Group Of Emergency Physicians Research Articles

The use of point‐of‐care ultrasound for detection of retinal detachment in emergency department

AbstractIntroductionRetinal detachment (RD) is an ocular emergency commonly encountered in the emergency department (ED). Point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) has been proposed to rapidly identify the diagnosis. This study aimed to assess the accuracy of POCUS for detection of RD by a group of emergency physicians (EP) who had no prior experience in ocular POCUS.MethodsThis was a retrospective single‐center cohort study conducted between July 2023 and April 2024. All EP without any experience of POCUS in the department were invited to participate voluntarily in the study. They received a structured training session prior to the commencement of study which included a 30‐min lecture followed by a 30‐min supervised hands‐on practice on healthy individuals. All adult patients presenting to ED with acute onset flashes, floaters, and monocular visual loss were included. Patients who met one of the following criteria were excluded: pre‐existing or known RD, suspected ruptured eyeball, and unable to communicate in either Chinese or English. The final diagnosis by ophthalmologists were used as the gold standard for comparison.ResultsA total of 12 EP participated in the study and 89 patients were identified. Fourteen of them received the diagnosis of RD by ophthalmologists. Overall, the sensitivity of ocular POCUS was 93% (95% confidence interval (CI = 66%–100%). Specificity was 89% (95% CI = 80%–95%). The positive predictive value was 62% (95% CI = 45%–76%) and the negative predictive value was 98% (95% CI = 91%–100%).ConclusionOcular POCUS has high sensitivity and negative predictive value for detection of RD. It is a useful and readily available diagnostic tool in ED even for EP without prior experience.

General emergency physician perceptions of caring for children: A qualitative interview study.

Emergency physicians care for most children presenting to U.S. emergency departments (EDs). Pediatric exposure during emergency medicine (EM) residency can be variable and critically ill children are rarely encountered. A recent needs assessment revealed that emergency physicians feel less prepared to manage various conditions in children and that infants, regardless of presenting complaint, pose particular challenges. Emergency physician perceptions of the experience of caring for pediatric patients have not been widely examined through a qualitative lens. We designed an interview-based qualitative study to explore emergency physician perspectives on pediatric patient care. We recruited emergency physicians who graduated from residency in 2015-2019 and all rotated through the same large tertiary children's hospital. Four trained interviewers conducted in-depth, one-on-one virtual interviews. An interdisciplinary team transcribed and then coded the interviews. The team performed a conventional content analysis for themes. Recruitment continued until thematic saturation was achieved. Twelve participants completed interviews. These participants trained in five diverse residency programs. Likewise, the participants now practice in a variety of settings. Three major themes emerged from the data: (1) experience and exposure are key to establishing comfort caring for children; (2) simulation, pathways, and the pediatric anesthesia rotation are educationally useful; and (3) caring for children poses unique emotional challenges. Participants shared many recommendations for future pediatric education for EM trainees, including increasing autonomy and exposure to neonates and considering how care might differ in a community setting. This interview-based qualitative study elucidates key themes in recently graduated emergency physicians' perceived experience of caring for children. Our findings have important educational implications for this group of emergency physicians and those who share similar experiences in training and practice.

Provider perception of presentations with nonspecific back pain in the emergency department and primary care practices: a semi-structured interview study

BackgroundIncreasing numbers of patients treated in the emergency departments pose challenges to delivering timely and high-quality care. Particularly, the presentation of patients with low-urgency complaints consumes resources needed for patients with higher urgency. In this context, patients with non-specific back pain (NSBP) often present to emergency departments instead of primary care providers. While patient perspectives are well understood, this study aims to add a provider perspective on the diagnostic and therapeutic approach for NSBP in emergency and primary care settings.MethodsIn a qualitative content analysis, we interviewed seven Emergency Physicians (EP) and nine General Practitioners (GP) using a semi-structured interview to assess the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients with NSBP in emergency departments and primary care practices. A hypothetical case of NSBP was presented to the interviewees, followed by questions on their diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. Recruitment was stopped after reaching saturation of the qualitative content analysis. Reporting this work follows the consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) checklist.ResultsEPs applied two different strategies for the workup of NSBP. A subset pursued a guideline-compliant diagnostic approach, ruling out critical conditions and managing pain without extensive diagnostics. Another group of EPs applied a more extensive approach, including extensive diagnostic resources and specialist consultations. GPs emphasized physical examinations and stepwise treatment, including scheduled follow-ups and a better knowledge of the patient history to guide diagnostics and therapy. Both groups attribute ED visits for NSBP to patient related and healthcare system related factors: lack of understanding of healthcare structures, convenience, demand for immediate diagnostics, and fear of serious conditions. Furthermore, both groups reported an ill-suited healthcare infrastructure with insufficiently available primary care services as a contributing factor.ConclusionsThe study highlights a need for improving guideline adherence in younger EPs and better patient education on the healthcare infrastructure. Furthermore, improving access and availability of primary care services could reduce ED visits of patients with NSBP.Trial registrationNo trial registration needed.

