different fish types and four income groups in Bangladesh using year-round data collected from inland areas of the country. It uses a three-stage budgeting framework that estimates a demand function for food in the first stage, a demand function for fish (as a group) in the second stage, and a set of demand functions for fish by type in the third stage using a quadratic extension of the Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. The Heckman procedure was used in stage three to remove the possible bias in the parameter estimates brought about by zero consumption. The magnitude of both price and income elasticities varies across different fish types and income quartile groups, indicating the relevance of estimation specific to fish types and quartiles. Except for assorted small fish, the other seven fish types included in the study were found to have positive income elasticity for all income levels. Assorted small fish is an inferior commodity for the richest quartile of the population.

A Study on Arsenic Methylation by Microorganisms in Sludge Tank of Arsenic Removal Unit

An arsenic removal unit was constructed by the Miyazaki University research group in Bangladesh. The sludge drained from the arsenic removal unit was directed to a sludge tank and allowed to settle down. Then the supernatant in the tank was released to an artificial pond. Biomethylation of arsenic is usually considered as a detoxification of arsenic because toxicity of most organic methylated arsenic is much less than that inorganic arsenic. Microorganisms in the sludge tank were evaluated growth characteristics and arsenic methylation. As a result, dimethylarsinic acid was detected in the broth, and the amount of total arsenic compounds in the broth decreased. It is thought that this loss was contributed by biogenic activity induced by inorganic arsenic biomethylation to gasified volatile organic species, such as monomethylarsine and dimethylarsine. These results suggested that microorganisms in the sludge tank may be utilized for natural attenuation of arsenic sludge from the arsenic removal unit.

Involvement and impact of road traffic injuries among productive age groups (18–59 years) in Bangladesh: issue for priority setting

IntroductionRoad traffic injuries are deadly, taking lives of over 1.27 million men, women and children around the world every year. In the developing countries road traffic injuries generally affects males...

Discussions Among the Poor: Exploring Poverty Dynamics with Focus Groups in Bangladesh

This paper presents findings from 116 focus group discussions which took place in eleven districts in Bangladesh in mid-2006. It forms the first part of three phases of research in an integrated qualitative and quantitative study into poverty dynamics currently being undertaken by the author and partners from the CPRC, IFPRI and DATA Bangladesh. The central purpose of the focus group discussions was to inform subsequent phases of the research by exploring reasons perceived by participants for decline or improvement in people’s well-being in their communities, and the hindrances to improvement for the chronically poor. A secondary purpose was to explore how a set of development interventions, which had been the focus of a previous round of the panel surveys, had contributed to improvements in people’s well-being. A number of causes of decline and improvement featured prominently in these discussions. Dowry, illness, and adverse dependency ratios in families were all seen as important causes of decline in a large number of groups and draw attention to the need for a better understanding of life-cycle-related pressures on poor households. Improvement tended to be related to hard work, investment and enterprise, but was also commonly accompanied by considerable risk. This risk is illustrated most strongly when common causes of improvement for some people are causes of decline for others. Improvements are generally gradual, whereas declines can be caused by the type of events which are either gradual or sudden. Various forms of business activities, improved agriculture, microfinance loans, salaried work, labour migration and sons and daughters working were all seen as important factors in improvement. These interim findings draw attention to a number of areas which warrant father investigation. They also suggest that policy interventions aimed at preventing decline and supporting improvement should take into account the changing risk profile facing poor people in Bangladesh, aim to mitigate life-cycle-related drivers of impoverishment, and help reduce the risks involved in potentially profitable, yet risky, ventures.

‘Defending Islam and women's honour against NGOs’ in Bangladesh

Synopsis Women's participation in development activities emerged as a central focus of attacks on NGOs by some Islamist groups in Bangladesh in the early part of the 1990s because of two factors—one, the increasing prominence of religious discourse in sociopolitical life in Bangladesh, and two, attempts by different groups and institutions to gain or retain patriarchal control over women. The religious groups that opposed NGO activities in general and women's participation in NGO programs in particular, claimed to be defending Islam and women's honour. However, deeply rooted patriarchal values and notions held by all classes of men made it easy for the ‘Islamist’ opponents of NGOs to bring the issue of women's participation in development activities in the forefront. Alongside, the changing power relations in rural society as well as increasing prominence of Islamic discourse in national political life were also important factors. However, the women themselves did not simply respond to events as passive victims. Rather, within limits, they questioned the motives of those concerned about their ‘honour’, and in some cases, actively resisted the pressure mounted by the anti-NGO forces.

