Group U3 Research Articles

OD-characterization of all finite nonabelian simple groups with orders having prime divisors at most 13

The main purpose of this article is to determine hOD(M) for every finite nonabelian simple group M with order having prime divisors at most 13. This result is an analog of the result by A. V. Vasil’ev [1] about the recognizability of these simple groups by spectrum (the set of element orders). By the available results, we need only consider the groups L6(3), U4(5), G2(4), L5(3), S4(8), U6(2), and O8+ (3).

A characterization of projective special unitary group U3(5) by nse

Let G be a group and ω(G) be the set of element orders of G. Let k∈ω(G) and sk be the number of elements of order k in G. Let nse(G)={sk∣k∈ω(G)}. In Khatami et al. and Liu’s works L3(2) and L3(4) are unique determined by nse(G). In this paper, we prove that if G is a group such that nse(G)=nse(U3(5)), then G≅U3(5).

Characteristics of dentoskeletal morphology and treatment changes in 2-maxillary premolar extraction: A comparison with 4-premolar extraction

BackgroundThe present study aimed to clarify the characteristics of dentoskeletal morphology and treatment changes after 2-maxillary premolar extractions to treat Class II malocclusion, by comparing pre- and post-treatment lateral cephalograms and dental casts from cases with 4-premolar extractions. MethodsSubjects comprised patients who had undergone orthodontic treatment for Class II molar relationship using either maxillary first premolar extraction (U2 group, n = 27) or maxillary and mandibular first premolar extraction (UL4 group, n = 27). Pretreatment (T1) and post-treatment (T2) lateral cephalograms and dental casts were examined. Groups were compared for differences at T1 and T2, and in T2–T1 change using unpaired t tests. Among the analysis items showing significant differences at T1, those that could discriminate between groups U2 and UL4 at T1 were extracted by stepwise logistic regression analysis. ResultsDentoskeletal morphology in the U2 group exhibited a severe Class II molar relationship, little need for maxillary incisor retraction, and a morphology in which bite opening was severe. Treatment changes in the U2 group showed that extraction spaces were used for mesial movement of maxillary molars in many cases, that bite-opening resulted from mandibular clockwise rotation, and that contraction of the upper arch and expansion of the lower arch occurred in anteroposterior and lateral directions. Severity of Class II molar relationship, anteroposterior position of mandibular incisors, and lower arch depth were selected as criteria for distinguishing pretreatment between groups U2 and UL4. ConclusionCases with 2-maxillary premolar extraction showed a characteristic dentoskeletal morphology compared to cases with 4-premolar extraction.

Representation zeta functions of compact p-adic analytic groups and arithmetic groups

We introduce new methods from p-adic integration into the study of representation zeta functions associated to compact p-adic analytic groups and arithmetic groups. They allow us to establish that the representation zeta functions of generic members of families of p-adic analytic pro-p groups obtained from a global, “perfect” Lie lattice satisfy functional equations. In the case of “semisimple” compact p-adic analytic groups, we exhibit a link between the relevant p-adic integrals and a natural filtration of the locus of irregular elements in the associated semisimple Lie algebra, defined by the centralizer dimension. Based on this algebro-geometric description, we compute explicit formulas for the representation zeta functions of principal congruence subgroups of the groups SL3(o), where o is a compact discrete valuation ring of characteristic 0, and of the groups SU3(O,o), where O is an unramified quadratic extension of o. These formulas, combined with approximative Clifford theory, allow us to determine the abscissae of convergence of representation zeta functions associated to arithmetic subgroups of algebraic groups of type A2. Assuming a conjecture of Serre on the congruence subgroup problem, we thereby prove a conjecture of Larsen and Lubotzky on lattices in higher-rank semisimple groups for algebraic groups of type A2 defined over number fields.