Does the Electrocardiogram Machine Interpretation Affect the Ability to Accurately Diagnose ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction by Emergency Physicians?

An ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) can portend significant morbidity and mortality to the patient and therefore must be rapidly diagnosed by an emergency medicine (EM) physician. The primary aim of this study is to determine whether EM physicians are more or less likely to accurately diagnose STEMI on an electrocardiogram (ECG) if they are blinded to the ECG machine interpretation as opposed to if they are provided the ECG machine interpretation. We performed a retrospective chart review of adult patients over 18 years of age admitted to our large, urban tertiary care center with a diagnosis of STEMI from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017. From these patients' charts, we selected 31 ECGs to create a quiz that was presented twice to a group of emergency physicians. The first quiz contained the 31 ECGs without the computer interpretations revealed. The second quiz, presented to the same physicians 2 weeks later, contained the same set of ECGs with the computer interpretations revealed. Physicians were asked "Based on the ECG above, is there a blocked coronary artery present causing a STEMI?" Twenty-five EM physicians completed two 31-question ECG quizzes for a total of 1550 ECG interpretations. On the first quiz with computer interpretations blinded, the overall sensitivity in identifying a "true STEMI" was 67.2% with an overall accuracy of 65.6%. On the second quiz in which the ECG machine interpretation was revealed, the overall sensitivity was 66.4% with an accuracy of 65.8 % in correctly identifying a STEMI. The differences in sensitivity and accuracy were not statistically significant. This study demonstrated no significant difference in physicians blinded versus those unblinded to computer interpretations of possible STEMI.

Rapid deployment of a virtual simulation curriculum to prepare for critical care triage during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario, Canada, an Emergency Standard of Care for Major Surge was created to establish a uniform process for the “triage” of finite critical care resources. This proposed departure from usual clinical care highlighted the need for an educational tool to prepare physicians for making and communicating difficult triage decisions. We created a just-in-time, virtual, simulation-based curriculum and evaluated its impact for our group of academic Emergency Physicians.MethodsOur curriculum was developed and evaluated following Stufflebeam’s Context-Input-Process–Product model. Our virtual simulation sessions, delivered online using Microsoft Teams, addressed a range of clinical scenarios involving decisions about critical care prioritization (i.e., Triage). Simulation participants completed a pre-course multiple-choice knowledge test and rating scales pertaining to their attitudes about using the Emergency Standard of Care protocol before and 2–4 weeks after participating. Qualitative feedback about the curriculum was solicited through surveys.ResultsNine virtual simulation sessions were delivered over 3 weeks, reaching a total of 47 attending emergency physicians (74% of our active department members). Overall, our intervention led to a 36% (95% CI 22.9–48.3%) improvement in participants’ self-rated comfort and attitudes in navigating triage decisions and communicating with patients at the end of life. Scores on the knowledge test improved by 13% (95% CI 0.4–25.6%). 95% of participants provided highly favorable ratings of the course content and similarly indicated that the session was likely or very likely to change their practice. The curriculum has since been adopted at multiple sites around the province.ConclusionOur novel virtual simulation curriculum facilitated rapid dissemination of the Emergency Standard of Care for Major Surge to our group of Emergency Physicians despite COVID-19-related constraints on gathering. The active learning afforded by this method improved physician confidence and knowledge with these difficult protocols.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43678-022-00280-6.