Consumer Credit as Lifestyle Activities Facilitators for Consumers of Bangladesh

As middle class and fixed income group in Bangladesh are not solvent enough to pay the price of an essential product (TV, fridge etc.) at a time from their savings. They need consumer credit to buy these products for doing their lifestyle activities. The purpose of the study is to identify the consumer credit impacts on lifestyle activities of consumers of Bangladesh. 576 respondents in a survey were asked to rate the importance of 15 lifestyle activities variables related to consumer credit. These data were tested via factor analysis (the principal components method with varimax rotation) by using SPSS program. The results show that people borrow money to buy household goods to do their work, entertainment activities and social activities. The thesis will make contribution to our understanding that people need consumer credit to facilitate their lifestyle activities.

‘Word of God’ and ‘Spirit of God’ in Christian and Islamic Christologies: A Starting Point for Interreligious Dialogue?

The article discusses whether the seemingly similar notions of Jesus as ‘word’ of God and the role of the spirit in relations between Jesus and God might serve as a starting point for dialogue and deeper appreciation between Christianity and Islam. The article briefly reviews the biblical and qur'anic material on these concepts as they have been interpreted in Christian and Islamic theological traditions. This brief review is needed in order to present the Christological reflection among a group of so-called Īsā imandars, a syncretistic Christian–Islamic group in Bangladesh, and to evaluate their claim that there is a similarity between Christian and Islamic concepts. The presentation focuses on how they interpret Jesus as ‘Word of God’ and ‘Spirit of God’ in the borderland between Islam and Christianity. In conclusion, the article discusses how the clear systematic-theological incompatibility and the simultaneous lived compatibility of Christological titles and descriptions should be evaluated in answering the initial question of whether or not common concepts are helpful for dialogue and understanding between Christianity and Islam.

Does Needs Satisfaction Matter for Psychological and Subjective Wellbeing in Developing Countries: A Mixed-Methods Illustration from Bangladesh and Thailand

The paper uses qualitative and quantitative data collected by the Wellbeing in Developing Countries ESRC research group in Bangladesh and Thailand to explore the extent to which objective need deprivation predicts subjective and psychological wellbeing, controlling for location, socio-economic status, and gender. The regression analysis is triangulated with qualitative analysis of three illustrative case studies to explore why people experiencing great need deprivation nevertheless report high subjective and psychological wellbeing and propose factors that might support their resilience. The paper reports perhaps unsurprisingly that need deprivation was lower in Thailand than Bangladesh, and subjective and psychological wellbeing higher, with the exception of life satisfaction which was higher in Bangladesh. While goal attainment was significantly associated with affect and life satisfaction in both countries, in Thailand life satisfaction and goal attainment were negatively correlated (−.334), so the more goals respondents felt they had attained, the less satisfied they were. These apparent anomalies are explored further using data from the case studies. The findings confirm that although measures of subjective and psychological wellbeing are correlated, they are not substitutable. For example, subjective wellbeing, especially positive affect, is more influenced by need deprivation than psychological wellbeing, while psychological wellbeing is more influenced by demographic factors, especially in Thailand. Finally, the paper discusses whether the distinct relationships of subjective and psychological wellbeing with need deprivation and income have any implications for policymakers.

Changing Nutrition Behavior in Bangladesh: Successful Adaptation of New Theories and Anthropological Methods*

Behavior change theories and a positive deviance approach were used to improve child nutrition through home gardening groups in Bangladesh. Groups were assigned randomly to: (T1) individual, stage-based, role-model stories delivered by a literate agent; (T2) role-model stories told by illiterate garden group leaders at meetings; or (T3) no intervention. Four months later, 31% of the T1 mothers demonstrated feeding correct portions of vegetables to young children. Only 15% of T2 and 17% of T3 mothers could do this. Group Leaders did create awareness and spread information; a personal contact was helpful for changing attitudes and portion size.