Involvement of recently cultured group U2 bacterium in ruminal fiber digestion revealed by coculture withFibrobacter succinogenesS85

In a previous study, we reported the ecological significance of uncultured bacterial group U2 in the rumen. In this study, the involvement of a recently cultured group U2 bacterium, strain R-25, in fiber digestion was tested in coculture with the fibrolytic bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Dry matter (DM) digestion, growth and metabolites were examined in culture using rice straw as the carbon source. Although strain R-25 did not digest rice straw in monoculture, coculture of strain R-25 and F.succinogenes S85 showed enhanced DM digestion compared with that for F.succinogenes S85 monoculture (36.9±0.6% vs. 32.8±1.3%, P<0.05). Growth of strain R-25 and production of the main metabolites, d-lactate (strain R-25) and succinate (F.succinogenes S85), were enhanced in the coculture. Enzyme assay showed increased activities of carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase in coculture of strain R-25 and F.succinogenes S85. Triculture including strain R-25, F.succinogenes S85 and Selenomonas ruminantium S137 showed a further increase in DM digestion (41.8±0.8%, P<0.05) with a concomitant increase in propionate, produced from the conversion of d-lactate and succinate. These results suggest that the positive interaction between strains R-25 and F.succinogenes S85 causes increased rice straw digestion.

RECOGNIZING SOME FINITE SIMPLE GROUPS BY NONCOMMUTING GRAPH

Let G be a nonabelian group. We define the noncommuting graph ∇(G) of G as follows: its vertex set is G\Z(G), the noncentral elements of G, and two distinct vertices x and y of ∇(G) are joined by an edge if and only if x and y do not commute as elements of G, i.e. [x, y] ≠ 1. The finite group L is said to be recognizable by noncommuting graph if, for every finite group G, ∇(G) ≅ ∇ (L) implies G ≅ L. In the present article, it is shown that the noncommuting graph of a group with trivial center can determine its prime graph. From this, the following theorem is derived. If two finite groups with trivial centers have isomorphic noncommuting graphs, then their prime graphs coincide. It is also proved that the projective special unitary groups U4(4), U4(8), U4(9), U4(11), U4(13), U4(16), U4(17) and the projective special linear groups L9(2), L16(2) are recognizable by noncommuting graph.

A Characterization of Some Finite Simple Groups Through Their Orders and Degree Patterns

The degree pattern of a finite group G was introduced in [15] and denoted by D (G). A finite group M is said to be OD-characterizable if G ≅ M for every finite group G such that |G|=|M| and D (G)= D (M). In this article, we show that the linear groups Lp(2) and Lp+1(2) are OD-characterizable, where 2p-1 is a Mersenne prime. For example, the linear groups L2(2) ≅ S3, L3(2) ≅ L2(7), L4(2) ≅ A8, L5(2), L6(2), L7(2), L8(2), L13(2), L14(2), L17(2), L18(2), L19(2), L20(2), L31(2), L32(2), L61(2), L62(2), L89(2), L90(2), etc., are OD-characterizable. We also show that the simple groups L4(5), L4(7) and U4(7) are OD-characterizable.

Recognition of the groups L 5(4) and U 4(4) by the prime graph

Let G be a finite group. The prime graph of G is the graph Γ(G) whose set of vertices is the set Π(G) of all prime divisors of the order |G| and two different vertices p and q of which are connected by an edge if G has an element of order pq. We prove that if S is one of the simple groups L 5(4) and U 4(4) and G is a finite group with Γ(G) = Γ(S), then G has a normal subgroup N such that Π(N) ⊆ {2, 3, 5} and $ \frac{G}{N} \cong S $ .

Real time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography is more specific than 2-dimensional TEE in the assessment of left atrial appendage thrombosis

