Groundwater Deposits Research Articles

The Study of Groundwater in the Zhambyl Region, Southern Kazakhstan, to Improve Sustainability

Water resources are scarce and difficult to manage in Kazakhstan, Central Asia (CA). Anthropic activities largely eliminated the Aral Sea. Afghanistan’s large-scale canal construction may eliminate life in the main stream of the Amu Darya River, CA. Kazakhstan’s HYRASIA ONE project, with a EUR 50 billion investment to produce green hydrogen, is targeted to withdraw water from the Caspian Sea. Kazakhstan, CA, requires sustainable programs that integrate both decision-makers’ and people’s behavior. For this paper, the authors investigated groundwater resources for sustainable use, including for consumption, and the potential for natural “white” hydrogen production from underground geological “factories”. Kazakhstan is rich in natural resources, such as iron-rich rocks, minerals, and uranium, which are necessary for serpentinization reactions and radiolysis decay in natural hydrogen production from underground water. Investigations of underground geological “factories” require substantial efforts in field data collection. A chemical analysis of 40 groundwater samples from the 97 wells surveyed and investigated in the T. Ryskulov, Zhambyl, Baizak and Zhualy districts of the Zhambyl region in South Kazakhstan in 2021–2022 was carried out. These samples were compared with previously collected water samples from the years 2020–2021. The compositions of groundwater samples were analyzed, revealing various concentrations of different minerals, natural geological rocks, and anthropogenic materials. South Kazakhstan is rich in natural mineral resources. As a result, mining companies extract resources in the Taraz–Zhanatas–Karatau and the Shu–Novotroitsk industrial areas. The most significant levels of minerals found in water samples were found in the territory of the Talas–Assinsky interfluve, where the main industrial mining enterprises are concentrated and the largest groundwater deposits have been explored. Groundwater compositions have direct connections to geological rocks. The geological rocks are confined to sandstones, siltstones, porphyrites, conglomerates, limestones, and metamorphic rocks. In observation wells, a number of components can be found in high concentrations (mg/L): sulfates—602.0 (MPC 500 mg/L); sodium—436.5 (MPC 200 mg/L); chlorine—465.4 (MPC 350 mg/L); lithium—0.18 (MPC 0.03 mg/L); boron—0.74 (MPC 0.5 mg/L); cadmium—0.002 (MPC 0.001 mg/L); strontium—15, 0 (MPC 7.0 mg/L); and TDS—1970 (MPC 1000). The high mineral contents in the water are natural and comprise minerals from geological sources, including iron-rich rocks, to uranium. Proper groundwater classifications for research investigations are required to separate potable groundwater resources, wells, and areas where underground geological “factories” producing natural “white” hydrogen could potentially be located. Our preliminary investigation results are presented with the aim of creating a large-scale targeted program to improve water sustainability in Kazakhstan, CA.

The impact of rock filtration heterogeneity on fresh groundwater reserve prediction calculations in the Nefteyuganskoye field

In hydrogeology, filtration heterogeneity of rocks usually means heterogeneity of waterconductivity of an aquifer. Methods for determining water conductivity are primarily designed forhomogeneous aquifers. However, natural hydrogeological objects are often heterogeneous, whichcan complicate the interpretation of experimental data from hydrodynamic studies and lead toerrors in calculating groundwater reserves. The article shows the impact of rock filtration hetero-geneity on reserve calculation forecasts. The studies, including hydrodynamic testing (clusterpumping), were carried out at the Nefteyuganskoye field, which is one of the major fresh ground-water deposits of the Latitudinal Ob region. The experimental data from four experiments wereinterpreted using the Theis model. The parameters of the aquifer are determined: coefficient ofwater conductivity and pressure conductivity factor. The article presents predictive calculations forthe reduction of water levels in the center of a large well. The forecast was conducted for threeoptions, taking into account the filtration heterogeneity of the aquifer in the field. Consequently,the impact of filtration heterogeneity on the forecast calculations was determined. The calculationerror in estimating groundwater reserves at the Nefteyuganskoye field could be as high as 51 %.The article suggests conducting long-term hydrodynamic studies in subsurface areas with filtrationheterogeneity to obtain reliable field parameters. This will cover the disturbance of an aquifer with alarger size than the filtration heterogeneity of rocks.

УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ ЗДАНИЙ И СООРУЖЕНИЙ ЗАПОРОЖСКОЙ АТОМНОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОСТАНЦИИ ПРИ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИИ АРТЕЗИАНСКОЙ ВОДЫ ДЛЯ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО ПРОЦЕССА СТАНЦИИ

The article provides an assessment of ensuring safe operation, water supply, as well as the safety of personnel and the environment during the operation of the Zaporizhia NPP. It has been established that the exploitation of groundwater for the technical water supply of the NPP and its infrastructure facilities, both under constant and periodic drainage regimes, will lead to the formation of depression funnels, the size of which will depend on the magnitude (flow rate) of the water intake, the layout of water intake facilities and specific hydrogeological conditions of the groundwater deposit. It is shown that it is necessary to ensure not only the strength of the soils under the structures of buildings and structures of nuclear power plants, but also the reliable functioning of all systems that control the nuclear process. The necessity of monitoring the stability of geological and geophysical conditions in the area and at the sites of nuclear power plants in the monitoring mode has been determined. The monitoring is comprehensive. It includes geotechnical, surveying and geodetic, hydrogeological, and seismological observations. The forecast of the development of a depression funnel in time and space should be carried out by analytical methods or modeling, taking into account changes in the conditions of the relationship of aquifers with each other and environmental components. It has been revealed that extending the further operation of the NPP is an expensive and unsafe process. It is not possible to upgrade old power units to modern ones in terms of safety in nuclear energy. The power units of the Zaporizhia NPP are not ready for further operation, therefore, it is necessary to start developing a project for decommissioning power units No. 1-4 of the NPP.The research results can be useful in predicting the possible development of karst-suffusion processes under the influence of intensive groundwater drainage, organizing monitoring of the possible development of these processes, including them in the integrated monitoring of this facility. It will make it possible to justify the scale and regime of rational water extraction, taking into account the requirements for environmental protection and the specifics of further operation of the NPP.

КОМПЛЕКСНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ПРОЕКТА ПЛАНИРОВКИ ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЛИНЕЙНОГО ОБЪЕКТА СИСТЕМЫ ВОДОСНАБЖЕНИЯ ЗАМАРАЙСКОГО МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ ПОДЗЕМНЫХ ВОД С ЦЕЛЬЮ БЕЗОПАСНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ТЕРРИТОРИИ

Issues of quality water supply are always relevant, because water is the source of life on Earth. The article deals with the design of linear water supply systems and identifies the main problems of their functioning. The authors present the results of studies of the projected reserve water pipeline from the Zamarayskoye groundwater deposit to the pumping stations in the Serovsky urban district. It is found that the preparation of urban planning documentation is currently an important condition for the safe development of the territory. The purpose of such documentation is to form the boundaries of land for the placement of new engineering networks, in particular the water supply system. Safe water use is one of the main aspects of social state policy.

Modeling of drilling water supply wells with airlift reverse flush agent circulation

Purpose. Determination of the influence of mining and geological conditions of drilling hydrogeological wells with backwash on the technological parameters of the airlift method of cleaning it from drilled rock and the properties of the ascending flow of aerated washing liquids. Methodology. The tasks were solved by a complex research method, including analysis and generalization of literary and patent sources, analytical, experimental studies, using computer and mathematical modeling methods. Findings. An algorithm for the functioning of the airlift circulation method during rotary drilling with backwash has been developed. The algorithm takes into account: hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressures, and the effect on them of the rate of drilling of the well; the effect of the sludge content in the upstream. The effective values of the airflow rate, the density of the water-air mixture and the velocity of its upward flow are established. A method for estimating the effective values of technological parameters and their changes in the upward flow of the mixture is proposed. A model has been developed that allows analyzing the dependences of the air flow rate, the density of the mixture and the rate of its ascent on the parameters of the well being drilled. The model is applied to typical drilling conditions of a large-diameter water intake well at the Samskoye groundwater deposit on the Mangystau peninsula. Originality. A mathematical algorithm has been developed for the functioning of the airlift backwash method when drilling large-diameter water intake wells. The method is based on the analysis of the pressure balance in the descending and ascending flows of the washing agent. For the case of backwash, a formula for estimating the content of sludge in it was obtained. A method has been developed for determining the average effective density of the mixture in terms of the height of the well, as well as the air content in it. Based on the average effective values, a method is proposed for estimating changes in the density of the mixture, its flow rate and velocity along the upward flow. Practical value. The proposed algorithm is the basis of a computer model that allows you to determine the dependences of the values of the density of the mixture, the content of air and sludge in it and the rate of ascent, from the depth of the well, the depth of the mixer descent, the speed of deepening, the specified velocity of the upward fluid flow, as well as the diameters of the well and drill pipes. Specific modeling results have been obtained in relation to the Samskoye groundwater deposit of the Mangystau peninsula.

