Group Opinion Research Articles

Symptoms and management of cow's milk allergy: perception and evidence.

The diagnosis and management of cow's milk allergy (CMA) is a topic of debate and controversy. Our aim was to compare the opinions of expert groups from the Middle East (n = 14) and the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) (n = 13). These Expert groups voted on statements that were developed by the ESPGHAN group and published in a recent position paper. The voting outcome was compared. Overall, there was consensus amongst both groups of experts. Experts agreed that symptoms of crying, irritability and colic, as single manifestation, are not suggestive of CMA. They agreed that amino-acid based formula (AAF) should be reserved for severe cases (e.g., malnutrition and anaphylaxis) and that there is insufficient evidence to recommend a step-down approach. There was no unanimous consensus on the statement that a cow's milk based extensively hydrolysed formula (eHF) should be the first choice as a diagnostic elimination diet in mild/moderate cases. Although the statements regarding the role for hydrolysed rice formula as a diagnostic and therapeutic elimination diet were accepted, 3/27 disagreed. The votes regarding soy formula highlight the differences in opinion in the role of soy protein in CMA dietary treatment. Generally, soy-based formula is seldom available in the Middle-East region. All ESPGHAN experts agreed that there is insufficient evidence that the addition of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics increase the efficacy of elimination diets regarding CMA symptoms (despite other benefits such as decrease of infections and antibiotic intake), whereas 3/14 of the Middle East group thought there was sufficient evidence. Differences in voting are related to geographical, cultural and other conditions, such as cost and availability. This emphasizes the need to develop region-specific guidelines considering social and cultural conditions, and to perform further research in this area.

When cardiovascular medicines should be discontinued.

An integral component of the practice of medicine is focused on the initiation of medications, based on clinical practice guidelines and underlying trial evidence, which usually test the addition of novel medications intended for life-long use in short-term clinical trials. Much less attention is given to the question of medication discontinuation, especially after a lengthy period of treatment, during which patients age gets older and diseases may either progress or new diseases may emerge. Given the paucity of data, clinical practice guidelines offer little to no guidance on when and how to deprescribe cardiovascular medications. Such decisions are often left to the discretion of clinicians, who, together with their patients, express concern of potential adverse effects of medication discontinuation. Even in the absence of adverse effects, the continuation of medications without any proven effect may cause harm due to drug-drug interactions, the emergence of polypharmacy, and additional preventable spending to already strained health systems. Herein, several cardiovascular medications or medication classes are discussed that in the opinion of this author group should generally be discontinued, either for the prevention of potential harm, for a lack of benefit, or for the availability of better alternatives.

An Incentive Mechanism-Based Minimum Adjustment Consensus Model Under Dynamic Trust Relationship.

In traditional group decision making, the inconsistent experts are usually forced to make compromises toward the group opinion to increase the group consensus level. However, the strategy of reaching group consensus via an incentive mechanism encouraging adjustment of preferences is more effective than forcing, which is the aim of this article. Specifically, this article establishes a novel incentive mechanism to support group consensus under dynamic trust relationship. First, the supremum and infimum incentives-based rule driven by trust relationship is defined. Based on the assumption that if incentive conditions are met, then experts will be willing to adjust their preferences, the incentive behavior-driven minimum adjustment consensus model is developed to generate optimal incentive-based recommendation preferences. Thus, the proposed incentive mechanism can effectively reduce the preference adjustment cost and promote group consensus reaching. Third, the updated trust relationships between experts are shown to be strengthen by the proposed incentive-driven preference revision. Consequently, the optimization model based on trust interaction relationship is constructed to obtain the final group preference matrix. Finally, a supplier selection case of high-end medical equipment is provided to illustrate the proposed method and show the rationality and advantages of the proposed methodology with both a sensitivity analysis and a comparison analysis.

“Canada is a Big Deal Here”: The eFP Battle Group and Host Nation Public Opinion

Does personal contact between allied service members and local citizens result in greater public acceptance of foreign military presence? To what extent do members of the host nation's domestic society assess favorably the forward deployment of allied military personnel on their own national territory? Substantial scholarly literature has probed these types of questions in the context of US globe-spanning military deployments. This study, however, departs from the US-centric approach and focuses on the deployment of a middle power. In the presented analysis, we examine the Canadian approach to “winning hearts and minds” in Latvia. In 2023, upwards of 800 Canadian troops were stationed in Latvia. Using original survey data, we measure local citizens' attitudes towards the Canadian-led battlegroup. Our results speak to the fact that Canadian and other foreign armed forces' presence in Latvia is generally accepted by the wider society. Despite Moscow's active attempts to cultivate anti-NATO sentiments, the Latvian public welcomes the stationing of Canadian troops on the country's soil.