Providing care for older adults in the Emergency Department: expert clinical recommendations from the European Task Force on Geriatric Emergency Medicine.

Despite the rapidly expanding knowledge in the field of Geriatric Emergency Medicine in Europe, widespread implementation of change is still lacking. Many opportunities in everyday clinical care are missed to improve care for this susceptible and growing patient group. The aim was to develop expert clinical recommendations on Geriatric Emergency Medicine to be disseminated across Europe. A group of multi-disciplinary experts in the field of Geriatric Emergency Medicine in Europe was assembled. Using a modified Delphi procedure, a prioritized list of topics related to Geriatric Emergency Medicine was created. Next, a multi-disciplinary group of nurses, geriatricians and emergency physicians performed a review of recent guidelines and literature to create recommendations. These recommendations were voted upon by a group of experts and placed on visually attractive posters. The expert group identified the following eight subject areas to develop expert recommendations on: Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment in the Emergency Department (ED), age/frailty adjusted risk stratification, delirium and cognitive impairment, medication reviews in the ED for older adults, family involvement, ED environment, silver trauma, end of life care in the acute setting. Eight posters with expert clinical recommendations on the most important topics in Geriatric Emergency Medicine are now available through https://posters.geriemeurope.eu/ . Expert clinical recommendations for Geriatric Emergency Medicine may help to improve care for older patients in the Emergency Department and are ready for dissemination across Europe.

Consensus Recommendations on the Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder in the Emergency Department

The treatment of opioid use disorder with buprenorphine and methadone reduces morbidity and mortality in patients with opioid use disorder. The initiation of buprenorphine in the emergency department (ED) has been associated with increased rates of outpatient treatment linkage and decreased drug use when compared to patients randomized to receive standard ED referral. As such, the ED has been increasingly recognized as a venue for the identification and initiation of treatment for opioid use disorder, but no formal American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) recommendations on the topic have previously been published. The ACEP convened a group of emergency physicians with expertise in clinical research, addiction, toxicology, and administration to review literature and develop consensus recommendations on the treatment of opioid use disorder in the ED. Based on literature review, clinical experience, and expert consensus, the group recommends that emergency physicians offer to initiate opioid use disorder treatment with buprenorphine in appropriate patients and provide direct linkage to ongoing treatment for patients with untreated opioid use disorder. These consensus recommendations include strategies for opioid use disorder treatment initiation and ED program implementation. They were approved by the ACEP board of directors in January2021.

The level of satisfaction with their work and degree of burnout among anesthesiologists and emergency physicians working in the red zone of a COVID hospital

The objective: To determine the level of satisfaction with their work and degree of burnout among anesthesiologists and emergency physicians working in the red zone of a COVID-19 hospital.Subjects and methods. A prospective study was conducted as an anonymous survey of physicians performing their duties in intensive care units of the red zone. 65 specialists were interviewed: Group 1 (52.3%) – trainee physicians, Group 2 (47.7%) – anesthesiologists and emergency physicians.Results. The majority of respondents in both groups noted relatively high satisfaction with their current work. At the same time, the majority of respondents (70.9%) in the group of anesthesiologists and emergency physicians would prefer the previous working conditions to current ones. Also, it was noted that both groups were highly emotionally exhausted.

Die prähospitale Therapie eines Spannungspneumothorax bei Kindern – welche Entscheidungen treffen wir?