Гүний Хоолойн газар доорхи усны ашиглалтын нөлөө

Comparative methods and the last decade of daily data were used estimate the relationship between precipitation and groundwater level response, and to analyze the consumption influence on confined aquifers in Gunii khooloi groundwater deposit, Umnugovi province, Mongolia.We have synthesized all the available data derived from the monitoring studies as well as carried out field measurements in this study. As a result of the monitoring study, water level of confined aquifer has been decreasing since 2011 related to the water consumption. There is a small depression cone in the eastern part of the area. According to the water level contour of 2013, groundwater level in confined aquifer near to the pumping well in the central part has been fluctuated and decreased about 10m. But it is observed that water level fluctuation is relatively stabilized from the 2015.

CHARACTERIZATION OF AQUIFER STRUCTURES IN THE NORTHEAST BASEMENT ROCK OF BURKINA FASO

This characterization study of the aquifer horizons is based on the geostatistical analysis of the drilling data in order to map the intrinsic parameters of the aquifers, namely the size of the alterations and the size of the fissured fringe. The STRM data were also used to map the topographic levels. Cross-analysis of all these parameters with borehole flow rates allowed us to define a context pattern that is favorable to groundwater deposits, by identifying the influence of the size of these parameters on productivity. The application of the geophysical method (electric drag and geoelectric tomography) has made it possible to obtain a 2D vertical section of the subsoil structure based on the distribution of electrical resistivity. The alteration profile includes the alterite reservoir, the fissure reservoir located above the solid rock sometimes affected by fractures (fault). The size of these different horizons varies from one point to another, thus defining contexts that are more or less favorable for the existence of groundwater deposits. The alteration thickness (AT) mapping defined two map units: alteration thicknesses of 15m or less and those greater than 15m. Erosion would have played a large role in this distribution as there is a clear link between alteration thickness and topography. The alteration thickness (AT) unit of less than or equal to 15 m has great surface water potential. It is the area where the topography is fairly low, and the fractured edges are generally of considerable thickness. They frequently coincide with the large shallow areas drained by the major waterways.

Possibilities of Using the Unitization Model in the Development of Transboundary Groundwater Deposits

Groundwater belongs to the category of strategic minerals, along with hydrocarbon resources, so the supply of drinking water will become one of the urgent problems of modern society. The management of groundwater resources and their protection is a very complicated task, especially in border areas where neighboring states jointly exploit aquifers. The problem of transboundary water resources management, in particular groundwater, has been considered at the international level for more than 30 years. However, despite the adoption of a number of conventions, agreements and programs, both at the global and in the format of interstate relations, an understanding for the approach of a universal solution to the transboundary water issue has not yet been formed. An attempt to study the possibilities of applying the principles of unitization on the example of transboundary oil and gas fields in comparison with groundwater cross-border deposits is made in the paper for the first time. As a successful example, the unitization agreement between Norway and the UK for the development of the Frigg field was chosen. It is established that unitization agreements concluded by states in the joint development of transboundary mineral deposits, actively used in regulating the activities of transboundary oil and gas fields, can be used as one of the possible models of international agreements on the extraction of groundwater in transboundary territories.