In patients indicated for detection of intraatrial thrombus (T), 2-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (2DTEE) is routinely used but differentiation between T and trabeculae or artifacts in the left atrial appendage (LAA) is often difficult. To compare the diagnostic value of real time 3D-transesophageal echocardiography (RT3DTEE) and 2DTEE in the assessment of LAA thrombosis. One hundred and ten consecutive patients (73M, aged 64+-13) were examined by 2DTEE. In terms of possible T, individual pts were diagnosed as negative (N2), uncertain trabecular finding (U2), other/artifacts (O2), and clearly positive (T2). The RT3DTEE was then applied and the categorization repeated (N3,U3,O3 and T3, resp.). Finally, the operator decided whether the RT3DTEE. A: had an additional diagnostic value, and/or B: changed the definite diagnosis of thrombosis. N2:71; U2:17; O2:19;T2:3; N3:97; U3:1; O3:12; T3:0. Ad A/ RT3DTEE enabled us to refine or change the diagnosis in 26/110 cases. 17 pts were switched from group U2 to N3, 7:O2-N3 and 2:T2-N3. 12 pts from O2 and 1 pt from T2 remained unclarified. Ad B/ Diagnoses were changed in 6 patients after RT3DTEE. A very suspicious T2 was found in 3 patients. In 1, the finding was requalified definitely as musculi pectinati. In the second patient, the finding was re-categorized as just a spontaneous echocontrast without T. In another 4 patients, T in LAA was definitely excluded after RT3DTEE (1 patient switched from U2 to N3, 3 from O2 to N3). In another 13, the findings remained unclear, mostly because of poor quality image. No real thrombus was found in this study. RT3DTEE provides additional information, which may be helpful in the differentiation of thrombus from other findings. It is particularly useful in the identification of muscular trabeculae in the left atrial appendage.

Burning Bridges

Popular music analysis, particularly pop-rock analysis, presents several challenges. Despite the repetition and seeming simplicity of the harmonic progressions in many pop-rock songs, analyzing their form can be difficult. One of these difficulties lies in the terminology used to describe the sections within a song. Specifically, the term “bridge” is troublesome because frequently it does not adequately describe the function of the section it represents. Using the music of Irish group U2, this paper defines and illustrates the “interverse,” a new term for the section traditionally called a “bridge” in pop-rock music, one that more accurately describes how the section relates to immediately preceding and succeeding material, as well as how it functions within the song as a whole. In addition to introducing new terminology, this paper also defines, illustrates, and distinguishes among the traditional sections of a pop-rock song, namely the introduction, verse, chorus, refrain, interlude, transition, and conclusion.

Effects of ulinastatin postconditioning and combination of ulinastatin preconditioning and postconditioning on myocardial apoptosis in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass

Objective To evaluate the effects of ulinastatin postconditioning and combination of ulinastatin preconditioning and postconditioning on myocardial apoptosis in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methods Eighty NYHA class Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients of both sexes,aged 21-59,scheduled for cardiac valve replacement with CPB,were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n =20 each):normal saline control group ( group C ),ulinastatin preconditioning group ( group U1 ),ulinastatin postconditioning group (group U2 ) and ulinastatin preconditioning plus postconditioning group(group U3 ).In group U1,uinastatin 20 000U/kg was infused via central vein at 500-1000 U·kg-1 ·min-1 from after tracheal intubation until 10 min before ascending aortic cross-clamping.In group U2,ulinastatin 10 000 U/kg was perfused via aortic root at 4000-5000 U· kg-1 · min-1 at 5-7 min before aortic unclamping.In group U3,ulinastatin preconditioning and postconditioning were performed as described in groups U1 and U2.In group C same volume normal saline was infused instead of ulinastatin.Blood samples were taken from radial artery at 10 min before ascending aortic cross-clamping,40 min after ascending aortic cross-clamping,45 min after aortic unclamping and the end of operation for determination of plasma concentrations of TNF-α and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNF-R1).Myocardial tissues were obtained from right atrial appendage at 45 min after aortic unclamping for determination the expression of TNF-d,Bcl-2,Bax and caspase-3 and apoptosis.The Bcl-2/Bax ratio and apoptotic index were calculated.Results Plasma concentrations of TNF-α and sTNF-R1 and the expression of TNF-α,Bax,caspase-3 and apoptotic index were lower,the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-2/Bax ratio were higher in groups U1,U2 and U3 thah group C and in group U3 than groups U1,U2 ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Ulinastatin postconditioning can inhibit myocardial apoptosis in patients undergoing cardiac valve replacement with CPB,and efficacy of combination of ulinastatin preconditioning and postconditioning is stronger than that of ulinastatin postconditioning.The mechanism is involved in balancing the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 and down-regulating the expression of TNF-α and its receptor. Key words: Trypsin inhibitors; Myocardial reperfusion injury ; Apoptosis ; Ischemic preconditioning, myocardial; Cardiopulmonary bypass; Heart valve prosthesis implantation; Postconditioning