The preclinical treatment of atraumatic or spontaneous tension pneumothorax remains aparticular challenge in pediatric patients. Currently recommended interventions for decompression are either finger thoracostomy or needle decompression. Due to the tiny intercostal spaces, finger thoracostomy may not be feasible in small children and surgical preparation may be necessary. In needle decompression, the risk of injuring underlying vital structures is increased because of the smaller anatomic structures. As most emergency physicians do not regularly work in pediatric trauma care, decompression of tension pneumothorax is associated with significant uncertainty; however, in this rare emergency situation, consistent and goal-oriented action is mandatory and lifesaving. An assessment of pre-existing experience and commonly used techniques therefore seems necessary to deduce the need for future education and training. In this study an online survey was created to evaluate the experience and the favored prehospital treatment of tension pneumothorax in children among German emergency physicians. An online survey was conducted with 43questions on previous experience with tension pneumothorax in children, favored decompression technique and anatomical structures in different age groups. Surveyed were the emergency physicians of the ground-based emergency medical service of the University Medical Center Mannheim, the German Air Rescue Service (DRF) and the pediatric emergency medical service of the City of Munich. More than half of all respondents stated that there was uncertainty about the procedure of choice. Needle decompression was favored in smaller children and mini-thoracostomy in older children. In comparison with the literature, the thickness of the chest wall was mostly estimated correctly by the emergency medical physicians. The depth of the vital structures was underestimated at most of the possible insertion sites in all age groups. At the lateral insertion sites on the left hemithorax, however, the distance to the left ventricle was overestimated. The caliber of the needle selected for decompression tended to be too large, especially in younger children. Even though having interviewed an experienced group of prehospital emergency physicians, the experience in decompression of tension pneumothorax in children is relatively scant. Knowledge of chest wall thickness and depth to vital structures is sufficient, the choice of needle calibers tends to be too large but still reasonable. For many providers alarge amount of uncertainty about the right choice of technique and equipment arises from the challenge of decompressing atension pneumothorax in children and therefore further theoretical education and regular training are required for safe performance of the procedure.

How to recognize and manage psychosomatic pain in the pediatric emergency department

AimChildren and adolescents affected by somatization and somatic symptom disorder commonly refer to emergency services. Due to the absence of specific guidelines for the emergency setting and to a possible lack of knowledge, these patients are at risk of being unrecognized and mismanaged. This study aims at proposing a clinical practice to approach and manage these patients and their families in the emergency setting.MethodsThis manuscript derived from the work of a research group of italian pediatric emergency physicians and anesthesiologists, with an expertise in pain management, members of the PIPER group. The research group reviewed the literature about psychosomatic pain and somatic symptom disorder and developed a clinical practice specific for the pediatric emergency setting.ResultsThe manuscript provides information about the main clinical features shared by patients with psychosomatic pain and about current diagnostic criteria and appropriate management in the emergency setting. Furthermore, it highlights the possible pitfalls in which the emergency physician may run into dealing with these patients.ConclusionThis clinical practice should be seen as a starting point toward a better understanding of patients with psychosomatic pain and a standardization of care in the pediatric emergency setting.

Improving Quality of Care Through a Mandatory Provincial Audit Program: Ontario’s Emergency Department Return Visit Quality Program

The Emergency Department Return Visit Quality Program was launched in Ontario, Canada, to promote a culture of quality. It mandates the province's largest-volume emergency departments (EDs) to audit charts of patients who had a return visit leading to hospital admission, including some of their 72-hour all-cause return visits with admission and all of their 7-day ones with sentinel diagnoses (ie, acute myocardial infarction, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and pediatric sepsis), and submit their findings to a governmental agency. This provides an opportunity to identify possible adverse events and quality issues, which hospitals can then address through quality improvement initiatives. A group of emergency physicians with quality improvement expertise analyzed the submitted audits and accompanying narrative templates, using a general inductive approach to develop a novel classification of recurrent quality themes. Since the Return Visit Quality Program launched in 2016, 125,698 return visits with admission have been identified, representing 0.93% of the 86 participating EDs' 13,559,664 visits. Overall, participating hospitals have conducted 12,852 detailed chart audits, uncovering 3,010 (23.4%) adverse events/quality issues and undertaking hundreds of quality improvement provincewide projects as a result. The inductive analysis revealed 11 recurrent themes, classified into 3 groupings: patient characteristics (ie, patient risk profile and elder care), ED team actions or processes (ie, physician cognitive lapses, documentation, handover/communication between providers, radiology, vital signs, and high-risk medications or medication interactions), and health care system issues (ie, discharge planning/community follow-up, left against medical advice/left without being seen, and imaging/testing availability). The Return Visit Quality Program is the largest mandatory audit program for EDs and provides a novel approach to identify local adverse events/quality issues to target for improved patient safety and quality of care. It provides a blueprint for health system leaders to enable clinicians to develop an approach to organizational quality, as well as for teams to construct an audit system that yields defined issues amenable to improvement.