Modeling of hydrogeological processes in irrigation areas based on modern programs

This article uses modern modeling systems to assess the impact of intensive irrigation on the state of groundwater and the rocks of the aeration zone. In doing so, existing ideas about aquifer recharge, flow, consumption, and changes in groundwater quality were considered, studying these areas' hydrogeological and reclamation hydrogeological conditions. Groundwater balance analysis was performed based on the results of solving the inverse non-stationary problem for total groundwater deposits. The correspondence of underground water at control points during this period (results of regular observations of Kashkadarya GGS) and underground water seeping into the collector-drainage network in natural and model conditions was observed. According to the research results, renewable (flowing) underground water reserves in the general balance are 15671-2476 = 13195 m3/day, while the indicators of consumption and saturation of underground water reserves are equal to 2476 and 8915 m3/day. It was proved based on the results obtained with sample solutions to the problem, taking into account the rise or fall of the level of underground water in different parts. The article determined that the accumulation of underground water reserves in the region is mainly due to the increase of infiltration in newly developed lands. At the beginning and end of the modeling period, the depth of the groundwater table was shown using maps and marked with numbers.

FRESHWATER POTENTIAL BASED ON IDENTIFICATION OF AQUIFER LAYER IN BALANGAN COUNTY, INDONESIA

Groundwater is a reservoir of fresh water located beneath the ground surface in soil pore spaces and the fractures of lithology formations. Groundwater contained in the aquifer layer has a certain depth. Aquifer layer measurement was conducted with five tracks using the AGI Super Sting R1 IP tool with a spacing of 25 m and a track length of 675 m in Balangan County. This study aims to determine the 2D cross-sectional model, analyze lithology types, and determine the depth, thickness, and aquifer type in the study area based on the resistivity value. The results showed that the study area includes two rock formations – the Dahor and Warukin formations. The Dahor formation is clay with a resistivity value of 1–28.284 m, sandy clay 28.284–99.055 m, and sand 99.055–800 m. The Warukin formation is clay with a resistivity value of 1–10 m, sandy clay 10–31.623 m, and sand 31.623–100 m. Aquifer layer estimation shows that track 1 has a free aquifer and contains aquitard rock. Next, track 2 has a confined aquifer and contains rocks that are both aquifer and aquitard. Then, track 3 has a free aquifer type and contains rocks that are aquifer and aquitard. Track 4 has two measurements with a depressed aquifer and contains rocks that are aquifer. Finally, Track 5 has a depressed aquifer and contains aquitard rock. This study shows the existence of groundwater deposits in the thickness of the aquifer layer in Balangan County, Indonesia.

Natural Energy Stored in Groundwater Deposits as a New Way of Obtaining Green Energy for Urban Planners, Architects and Environmentalists

It is now highly likely that with the rise in fuel, gas and electricity prices, groundwater deposits will become the third primary source of renewable energy, alongside photovoltaic cells and wind turbines. These deposits are characterized by unlimited clean and environmentally friendly energy with constant parameters independent of the fluctuations of wind and solar energy. This paper presents innovative low-carbon solutions for converting groundwater energy into heating and cooling energy in FCH HVAC. A good example of a significant reduction in CO2 emissions achieved by this technology is a study describing the system implemented in the Integrative Sports and Recreation Center in Łomianki. New installations for the FCH technology in the abovementioned center will reduce the consumption of heating and cooling energy as well as CO2 emissions by at least 50%. The aim of this article was to present the energy from underground waters and how to use it in HVAC installations. The authors show a new direction for the use of forgotten energy that is not only available in unlimited quantities at all latitudes but also has a very small carbon footprint and can significantly reduce CO2 emissions.

Influence of cavitation processes on river water purification of mountain streams

Problems: The article considers the study of the influence of cavitation phenomena in hydrodynamically active areas of mountain rivers on the processes of natural self-purification of water. The paper considers the experimental results of determining the change in seasonal indicators of the hydrochemical composition of surface waters in the Stryi river basin.
 Objective: to determine the impact of hydrodynamically active areas (HAA) of mountain rivers on the processes of natural self-purification and to develop methods of laboratory modeling of these areas to determine the hydrochemical parameters of river waters.
 Methods of implementation: Research of ecological and hydrochemical factors of chemical composition of natural waters of the Stryi river basin combines basin and landscape-geochemical approaches, which allows to integrate various natural and anthropogenic influences, to identify the most important parameters for their detailed analysis. The combination of these approaches made it possible to improve the method of ecological analysis of the area of ​​the Stryi river basin, which allows to spatially differentiate and hydrochemically integrate the factors of formation of the chemical composition of natural waters.
 Results: It is stated that microbiological safety of water is a special problem, because even water from underground sources may contain single cells of pathogenic microorganisms, but the main threat is water re-contaminated with microbes in case of leaks in the water supply network.
 Conclusions: Analysis of the results of studies of the impact of self-cleaning processes in the river Stryi on the quality of water intake in Stryi showed that there are currently no negative effects of river waters of the river Stryi on groundwater deposits. The quality of river water is satisfactory for its use in domestic and drinking water supply and for recreational purposes.