Business linkages and producer groups in Bangladesh – options for rural microenterprise development

The difficulties of providing poorer microenterprises with BDS may sometimes be overcome by encouraging them to form groups and market their produce collectively. This article describes the experience of the USAID-funded JOBS Project in Bangladesh as it worked with three groups of microenterprises – the Bogra Handicrafts Association, the Modhupur Pineapple Association, and the Shafipur and Mirpur footwear producer groups – to improve their market linkages. Perhaps surprisingly, a greater degree of independence and market strength was eventually achieved with the pineapple farmers and the shoemakers, for whom the JOBS Project intervened directly to arrange technical assistance and marketing linkages, than for the handicraft workers, who received BDS through an NGO/MFI. How these three projects shed light on ideas about building the market for BDS for microenterprises is discussed.

Vitamin D deficiency: a concern in premenopausal Bangladeshi women of two socio-economic groups in rural and urban region.

The study was designed to evaluate the vitamin D status in women of different physiological status of two socio-economic groups in Bangladesh. A cross-sectional study, using serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD), calcium, phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase activity. Two regions of Bangladesh. The Dhaka city area and west region of Nandail (Betagair Union), Mymensingh. Representative subjects of two groups (low socio-economic group=group L, n=99; and high socio-economic group=group H, n=90) of Bangladeshi women aged 16-40 y. About 87% of the subjects were housewives and the rest, 13%, were distributed among other different professions. Each group comprised of three sub-groups (non-pregnant non-lactating=1, pregnant=2, and lactating=3). The influence of socio-economic status and physiological status on serum 25-OHD concentration (P=0.038, P=0.015, respectively), serum calcium concentration (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively) and alkaline phosphatase activity (P<0.001, P<0.001, respectively) were observed. The distribution of serum 25-OHD concentration in both groups was shifted overall toward the lower limit of the normal range. Seventeen percent of women in group L and 12% of women in group H had serum 25-OHD concentration <25 nmol/l. Hypovitaminosis D (serum 25-OHD concentration < or = 37.5 nmol/l) was observed in 50% of subjects in group L and 38% of subjects in group H, respectively. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis was higher in lactating subjects of the groups L and H (63 and 46%, respectively) than in the other sub-groups in the same group. The results of the study suggested that women in Bangladesh were at risk of hypovitaminosis D and lactation was an additional risk factor in low income groups. The situation may increase the risk of bone loss.

Iron status of premenopausal women in two regions of Bangladesh: prevalence of deficiency in high and low socio-economic groups.

The objective of the study was to assess iron status in women of different physiological status of two socio-economic groups in Bangladesh. Cross sectional study, using 3-day food record and blood haemoglobin, serum iron, serum ferritin concentrations. Two regions of Bangladesh. The Dhaka city area and west region of Nandail, Mymensingh. Women aged 16-40 y. The low socio-economic group (group L, n=101) consisted of rural women with precarious income levels. The high socio-economic group (group H, n=90) consisted of women with high income and educational levels. The groups were composed of three sub-groups (non-pregnant non-lactating=1, pregnant = 2 and lactating = 3). There was no significant difference between the corresponding sub-groups of the two socio-economic groups in dietary intake of iron. In all sub-groups, the intake of iron was much higher than the RDA level and mainly based on non-haem iron. Blood haemoglobin (B-Hb) concentration (P=0.000), serum iron concentration (P=0.005) and serum ferritin (SF) concentration (P=0.000) were affected by socio-economic status. Physiological status (PS) influenced the B-Hb concentration (P=0.000). Prevalence of anaemia ranged from 63 to 70% in group L and 27 to 66% in group H, respectively. The prevalence of empty iron store (SF concentration<12 microg/l) ranged from 35 to 59% in group L and 15 to 32% in group H, respectively. The prevalence of anaemia and iron deficiency (70 and 35% for sub-group L2; 66 and 32% for sub-group H2, respectively) were similar in the pregnant subjects of the two groups. Subclinical iron deficiency was common in women of low socio-economic status. The pregnant subjects in the two groups was similar as regards iron status. The study was supported by the Academy of Finland, University of Helsinki and NorFa, Norway.