Critical procedure performance in pediatric patients: Results from a national emergency medicine group

Study objectiveWe sought to examine the frequency of pediatric critical procedures performed in a national group of emergency physicians. MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of an administrative billing and coding dataset for procedural performance documentation verification from 2014 to 2018. We describe and compare incident rates of pediatric (age <18 years) patient critical procedure performance by emergency physicians in general emergency departments (EDs), pediatric EDs, and freestanding ED/urgent care centers. Critical procedures were endotracheal intubation, electrical cardioversion, central venous placement, intraosseous access, and chest tube insertion. ResultsAmong 2290 emergency physicians working in 186 EDs (1844 working in 129 general EDs, 125 in 8 pediatric EDs, and 321 in 49 freestanding EDs/urgent cares), a total of 2233 pediatric critical procedures were performed during the study period. Many physicians at general EDs and freestanding EDs/urgent cares performed zero pediatric procedures per year (53.9% and 89% respectively). Per 1000 ED visits seen (All patient ages), physicians working in general EDs performed fewer pediatric critical procedures than physicians in pediatric EDs (0.12/1000 visits vs 0.68/1000 visits; rate difference = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51–0.61). Per 1000 clinical hours worked, physicians working in general EDs performed 0.26 procedures compared to 1.66 for physicians in pediatric EDs (rate difference = 1.39; 95% CI 1.27–1.52). ConclusionPediatric critical procedures are rarely performed by emergency physicians and are exceedingly rare in general EDs and freestanding EDs/urgent cares. The rarity of performance of these skills has implications for ED pediatric readiness.

Standardizing Point-of-Care Ultrasound Credentialing Across a Large Health Care System

Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is becoming prevalent in the daily practice of bedside clinicians. As large health care systems standardize practice patterns, an organized approach of credentialing physicians in POCUS is paramount for quality and patient safety. This study describes a systematic approach of credentialing a diverse group of community emergency physicians (EPs) across a large health care system. A multimodal POCUS credentialing initiative for EPs was implemented across 11 hospitals between January 1, 2017, and July 1, 2018, that included (1) standardization of POCUS credentialing for all hospitals in the system, (2) tiered POCUS credentialing (Basic and Intermediate) for manageable attainment of goals with a required POCUS course, (3) automatic privileges for EPs who completed residency or practice-based POCUS pathways prior to employment, and (4) implementation of a practice-based pathway for competency assessment for noncredentialed physicians. Key factors for implementation included executive administrative support, dedicated POCUS courses, equipment standardization, a robust electronic medical record capable of logging training scans, and competency assessment for attainment of privileges. Through the initiative, 78/106 EPs achieved Intermediate credentialing, and 28/106 were without POCUS privileges. All 28 noncredentialed EPs completed the required Basic POCUS course. Almost half (13/28) completed the initiative and became credentialed. From 2016 to 2018, the number of EPs performing scans increased from 52 to 112, and the number of POCUS scans increased from 928 to 3,007. A standardized POCUS credentialing initiative can be successfully implemented in large health care systems. Other specialties can use this initiative to implement POCUS into their daily practice.

What Are We Measuring? Evaluating Physician-Specific Satisfaction Scores Between Emergency Departments.

IntroductionMost emergency departments (ED) use patient experience surveys (i.e., Press Ganey) that include specific physician assessment fields. Our ED group currently staffs two EDs – one at a large, tertiary-care hospital, and the other at a small, affiliated, community site. Both are staffed by the same physicians. The goals of this study were to determine whether Press Ganey ED satisfaction scores for emergency physicians working at two different sites were consistent between sites, and to identify factors contributing to any variation.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of patients seen at either ED between September 2015 and March 2016 who returned a Press Ganey satisfaction survey. We compiled a database linking the patient visit with his or her responses on a 1–5 scale to questions that included “overall rating of emergency room care” and five physician-specific questions. Operational metrics including time to room, time to physician, overall length of stay, labs received, prescriptions received, demographic data, and the attending physician were also linked. We averaged scores for physicians staffing both EDs and compared them between sites using t-tests. Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the impact of visit-specific metrics on survey scores.ResultsA total of 1,012 ED patients met the inclusion criteria (site 1=457; site 2=555). The overall rating-of-care metric was significantly lower at the tertiary-care hospital ED compared to our lower volume ED (4.30 vs 4.65). The same trend was observed when the five doctor-specific metrics were summed (22.06 vs 23.32). Factors that correlated with higher scores included arrival-to-first-attending time (p=0.013) and arrival-to-ED-departure time (p=0.038), both of which were longer at the tertiary-care hospital ED.ConclusionPress Ganey satisfaction scores for the same group of emergency physicians varied significantly between sites. This suggests that these scores are more dependent on site-specific factors, such as wait times, than a true representation of the quality of care provided by the physician.