English

Urtica angustifolia&nbsp;is a traditional medicinal material which has hypoglycemic function. The objectives&nbsp;of this study&nbsp;were to isolate and identify hypoglycemic active ingredients from it. Three groups of mice were gavaged with the decoction ofUrtica&nbsp;root, stem and leaf for 14 days at a dose of 20 mg/(kg&middot;d). Area under the curve (AUC) values were 24.62&plusmn;5.24, 24.33&plusmn;4.66 and 25.51&plusmn;4.25, respectively. The AUC in leaf decoction group was significantly lower than the other two groups (P &lt; 0.05), which indicated the leaf extracts did have significant hypoglycemic action. Four kinds of extractions were obtained&nbsp;from leaves and fed to mice. AUC values were 33.44&plusmn;3.58, 34.24&plusmn;3.64, 30.44&plusmn;2.57 and 9.93&plusmn;1.98, respectively. AUC in group U3 (P &lt; 0.05) and U4 (P &lt; 0.01) were significantly lower than in the group of U1 and U2, which indicated that extraction U3 and U4 obviously decreased the blood sugar. Also, U3&nbsp;was flavonoid and U4&nbsp;was daucosterol, which was identified by thin-layer chromatography test, IR and ESI-MS spectral analysis. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Urtica angustifolia, active component, glucose tolerance test, hypoglycemic.

Efficacy of different doses of urapidil in preventing pituitrin-induced cardiovascular responses in patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of different dones of urapidil in preventing pituitrin-induced cardiovascular responses in patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy.Methods Sixty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 27-41 yr,weighing 55-65 kg,scheduled for elective laparoscopic myomectomy under general anesthesia,were randonly divided into 4 groups (n =15 each):control group (group C) and urapidil 0.3,0.5 and 0.8 mg/kg groups (groups U1-3).Urapidil 0.3,0.5 and 0.8 mg/kg were injected intravenously in U1-3 groups respectively,while normal saline 5 ml was given in group C.The mixture of pituitrin 6 U and normal saline 20 ml was injected into the site of hysteromyoma 5 min later.The operation was then started.BIS value was maintained at 45-55.The occurrence of cardiovascular responses was recorded.Results The incidences of cardiovascular responses were 100％,67％,40％ and 20％ in groups C and U1-3 respectively.The incidence of cardiovascular responses was significantly lower in groups U1-3 than in group C,and in groups U2.3 than in group U1 ( P ＜ 0.01 ).There was no significant difference in the incidence of cordiovascular responses between U2 and U3 groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion Urapidil can prevent pituitrin-induced cardiovascular responses in patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy and the optimal dose is 0.5 mg/kg. Key words: Piperazines; Pituitary hormones, posterior; Laparoscopy; Leiomyoma; Gynecologic surgical procedures; Hemodynamics

Lack of compensatory growth response in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata) juveniles following starvation and subsequent refeeding

This study assessed the effect of short (one or two weeks) feed deprivation periods on compensatory growth response of gilthead seabream juveniles. A 10 weeks growth trial was performed and three different feeding protocols were tested: control group (C) fed to apparent satiation twice a day, 6 days a week, during the whole experimental period; one week or two weeks unfed groups (groups U1 and U2, respectively) and re-fed for the rest 8 weeks of the trial as the control group. Each feeding protocol was tested in triplicate groups of fish with an initial body weight of 58 g. Starvation for one or two weeks induced significant losses of body weight that, comparatively to the control group, totaled 18.5 and 30.5% for U1 and U2 group, respectively. An intense mobilization of liver lipid and glycogen was observed after 1 or 2 weeks of starvation while perivisceral lipids, eviscerated-body lipids and energy contents were only decreased in fish unfed for 2 weeks. During the subsequent re-feeding period no recovery of body weight lost was noticed in the previously unfed groups, and feed intake and feed efficiency were identical in all groups. No differences between slopes of growth trajectory between the control and unfed groups were noticed, indicating no convergence of growth of unfed groups towards that of control group. A total recovery of the whole-body composition, organ indices, liver and viscera composition was observed at the end of the trial. Overall, gilthead seabream juveniles were not able to compensate growth after the feed starvation imposed. Therefore, it can be concluded, that under the experimental conditions applied short – one or two weeks – feed restriction periods are not advisable as management strategy to be used in gilthead seabream production.