Anaemia in Bangladesh: a review of prevalence and aetiology.

: This paper provides a comprehensive review of the changes in the prevalence and the extent of anaemia among different population groups in Bangladesh up to the present time. The report also focuses on various factors in the aetiology of anaemia in the country. : All the available data have been examined in detail, including data from national nutrition surveys, as well as small studies in different population groups. : Over the past three decades a number of studies including four national nutrition surveys (1962/64; 1975/76; 1981/82 and 1995/96) have been carried out to investigate the prevalence of anaemia among different population groups in Bangladesh, and have demonstrated a significant public health problem. Since the 1975/76 survey the average national prevalence of anaemia has not fallen; in 1995/96, 74% were anaemic (64% in urban areas and 77% in rural areas). However, age-specific comparisons suggest that the rates have fallen in most groups except adult men: in preschool children in rural areas it has decreased by about 30%, but the current level (53%) still falls within internationally agreed high risk levels. Among the rural population, the prevalence of anaemia is 43% in adolescent girls, 45% in non-pregnant women and 49% in pregnant women. The rates in the urban population are slightly lower compared with rural areas, but are high enough to pose a considerable problem. It appears that severe anaemia in the Bangladeshi population is less frequent, possibly present among only 2-3% of the population. The data on the aetiology of anaemia reveal that iron deficiency may be a substantial cause of anaemia in the Bangladeshi population. Other dietary factors in addition to parasitic infestations may also precipitate the high prevalence of anaemia. : While the overall prevalence of anaemia among the Bangladeshi population is still very high, the rates of severe anaemia are almost non-existent. A large proportion of anaemia can be attributed to iron deficiency. There is a need for a comprehensive strategy for the prevention and control of anaemia in Bangladesh.

Vitamin A deficiency in Bangladesh: a review and recommendations for improvement.

This article provides a comprehensive review of the change in vitamin A status and the extent of vitamin A deficiency among different population groups in Bangladesh up to the present time. The result of experience with different strategies and interventions designed to improve vitamin A status are then reviewed, leading to a discussion of key options for action, as well as important areas for research and evaluation. All the available data have been examined in detail, including data from nationally representative samples and nationwide surveys, as well as small studies in different population groups. Reports on the effectiveness of different intervention programmes have been used. Over the past three decades a number of studies, which include national nutrition surveys, have been carried out to investigate the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among different population groups in Bangladesh, and they have demonstrated a significant public health problem. Studies have shown that the prevalence of severe deficiency, based on the prevalence of night blindness in preschool children, decreased from 3.6% in 1982-83 to 1.78% in 1989 and 0.6% in 1996. However, there is still a high prevalence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency, based on the biochemical assessment of serum retinol levels in preschool children, estimated mainly from hospital-based groups. Night blindness and Bitot's spot are also found to exist among school-age children and adolescents. Recent reports indicate that night blindness among rural mothers is as high as 1.4%. Only a limited number of studies, with small sample sizes, are available where serum retinol has been reported for school-age children, adolescents and pregnant women. Nevertheless, these studies confirm the presence of low levels of serum retinol and hence, the existence of subclinical vitamin A deficiency. Furthermore, the dietary intake of vitamin A in each population group has been found to be less than the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA), indicating a significant risk of deficient intakes of vitamin A. To address the problem of vitamin A deficiency, the government of Bangladesh started the Nutritional Blindness Programme in 1973. The main activities of the programme include vitamin A capsule (VAC) supplementation to children of 6 months to 6 years old, nutrition education to increase the production and consumption of vitamin A rich foods, and training of primary health-care workers on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of vitamin A deficiency, VAC distribution and nutrition education. Since 1988, as a long-term strategy, Helen Keller International has been implementing community home gardening promotion projects. To date, the possibility that foods may be fortified with vitamin A, has not been explored as a possible approach in Bangladesh. Although short- to long-term prevention and control programmes are to some extent in place, to improve the situation of vitamin A deficiency, Bangladesh needs a more appropriate mix of interventions for the entire population. More operational research and evaluation are needed if a fully effective programme to alleviate the problem of vitamin A deficiency is to be developed. Finally, to achieve the goal of virtual elimination of vitamin A deficiency will require an integrated approach which brings together appropriate actions at every level, within and across the many sectors of society.