The impact of focus group opinions on market competitiveness and economic success in film production: Analysis of sociological and marketing aspects in the context of efficient resource utilisation and budget optimisation

The impact of focus group opinions on market competitiveness and economic success in film production: Analysis of sociological and marketing aspects in the context of efficient resource utilisation and budget optimisation

A quantum group decision model for meteorological disaster emergency response based on D-S evidence theory and Choquet integral

In addressing complex and dynamic meteorological disaster decision-making environment, the traditional multi-attribute group decision-making domain model is often unable to effectively deal with the correlation between attributes and the mutual influence of group opinions. To overcome this challenge, this paper proposes a novel quantum framework for group decision-making, which is used to deal with the emergency situation of meteorological disaster. The model initially characterizes attribute correlations using 2-additive Choquet integrals and employs Dempster-Shafer evidence theory to both integrate information and ascertain attribute weights, and decision makers' weights are calculated based on grey relative correlation. On this basis, a quantum-like Bayesian network is developed to capture the interference among decision-makers' opinions. The alternatives are ranked by quantum probabilities computed based on Bayesian principle. Finally, a case study on meteorological disaster emergency scenario assessment is conducted to validate the proposed model's effectiveness and superiority. Additionally, its stability and practicality are confirmed through sensitivity analysis and comparative analysis.

Analysis of Students' Scientific Attitudes in Learning Science in The Campus Teaching Program at SMP Negeri 5 People's Village

Abstract : The aim of this research is to determine the scientific attitude towards science learning in campus teaching programs for class VIII students at SMP Negeri 5 Kampung Rakyat. The research method used in this research is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results of this research analysis show that four dominant scientific attitudes are seen in science learning in campus teaching programs, namely a curious attitude such as students having a high sense of curiosity about new things so that students are enthusiastic about asking questions. Indicators of respect for facts like students can appreciate and accept the opinions expressed by teachers and friends. Indicators of attitudes of willingness to change views such as students being able to realize changes to a more reasonable view of the facts. Students can convey the results of the discussion according to existing facts. The final indicator is a critical thinking attitude, such as students doubting the opinions or answers of other friends, students asking about learning they have just learned about, and students being able to express their opinions if there are differences in opinion between what the teacher conveys and the opinions of other discussion groups.

Spatio-Temporal Graph Representation Learning for Fraudster Group Detection.

Motivated by potential financial gain, companies may hire fraudster groups to write fake reviews to either demote competitors or promote their own businesses. Such groups are considerably more successful in misleading customers, as people are more likely to be influenced by the opinion of a large group. To detect such groups, a common model is to represent fraudster groups' static networks, consequently overlooking the longitudinal behavior of a reviewer, thus, the dynamics of coreview relations among reviewers in a group. Hence, these approaches are incapable of excluding outlier reviewers, which are fraudsters intentionally camouflaging themselves in a group and genuine reviewers happen to coreview in fraudster groups. To address this issue, we propose "FGDT," a framework for "fraudster group detection through temporal relations." FGDT first capitalizes on the effectiveness of the HIN-recurrent neural network (RNN) in both reviewers' representation learning while capturing the collaboration between reviewers. The HIN-RNN models the coreview relations of reviewers in a group in a fixed time window of 28 days. We refer to this as spatial relation learning representation to signify the generalizability of this work to other networked scenarios. Then, we use an RNN on the spatial relations to predict the spatio-temporal relations of reviewers in the group. In the third step, a graph convolution network (GCN) refines the reviewers' vector representations using these predicted relations. These refined representations are then used to remove outlier reviewers. The average of the remaining reviewers' representation is then fed to a simple fully connected layer to predict if the group is a fraudster group or not. Exhaustive experiments of FGDT showed a 5% (4%), 12% (5%), and 12% (5%) improvement over three of the most recent approaches on precision, recall, and F1-value over the Yelp (Amazon) dataset, respectively.