A Prospective, Multicenter Evaluation of Point-of-care Ultrasound for Small-bowel Obstruction in the Emergency Department.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of emergency physician-performed point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) for the diagnosis of small-bowel obstruction (SBO) compared to computed tomography (CT). We performed a prospective, multicenter, observational study examining a convenience sample of adult patients with potential SBO presenting to the emergency department (ED) between July 2014 and May 2017. Each POCUS was interpreted at the bedside by the performing emergency physician and retrospectively by an expert reviewer. Test characteristics were calculated for POCUS, blinded expert interpretation, and specific POCUS parameters. A total of 217 subjects were included in the primary analysis with an overall SBO prevalence of 42.9%. For the diagnosis of SBO, POCUS demonstrated an overall sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]= 0.80 to 0.94), 0.54 (95% CI= 0.45 to 0.63), 1.92 (95% CI= 1.56 to 2.35), and 0.22 (95% CI= 0.12 to 0.39), respectively. Expert review yielded a similar sensitivity (0.89 [95% CI= 0.81 to 0.95]) with a significantly higher specificity (0.82 [95% CI= 0.74 to 0.88]). The more sensitive sonographic parameters for both POC sonographers and expert reviewers were small-bowel dilation ≥ 25 mm (0.87 [95% CI= 0.79 to 0.93], 0.87 [95% CI= 0.79 to 0.93]) and abnormal peristalsis (0.82 [95% CI= 0.72 to 0.89], 0.85 [95% CI= 0.76 to 0.87]). The more specific parameters for both groups were transition point (0.82 [95% CI= 0.74 to 0.89], 0.98 [95% CI= 0.94 to 1.00]), intraperitoneal free fluid (0.82 [95% CI= 0.74 to 0.89], 0.93 [95% CI= 0.87 to 0.97]), and bowel wall edema (0.76 [95% CI= 0.67 to 0.83], 0.93 [95% CI= 0.87 to 0.97]). POCUS is moderately sensitive for SBO, although less specific, when performed by a diverse group of emergency physicians across multiple EDs. Interpretation of acquired POCUS images is significantly more accurate when performed by physicians with prior emergency ultrasound fellowship training and familiarity with the sonographic appearance of SBO.

Test Characteristics of Point-of-care Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Retinal Detachment in the Emergency Department.

Previous studies of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) have reported high sensitivities and specificities for retinal detachment (RD). Our primary objective was to assess the test characteristics of POCUS performed by a large heterogeneous group of emergency physicians (EPs) for the diagnosis of RD. This was a prospective diagnostic test assessment of POCUS performed by EPs with varying ultrasound experience on a convenience sample of emergency department (ED) patients presenting with flashes or floaters in one or both eyes. After standard ED assessment, EPs performed an ocular POCUS scan targeted to detect the presence or absence of RD. After completing their ED visit, all patients were assessed by a retina specialist who was blinded to the results of the POCUS scan. We calculated sensitivity and specificity with associated exact binomial confidence intervals (CIs) using the retina specialist's final diagnosis as the reference standard. A total of 30 EPs enrolled 115 patients, with median age of 60 years and 64% female. The retina specialist diagnosed RD in 16 (14%) cases. The sensitivity and specificity of POCUS for detecting RD were 75% (95% CI= 48%-93%) and 94% (95% CI= 87%-98%), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 12.4 (95% CI= 5.4-28.3), and negative likelihood ratio was 0.27 (95% CI= 0.11-0.62). A large heterogeneous group of EPs can perform POCUS with high specificity but only intermediate sensitivity for RD. A negative POCUS scan in the ED performed by a heterogeneous group of providers after a 1-hour POCUS didactic is not sufficiently sensitive to rule out RD in a patient with new-onset flashes or floaters.