Effect of ulinastatin on thromboxane B₂ and deep vein thrombosis in elderly patients after hip joint replacement

To determine the effect of ulinastatin on plasma thromboxane B(2) and deep vein thrombosis(DVT) in elderly patients after hip joint replacement. Eighty ASAI-IIpatients aged 65-81 years undergoing hip joint replacement were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=20): Group U1 (ulinastatin 5 000 U/kg);Group U2 (ulinastatin 10 000 U/kg); Group U3 (ulinastatin 20 000 U/kg); and Group C (the same volume of saline as control).The blood samples were collected at 5 time points: preoperation (T(1)), immediately after the operation (T(2)), 1 d (T(3)), 2 d (T(4)) and 3 d after the operation (T(5)), respectively. Thromboxane B(2) was detected, and DVT was also examined through color Doppler ultrasonography 3 d after the operation. Compared with T(1), the level of thromboxane B(2) significantly increased in Group C at T(2)-5, in Group U1 at T(2-4), in Group U2 and U3 at T(2) (P<0.01). Compared with Group C, the concentration of thromboxane B(2) decreased in Group U1 at T(2-3), in Group U2 and U3 at T(2-4) (P<0.01). Compared with Group U1, thromboxane B(2) significantly decreased in Group U2 and U3 at T(2-4) (P<0.01).The incidence rate of DVT was 40% in Group C, 10% in Group U1. There was no incidence of DVT in the Group U2 and U3 (P>0.05). Ulinastatin can inhibit blood thromboxane B(2) level in dose dependent manner and prevent DVT in elderly patients after hip joint replacement.

Effects of different doses of ulinastatin on severe thermal injury-induced myocardial damage in rats

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of ulinastatin on severe thermal injuryinduced myocardial damage in rats. Methods One hundred and eighty female SD rats weighing 180-220 g were usedin this study. Thirty percent of the total body surface (TBS) was shaved chemically with 20% sodium sulphate and then exposed to 92 ℃ water for 18 s. The animals with third degree thermal injury involving 30% of the TBS were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 60 each): group Ⅰ thermal injury (group TI); group Ⅱ and Ⅲ received intraperitoneal ulinastatin 40 000 and 80 000 U/kg respectively immediately after thermal injury (group U1 , U2). The TI group received equal volume of normal saline IP instead of ulinastatin. Blood samples were taken from abdominal aorta before (baseline) and at 1, 3, 6, 12 h after thermal injury for determination of serum concentrations of cTnI, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α (10 samples at each time points). Ten animals were sacrificed at each time point after blood sampling. The myocardial specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and measurement of MDA content and SOD activity. Results Compared with group TI, the serum concentrations of cTnI, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α and MDA content in myocardium were significantly decreased and the myocardial SOD activity was significantly increased in group U1 , while in group U2 the senum concentrations of cTnI, IL-Iβ, IL-6 and TNF-α and myocardial MDA content were significantly increased and the myocardial SOD activity was significantly decreased. There was no siginificant difference in the serum concentrations of IL-10 among the three groups. Microscopic examination showed that myocardial damage was accentuated in group U2 as compared with group U1. Conclusion Ulinastatin 40 000 U/kg can ameliorate severe thermal injury-induced myocardial injury through inhibition of inflammatory response and lipid peroxidation response, whereas ulinastatin 80 000 U/kg accentuates myocardial damage. Key words: Trypsin inhibitors; Burns; Myocardium

Dade's Invariant Conjecture for the Symplectic Group Sp4(2 n ) and the Special Unitary Group SU4(22n ) in Defining Characteristic

In this article, we verify Dade's projective invariant conjecture for the symplectic group Sp4(2 n ) and the special unitary group SU4(22n ) in the defining characteristic, that is, in characteristic 2. Furthermore, we show that the Isaacs–Malle–Navarro version of the McKay conjecture holds for Sp4(2 n ) and SU4(22n ) in the defining characteristic, that is, Sp4(2 n ) and SU4(22n ) are good for the prime 2 in the sense of Isaacs, Malle, and Navarro.