Biodiversity conservation, human-animal interactions, and zootherapy in ecological knowledge of Indonesian Healers.

We examined the entanglement of biodiversity conservation, human-animal interactions, zootherapy, and local beliefs among Sumatran Healers and their local community by completing an ethnography of 43 Indigenous Healers across 8 tribes in Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Data collection tools were interviews, observations, videos, photographs, and a researcher journal. Of the 43 Healers, 30 used animals and mentioned 62 species. Of the animals identified, the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List lists 34% (n=21) as endangered, decreasing, or vulnerable, including Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus), and Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Of the 30 Healers using animals, 50% (n=15) practiced healing with at least one endangered, decreasing, or vulnerable animal. We defined 3 personas: Healer self-persona, Healer-imposed persona, and community-imposed persona. A persona represented a group's opinions and sentiments related to Healers killing animals for medicinal purposes. Using an iterative data analysis process, we grouped the data across the 3 personas into 5 themes: ease of killing and preparing animals, emotions related to killing animals, animal value, relationship to religion, and Healers are tricksters. The complexity of merging the identities of Healers and the community within an actor-network embodies the relationality of actions, interactions, and feelings among Healers, between Healers and animals, and between Healers and the community. Conservationists should be cognizant of Healers' medicinal use of animals, views of human-animal interactions, and zootherapy from all social and emotional perspectives. The data led to defining Indigenous Healer ecological knowledge components of zootherapy, human-animal interactions, and biodiversity conservation.

SOCIAL TECHNOLOGIES OF PATRIOTIC EDUCATION IN MODERN RUSSIA

This article studies social technologies used in modern Russia for patriotic education. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of techniques of patriotic education and to assess the attitude of the population of different age groups to this type of education. The study is based on the results of a survey conducted among different age groups. The results of the survey allow us to get an idea of the opinion of the population of different age groups regarding patriotic education in modern Russia. They are applicable for the development and adaptation of patriotic education programs that take into account the preferences and opinions of different age groups, as well as for a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of the activities carried out.

Особенности волевой регуляции поведения у осужденных женщин, имеющих наркотическую зависимость

The article presents a study of the features of volitional self-regulation of convicted women with drug addiction in conditions of social isolation. The purpose of the study was to study the characteristics of volitional regulation of convicted women with drug addiction. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of volitional regulation of convicted women with drug addiction. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption that the volitional regulation of convicted women with drug addiction differs from the volitional regulation of convicted women who do not have drug addiction. The study was carried out using the following diagnostic tools:
 – a methodology for studying stylistic self-regulation of behavior (SSP) aimed at the emotional-volitional sphere;
 – the methodology for studying volitional regulation (VVR) is aimed at studying the emotional-volitional and motivational-need spheres of the individual;
 – the “Volitional Personality Qualities Questionnaire” (VQL) technique designed to assess the volitional qualities of an individual.
 60 respondents took part in the study. The subjects were divided into two groups. 30 convicted women with drug addiction were selected for the experimental group. The control group consisted of 30 convicted women who did not have drug addiction.
 The results obtained during the study indicate that convicted women with drug addiction are extremely dependent on the opinions and assessments of others, are unable to independently develop plans and programs of action, and often and uncritically follow other people’s advice. In the absence of outside help, they inevitably experience regulatory failures. The stylistic features of self-regulation of activity reveal uncertainty in a rapidly changing environment; they have great difficulty getting used to changes in life and are extremely dependent on the opinions and assessments of others. They also have a reduced ability to consciously overcome obstacles on the path to their goals and conflict-free behavior; they are characterized by low initiative, independence, suggestibility, and dependence on the opinions of groups.

Evaluation of Telemedicine Support for Medics from the Perspective of Course Instructors.