Medical Correctness and User Friendliness of Available Apps for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Systematic Search Combined With Guideline Adherence and Usability Evaluation.

BackgroundIn case of a cardiac arrest, start of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by a bystander before the arrival of the emergency personnel increases the probability of survival. However, the steps of high-quality resuscitation are not known by every bystander or might be forgotten in this complex and time-critical situation. Mobile phone apps offering real-time step-by-step instructions might be a valuable source of information.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine mobile phone apps offering real-time instructions in German or English in case of a cardiac arrest, to evaluate their adherence to current resuscitation guidelines, and to test their usability.MethodsOur 3-step approach combines a systematic review of currently available apps guiding a medical layperson through a resuscitation situation, an adherence testing to medical guidelines, and a usability evaluation of the determined apps. The systematic review followed an adapted preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses flow diagram, the guideline adherence was tested by applying a conformity checklist, and the usability was evaluated by a group of mobile phone frequent users and emergency physicians with the system usability scale (SUS) tool.ResultsThe structured search in Google Play Store and Apple App Store resulted in 3890 hits. After removing redundant ones, 2640 hits were checked for fulfilling the inclusion criteria. As a result, 34 apps meeting all inclusion criteria were identified. These included apps were analyzed to determine medical accuracy as defined by the European Resuscitation Council’s guidelines. Only 5 out of 34 apps (15%, 5/34) fulfilled all criteria chosen to determine guideline adherence. All other apps provided no or wrong information on at least one relevant topic. The usability of 3 apps was evaluated by 10 mobile phone frequent users and 9 emergency physicians. Of these 3 apps, solely the app “HELP Notfall” (median=87.5) was ranked with an SUS score above the published average of 68. This app was rated significantly superior to “HAMBURG SCHOCKT” (median=55; asymptotic Wilcoxon test: z=−3.63, P<.01, n=19) and “Mein DRK” (median=32.5; asymptotic Wilcoxon test: z=−3.83, P<.01, n=19).ConclusionsImplementing a systematic quality control for health-related apps should be enforced to ensure that all products provide medically accurate content and sufficient usability in complex situations. This is of exceptional importance for apps dealing with the treatment of life-threatening events such as cardiac arrest.

Clinical Ultrasound Is Safe and Highly Specific for Acute Appendicitis in Moderate to High Pre-test Probability Patients.

IntroductionClinical ultrasound (CUS) is highly specific for the diagnosis of acute appendicitis but is operator-dependent. The goal of this study was to determine if a heterogeneous group of emergency physicians (EP) could diagnose acute appendicitis on CUS in patients with a moderate to high pre-test probability.MethodsThis was a prospective, observational study of a convenience sample of adult and pediatric patients with suspected appendicitis. Sonographers received a structured, 20-minute CUS training on appendicitis prior to patient enrollment. The presence of a dilated (>6 mm diameter), non-compressible, blind-ending tubular structure was considered a positive study. Non-visualization or indeterminate studies were considered negative. We collected pre-test probability of acute appendicitis based on a 10-point visual analog scale (moderate to high was defined as >3), and confidence in CUS interpretation. The primary objective was measured by comparing CUS findings to surgical pathology and one week follow-up.ResultsWe enrolled 105 patients; 76 had moderate to high pre-test probability. Of these, 24 were children. The rate of appendicitis was 36.8% in those with moderate to high pre-test probability. CUS were recorded by 33 different EPs. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of EP-performed CUS in patients with moderate to high pre-test probability were 42.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] [25–62.5%]), 97.9% (95% CI [87.5–99.8%]), 20.7 (95% CI [2.8–149.9]) and 0.58 (95% CI [0.42–0.8]), respectively. The 16 false negative scans were all interpreted as indeterminate. There was one false positive CUS diagnosis; however, the sonographer reported low confidence of 2/10.ConclusionA heterogeneous group of EP sonographers can safely identify acute appendicitis with high specificity in patients with moderate to high pre-test probability. This data adds support for surgical consultation without further imaging beyond CUS in the appropriate clinical setting.