Dimensions of Contact as Predictors of Intergroup Anxiety, Perceived Out-Group Variability, and Out-Group Attitude: An Integrative Model

This study tested an integrative model of how dimensions of contact (quantitative, qualitative, and intergroup) are related to intergroup anxiety, perceived out-group variability, and out group attitude. Data were collected in a field study of minority (Hindu) and majority (Muslim) religious groups in Bangladesh. Path analysis revealed that dimensions of contact were significant predictors of all three criterion variables, although different dimensions emerged as predictors in each case, and there were some interactions with subjects' religious group. AU three dimensions of contact were associated with intergroup anxiety, but whereas quantitative contact had a significant impact on perceived out-group variability, qualitative contact was associated with out-group attitude. The model highlights the central role of intergroup anxiety as associated with dimensions of contact and as a predictor of perceived out-group variability and out-group attitude.

Voluntary organizations in Bangladesh: a profile

Voluntary organizations in Bangladesh: a profile describes the emergence and development of voluntary groups in Bangladesh which organize people in the undertaking of development programmes, and the different forms they have taken. It also reviews their financial, staffing and functional strengths and weaknesses.

User fees for health care in developing countries: A case study of Bangladesh

In designing country health care programs to achieve the goals of the Alma Alta declaration of ‘Health for All’, developing countries have been confronted with the problem of increased health care needs and decreased available resources. Health economists have proferred several possible solutions to this fiscal shortfall, including cost-recovery measures through the imposition of user fees for curative services at government health facilities. Health care providers have been noticeably absent from discussions of the many possible implications of these fees; consequently, resultant programs and policies may be economically sound but may fail to place a sufficient emphasis on features designed to maintain and improve the health of the population. In the present paper we examine the possible impact of user fees on the health of individuals residing in Bangladesh, one potential candidate country for user fees. We note evidence that the existing government health care system appears already to be providing care to two of the most medically vulnerable groups in Bangladesh, the poor and women, and provide evidence that such fees may seriously interfere with maintaining this patient profile. We discuss the significant public health role that curative care provides for the individuals, their families and the wider community. We suggest that additional questions should be asked by health care providers, anthropologists and economists prior to institution of user fees in the government system and that such measures should first be introduced in an experimental format with a rigorous and comprehensive impact evaluation.

Variations in terms of exchange and their impact on farm households in Bangladesh

The purpose of this paper is to estimate ‘terms of exchange’ for different farm household groups in Bangladesh. The phrase ‘terms of exchange’ rather than the usual ‘terms of trade’ is used here to underline certain important conceptual and methodological distinctions. The former expression is used in a disaggregative sense to make the concept broader and to make it amenable to drawing implications for income distribution. The exercise reveals that, in the face of an improvement in the overall terms of exchange, those for specific farm household groups show differential movements. The paper concludes by drawing some of the implications of the results.

Status, Power, and Education in a Traditional Community

Previous articleNext article No AccessStatus, Power, and Education in a Traditional CommunityPhilip J. FosterPhilip J. Foster Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 72, Number 2Summer, 1964 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/442696 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 2Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). Copyright 1964 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Md. Emaj Uddin Disparity in family status attainment between the majority and minority ethnic groups in Bangladesh, International Journal of Social Economics 44, no.44 (Apr 2017): 530–546.https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-07-2015-0187M. BLAUG EDUCATIONAL PLANNING, (Jan 1966): 135–148.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-020627-1.50016-5