Health services in the theater/district areas often contain difficulties. Although telemedicine has a huge potential to support medics in the area, there are challenges as well. Our aim is to evaluate the telemedicine support that can be provided to the medics from the perspective of course instructors. Our study was carried out in The University of Health Sciences, Türkiye. All of the instructors of a medic course were asked to fill a 13-question questionnaire and Likert-type scale, sent via e-mail. Among 79 instructors, 71 of them (55 physicians, 16 nonphysicians) responded and were included in the study. The distributions of the categorical variables in the groups were analyzed with the Pearson Chi-square. Of the 71 participants, 37 (52.11%) stated that there is a need for legal and ethical regulations for telemedicine (medical liability, malpractice, obtaining consent from the casualties, civilians, cross border missions, and rank-related problems) and patients' rights, additionally, to clarify the responsibilities of the doctors giving telemedicine support and the medics in the area. It was observed that physicians' and nonphysician group's opinions about the telepsychotherapy were statistically significantly different (χ2 = 8.675, P = .013). Most of the instructors believed that telemedicine could carry the knowledge and skills of specialist physicians to the field of operation. Access to high-quality health services in a short time through telemedicine support can increase the courage and commitment of the personnel. It is thought that with telemedicine, medics will not feel alone in the field, their worries about making wrong decisions will decrease, and their knowledge and skills will increase. Participants were particularly concerned about who will be held responsible for problems arising from interventions carried out using telemedicine, and strict legal and medical regulations are needed.

Opinion formation over dynamic hierarchical networks with acquaintances and strangers: A genetic variation based double-mechanism framework

Inspired by the psychological phenomenon that agents generally adopt different opinions or action-update mechanisms when faced with different types of neighbors, we propose a novel double-mechanism framework over dynamic hierarchical networks to fill this gap. First, a novel multi-attribute genetic variation-based leader-influencer-follower (LIF) dynamic hierarchical network is developed. Second, we propose a double-mechanism framework in which a synchronous asymmetric Deffuant–Weisbuch model with opinion memory effect (MSADW) and a continuous opinion and discrete action (CODA) model with action memory effect (MCODA) are built, achieving the co-evolution of the agent’s attribute and the social network with acquaintances and strangers, respectively. Finally, the experimental results show that the memory effect can effectively weaken the bounded confidence rule and behavioral preference, accelerating the consensus of group opinions or actions. In addition, all agents attempt to obtain a higher out-degree during the co-evolution process to realize the hierarchical transition. The fitted hierarchical partition functions provide a basis for adjusting social structure from the inverted T-shaped to the pyramid-shaped structure and finally to the olive-shaped structure, which has insightful social interpretations.

Constructing order-2 information granules of linguistic expressions with the aid of the principle of justifiable granularity

To capture collective opinions/evaluations in a collection of individual linguistic expressions, this study proposes an approach to construct order-2 information granules by extending the numerical data-based principles of justifiable granularity to a linguistic data-based one. First, the two key criteria of the principle of justifiable granularity, namely coverage and specificity, are formally defined in the context of order-2 information granules. Second, three order-2 information granules construction models by maximizing the product of coverage and specificity are developed for coping with one-dimensional direct linguistic expressions, linguistic preference relations, and multi-dimensional direct linguistic expressions, respectively. Third, considering that the developed order-2 information granules construction models exhibit a non-linear uncertain objective function and equality constraints, the constrained multi-swarm PSO without velocity is improved with the use of the ε constrained handling technique for effectively solving the models. Case studies on the considered three types of linguistic expressions show the applicability of the proposed models and ensuing algorithm. The superiority of the improved algorithm in handling the proposed models is demonstrated by comparison with the original one. The effectiveness of the proposed models in terms of abnormal corrective ability and balance of coverage and specificity is verified by comparing with a family of Top-n methods. The originality of this study lies in the construction of an operational entity, namely order-2 information granule, that reflects the group opinion without specifying the formalism of individual linguistic expressions, which provides an effective and efficient way to aggregate ubiquitous linguistic information for subsequent computation, reasoning and decision-making.

Group Opinion Consensus Under Moderate Guidance

Group Opinion Consensus Under Moderate Guidance

Biases and Reluctances Causing Cancer Patients in Dilemma for COVID-19 Vaccination

Background We have planned this study to determine opinions of this patient group, who are affected negatively both in physical aspect during the treatment process of cancer and who are fragile and sensitive for psycho-social aspects, their opposition level and misimpressions related to vaccine and for eliminating these reluctances if possible.
 Methods Between February 2021 and 15 April 2021, all cancer patients applying to our oncology clinic have been first asked to fill in the questionnaire, which includes three articles where suggestions expressing their attitude towards vaccination were asked and subsequently nine articles expressing suggestions about vaccine opposition
 Results According to responses to a decision for vaccination, we have learned that 446 (79,6%) patients thought to have the Covid-19 vaccine, 62 (11.1%) were hesitant, and 52 (9.3%) did not think to have a vaccine.
 Conclusions The most critical data obtained from this study is that there were severe biases related to adverse effects due to vaccines, although patients have a positive attitude about vaccination. The most important task of health authorities should be to eliminate reluctance without waiting for patients to take a more negative attitude on this subject.
 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 02 April’24 Page : 345-354