LO85: Substantial variation in CTPE ordering patterns and diagnostic yield in a large group of specialty-trained emergency physicians

Introduction: Computerized tomography for pulmonary embolism (CTPE) has come under increased scrutiny with recommendations for evidence-based use found on Choosing Wisely lists in both Canada and the US. However practice variation in ordering patterns and diagnostic yield have not been well-reported for the Canadian context. Our objective was to investigate practice variation in CTPE ordering and rule-in rates within a large group of specialty-trained emergency physicians. Methods: We undertook an analysis of a computerized physician order entry database from four tertiary care EDs covering a 12-month period from August 1, 2016 to July 30, 2016 with 31 419 visits for potential pulmonary embolism (PE) as determined by a previously validated algorithm based on presenting complaints. CTPE utilization and diagnostic yield were determined for 149 physicians who ordered at least 10 studies over that time period. Outcomes of interest included CT utilization as determined by electronic order entry and a confirmed diagnosis of PE based on ICD-10 coding of the emergency visit. Descriptive statistics using medians, IQR and 95% confidence intervals are reported. This study is approved through REB14-0650 and is a component of a larger cluster RCT to improve CTPE utilization. Results: During the study period 2670 CTPE studies were ordered for potential PE patients representing 8.5% of the total with relevant complaints. We observed a 10-fold variation in CTPE ordering among physicians with rates as low as 2.7% and as high as 25%. The median rate of CTPE ordering for potential PE was 8.8% with an IQR of 6.0% to 11.7%. A total of 4146 CTPE studies were ordered during the study period with physicians ordering an average of 28 CTPE studies each; range 10-90. In terms of diagnostic yield, 591/4146 studies, or 14.3% (95% CI 13.2-15.3%) were associated with a diagnosis of PE. Diagnostic yield per physician ranged from 0 to 50%, with a median of 13.5% and an IQR of 7.6% to 21.4%. Conclusion: In this large, robust administrative dataset from four Canadian urban EDs, threshold for CTPE ordering varies widely among physicians as does diagnostic yield. Efforts to improve appropriate utilization are justified with an eye to reducing unnecessary radiation, costs and incidental findings.

P047: Test characteristics of point of care ultrasound for the diagnosis of retinal detachment in the emergency department

Introduction: The acute onset of flashes and floaters is a common presentation to the emergency department (ED). The most emergent etiology is retinal detachment (RD), which requires prompt ophthalmologic assessment. Previous studies of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) have reported high sensitivity and specificity for RD, but are limited by small sample size, use of highly trained and experienced sonographers, and referral bias. Our primary objective was to assess the test characteristics of POCUS performed by a large heterogeneous group of emergency physicians (EPs) for the diagnosis of RD. Methods: This was a prospective diagnostic test assessment of POCUS performed by EPs with varying ultrasound experience on a convenience sample of ED patients presenting with the complaint of flashes or floaters in one or both eyes. Participating EPs completed a one hour didactic lecture and were expected to demonstrate appropriate performance of one practice scan before enrolling patients. After standard ED assessment, patients underwent an ocular POCUS scan targeted to detect RD. EPs recorded the presence or absence of RD on the data collection instrument based on their POCUS scan. After completing their ED visit, all patients were assessed by a retina specialist who was blinded to the results of the POCUS scan. We calculated sensitivity and specificity with associated exact binomial confidence intervals (CI) using the retina specialist’s determination of the final diagnosis as the criterion standard. Results: A total of 30 EPs, consisting of 21 staff physicians and 9 residents, participated in this study. These EPs performed a total of 128 POCUS scans. Of these scans, 13 were excluded. Of the remaining 115 enrolled patients, median age was 60 years, and 64% were female. The retina specialist diagnosed RD in 16 (14%) cases. The sensitivity and specificity of POCUS for detecting RD was 75% (95% CI 48% to 93%) and 94% (95% CI 87% to 98%), respectively. The positive likelihood ratio was 12.4 (95% CI 5.4 to 28.3), and negative likelihood ratio was 0.27 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.62). Conclusion: In a heterogeneous group of EPs with varying ultrasound experience, POCUS demonstrates high specificity but only intermediate sensitivity for the detection of RD. A negative POCUS scan is not sufficiently sensitive to rule out RD in a patient with new onset flashes or floaters.