Molecular Monitoring and Isolation of Previously Uncultured Bacterial Strains from the Sheep Rumen

To estimate the contribution of uncultured bacterial groups to fiber degradation, we attempted to retrieve both ecological and functional information on uncultured groups in the rumen. Among previously reported uncultured bacteria, fiber-associated groups U2 and U3, belonging to the low-GC Gram-positive bacterial group, were targeted. PCR primers and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probe targeting 16S rRNA genes or rRNA were designed and used to monitor the distribution of targets. The population size of group U2 in the rumen was as high as 1.87%, while that of group U3 was only 0.03%. Strong fluorescence signals were observed from group U2 cells attached to plant fibers in the rumen. These findings indicate the ecological significance of group U2 in the rumen. We succeeded in enriching group U2 using rumen-incubated rice straw as the inoculum followed by incubation in an appropriate medium with an agent inhibitory for Gram-negative bacteria. Consequently, we successfully isolated two strains, designated B76 and R-25, belonging to group U2. Both strains were Gram-positive short rods or cocci that were 0.5 to 0.8 mum in size. Strain B76 possessed xylanase and alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase activity. In particular, the xylanase activity of strain B76 was higher than that of xylanolytic Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens H17c grown on cellobiose. Strain R-25 showed an alpha-l-arabinofuranosidase activity higher than that of strain B76. These results suggest that strains B76 and R-25 contribute to hemicellulose degradation in the rumen.

Ulcer Size as a Novel Indicator Marker Is Correlated with Prognosis of Ulcerative Gastric Cancer

Aims: The objective of this study was to assess the significance of ulcer size for the survival of gastric cancer patients. Methods: A total of 260 patients with ulcerative gastric cancer who had undergone curative resection were reviewed. The diameter of the malignant ulcer was measured. Patients were divided into group U1 (≤3 cm) and group U2 (>3 cm) according to the diameter of the ulcer. The prognostic significance of ulcer size was assessed by uni- and multivariate analyses. Results: Patient survival was correlated with age, gender, tumor location, tumor size, ulcer size, serosal invasion, node involvement and synchronism distant metastasis. The 5-year overall survival rate in U1 patients was 84.3% as compared with 67.5% in U2 patients (p < 0.001), and the 5-year recurrence-free survival rates were 82.9% for group U1 and 62.5% for group U2 (p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that ulcer size is an independently significant predictive factor for survival rates (overall: hazard ratio 1.222, p = 0.003; recurrence-free: hazard ratio 1.205, p = 0.006). Conclusion: Ulcer size might be a potential indicator for advanced disease and the use of minimal local treatments must be considered carefully in larger ulcer size patients.

Cytotoxicity of intermaxillary orthodontic elastics of different colors: an in vitro study

Objectives:Natural latex does not fall into the category of materials known to be entirely inoffensive. The purpose of this in vitro study was to test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the cytotoxicity between elastics of different colors and those from different manufacturers.Material and Methods:Different latex intraoral elastics of different colors (5/16 = 7.9 mm, mean load) were compared. The sample was divided into 7 groups of 24 elastics each: Group T (TP Orthodontics, natural latex elastics, control); Groups U1, U2, U3, U4, U5 and U6 (Uniden, natural latex elastics and colored elastics, namely, green, pink, yellow, red and purple, respectively). Cytotoxicity assays were performed by using cell culture medium containing epithelioid-type cells (Hep-2 line) derived from human laryngeal carcinoma. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by using the "dye-uptake" test, which was employed at two different moments (0 and 24 h). Data were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test (p<0.05).Results:There was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between Group T and all other groups (U1, U2, U3, U4, U5 and U6) at 0 and 24 h. No statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was found between Groups U1 and U5, U1 and U6, U2 and U3, U2 and U4, U2 and U5, U2 and U6, U3 and U4, U3 and U5, U3 and U6, U4 and U5, U4 and U6, and U5 and U6 at 0 and 24 h.Conclusions:The TP Orthodontics elastics promoted less cell lysis compared to the Uniden elastics regardless of their color.