How can communities better prepare for future disasters? Learning from the tourism community resilience model from Bali, Indonesia

PurposeThe impact of COVID-19 on tourism destinations has been severe, but a future crisis is never far away. How communities can better prepare for disasters to come in the near future continues to be researched. This research aims to understand the tourism community’s responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and present the Tourism Community Resilience Model as a useful instrument to help communities better respond to disasters in the future.Design/methodology/approachThis research uses a qualitative research approach which seeks to understand phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and individual and group opinions that are dynamic in character in accordance with the situation in the field. Research primary data is in the form of Kuta Traditional Village local community responses in enduring the COVID-19 pandemic conducted between January and May 2022. These data were obtained through in-depth observations and interviews involving informants based on purposive sampling, including traditional community leaders, village officials, tourism actors (i.e. street vendors, tourist local guides, taxi drivers and art workers) and tourism community members. We selected the informants who are not only directly impacted by the pandemic, but also some of them have to survive during the pandemic because they do not have other job options. The results of previous research and government data concerning the pandemic and community resilience were needed as secondary data, which were obtained through a study of the literature. The data which had been obtained were further analysed based on the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) technique, which seeks to make meaning of something from the participants’ perspective and the researchers’ perspective as a result there occurs a cognition of a central position.FindingsBased on findings from Bali, Indonesia, this resilience model for the tourism community was created in response to the difficulties and fortitude shown by the community during the COVID-19 pandemic. It comprises four key elements, namely the Local Wisdom Foundation, Resource Management, Government Contributions and External Community Support. These elements are all rooted in the concepts of niskala (spirituality) and sekala (real response); it is these elements that give the tourism community in the Kuta Traditional Village a unique approach, which can inspire other tourism destinations in other countries around the world.Research limitations/implicationsA tourism community resilience model based on local community responses has implications for the process of enriching academic research and community management practices in facing future crisis, particularly by involving local wisdom foundation.Practical implicationsA tourism community resilience model based on local community responses has implications for the process of enriching academic research and community management practices in facing future crisis, particularly by involving local wisdom foundation.Social implicationsThe existence of the resilience model strengthens local community social cohesion, which has been made stronger by the bonds of culture and shared faith in facing disaster. This social cohesion then stimulates the strength of sustainable and long-term community collaboration in the post-pandemic period. For tourism businesses, having strong connections with the local communities is an important condition to thrive.Originality/valueThe value of this research is the Tourism Resilience Community Model, which is a helpful tool to optimise and improve future strategies for dealing with disasters. Illustrated by this Balinese example, this paper emphasises the importance of adding social factors such as niskala and sekala to existing community resilience models. Addressing these local characteristics is the innovative aspect of this paper and will help inspire communities around the world to prepare for future disasters better and build more sustainable and resilient tourism destinations elsewhere.

Spherical fuzzy sets based integrated DEMATEL, ANP, VIKOR approach and its application for renewable energy selection in Turkey

Renewable energy continues occupying the global agenda for the low-carbon transition. Identifying suitable sources for renewable energy involves different criteria and alternatives, which can be defined as a Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) problem. MCDM methods can be enriched with Group Decision Making (GDM) to merge individual judgments into group opinions, as well as with fuzzy sets to better simulate human opinions. To handle uncertainties of DMs’ preferences, a recently developed fuzzy set extension, the Spherical Fuzzy Sets (SFSs), is combined in this study with different MCDM tools to establish a decision support tool for the energy source selection problem. This article proposes a novel MCDM approach that integrates SF-DEMATEL (Spherical Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory), SF-ANP (Spherical Fuzzy Analytic Network Process), and SF-VIKOR (Spherical Fuzzy Vlse Kriterijumska Optimizacija Kompromisno Resenje) algorithms in a GDM environment and presents its application in a case study for selecting renewable energy sources in Turkey. Comparing wind, geothermal, solar, hydropower, and biogas, the proposed method highlighted both wind and solar energy as a compromise solution as the most suitable options for Turkey. It has been found that compared to similar fuzzy sets, SFS can better reflect the hesitation degree to address the lack of knowledge and errors in the membership function definitions. The robustness and plausibility of these findings are demonstrated with sensitivity and comparative analyses, suggesting this MCDM method can also be applied to similar problems in other settings.

Youth "Hanfu culture" in the context of the subcultural perspective of the development of Chinese street fashion

The development of the Hanfu Culture youth movement in China has been going on for more than ten years. The purpose of this study is to clarify the importance of the historical influence of ancient fashion on modern Hanfu costume and its perception by the youth of the country. The object of the study is social relations. An empirical survey using the example of young residents of Chengdu showed that fans of the "Hanfu culture" make up the absolute majority, and these are mainly women of a wide age range and Han youth with a higher cultural level with a good education. The author proves that the main goals of the Hanfu youth movement are: inheritance, dissemination and popularization of Hanfu culture; development and innovation of Hanfu culture. Based on the conducted surveys and tests, the author concludes that the rise of the youth "Hanfu culture" is mainly due to the following reasons: the awakening of national identity, inspired by the ongoing development of globalization; the increase in national consciousness caused by the emphasis on historical consciousness in domestic policy towards ethnic minorities. The following methods and methodology were used in the research process: Analysis of historical sources: historical documents, images, artifacts and literature; Questionnaires: among various population groups; Personal survey; Comparative analysis. The methodology included a comprehensive approach to the study of the historical context and its impact on modern fashion. The presented article explores the historical influence of ancient fashion on modern street fashion, taking into account questionnaires, personal survey and analysis of historical time periods and forms of Chinese Hanfu costume. The main conclusions of the study are to identify the significant influence of ancient fashion on modern street fashion trends, as well as to understand the importance of preserving historical heritage in modern fashion. A special contribution of the author to the research of the topic is an integrated approach to the analysis of historical data and opinions of various groups of society, which allowed us to get a more complete picture of the influence of ancient fashion on modern culture. The novelty of the research lies in the use of a combination of questionnaire methods, personal survey and analysis of historical forms to study this topic, which allowed us to obtain unique results and a deep understanding of the evolution of fashion.

Explaining the experience of breastfeeding in women with gestational diabetes and designing and implementing an educational program based on planned behavior theory: a combined exploratory study protocol.

Gestational diabetes is a type of carbohydrate intolerance that is diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy. Researches have shown that gestational diabetes is associated with many negative prenatal and birth outcomes. Because of the complications such as infant death, several diabetics' mothers plan to stop breastfeeding. Research findings indicate a decrease in breastfeeding in mothers with gestational diabetes/ or contradictory tissues regarding the factors affecting the breastfeeding behavior of mothers with gestational diabetes and a special program to promote breastfeeding for these mothers based on the social and cultural conditions of Iranian society. The present study aims to design an interventional program with a mixed qualitative study based on the theory of planned behavior (PBT) to prevent the decrease of breastfeeding in diabetic mothers. A mixed methods exploratory design will be used to conduct this study in 3 phases. The first phase (qualitative): The purpose of the first phase is to understand the experience of breastfeeding mothers who had gestational diabetes, which will be done using the directed content analysis method. The purposive sampling will be used on pregnant mothers with gestational diabetes 30-34weeks and mothers with infants (up to 6months) with a history of gestational diabetes. The second phase include designing and implementing an educational program based on the PBT: Education will be conducted based on the needs assessment of the qualitative phase, the opinions of the focus group, and the literature review, then the breastfeeding behavior will be measured using the survey tool of "breastfeeding drop". The third phase: Interventional quantitative phase: The sample size will be carried out by a pilot study, then a designed program as an educational intervention for teaching breastfeeding behavior based on the PBT for 30-34weeks pregnant mothers with gestational diabetes will be implemented during 3-4 sessions and breastfeeding behavior will be evaluated after delivery. This is the first mixed-method study in Iran that led to implement an interventional program based on the theory of planned behavior. Because of the complications such as infant death, several diabetics' mothers plan to stop breastfeeding. We hope that the result of this research will be a step in solving breastfeeding problems in mothers with gestational diabetes.