Выделение сквозных структур на основе линеаментного анализа: на примере территории Ферганской долины

As a result of the stress state of the lithospheric block, a structure of orthogonal cracks may appear as a network of straight or arcuate topographic elements of the regional extent on the Earth’s surface—lineaments. In the last decade, one of the directions of lineament analysis had been the identification of the so-called transverse structures using remote sensing methods, which often serve as the geological boundaries of crustal blocks. Various lineament analysis methods are being actively developed: image enhancement, manual digitizing methods, and automatic extraction using software and algorithms. Revealing the relationship between lineaments and their characteristics with natural and anthropogenic processes is the relevant task. The tectonic lineament network is associated with deep faults and, in particular, ore regions that can be localized at the intersection of large lineaments. Therefore, most studies of increased accumulation of lineaments are carried out in areas where mineral deposits and groundwater deposits are identified. These areas include the Fergana region, which is one of the five oil and gas regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The presence of a fund of promising traps justifies the need for comprehensive geoinformation support, including satellite methods, and the possibility of transition to automatic methods for analyzing tectonic processes. Therefore, in this study, an automated lineament analysis was carried out in order to identify and interpret the transverse structures in this region. The study period (May–November 2019) was chosen to take into account the intensive exploration work in the region and the technical parameters of the images (without clouds). Landsat 8 satellite images were processed by the automated method of lineament structures interpretation in the LEFA program in the MATLAB environment. During the visual analysis of the processed images, it was identified that there was a temporary change in the number of lineament structures by month. At the same time, the northwestern part of the region (Namangan region) is characterized as the zone of the strongest manifestation of lineament structures. Further detailing of the lineament structures in terms of direction and orientation made it possible to determine the transverse structures. Thematic maps with the geospatial location of transverse structures showed that the nature and clarity of transverse structures varied depending on the features of the geological structure of the sections they intersected.

ნაბეღლავის მიწისქვეშა მინერალური წყლების ჰიდროქიმიური დახასიათება

Georgia is rich in groundwater deposits, which renew over time and are characterized by the best indicators of water quality and a stable regime. Groundwater is one of the main natural productive forces of Georgia, which plays an important role in the economic development and export industry. During 2015–2020, chemical composition of the Nabeghlavi mineral waters has been studied by the means of the modern unified methods. Almost all data from previous chemical analyzes have also been retrieved and systematized/collated. Using mathematical statistical analysis, the maximum, minimum, and mean arithmetic values of the major and specific components of water and the empirical deviation from the arithmetic mean have been calculated. Though comparison of the recent and historic data on chemical composition, based on the results of statistical analysis of the major ions, the natural fluctuation limits of the waters and stability of waters from all exploitation drill holes have been shown. According to the chemical composition and total mineralization there are three groups of waters in fresh and low mineralized category. It is shown that chemical composition of water from all exploitation drill holes meets requirements for the natural mineral water category, both the normative document of Georgia and directive of the European Commission.

Increasing the productivity of water in takein water-containing crystalline rocks by increasing their fracture by an explosion

Global warming, which has been observed in the world and Ukraine in particular in recent decades, may lead to a decrease in surface and groundwater. In addition, the high level of groundwater pollution and the policy of water purification is a matter of concern. Thus, the question of finding additional and alternative sources of drinking water today is highly urgent. A significant percentage of prospecting works of the last century was devoted to discovering the groundwater fields in fractured crystalline rocks of the Ukrainian Shield. As a rule, the productivity of wells of these formations did not have high flow rates, so even now, mostly the aquifers in sedimentary deposits have been exploited. The low productivity of most wells in water-bearing fractured rocks is associated with the unknown degree of fracturing of the crystalline massif: it is difficult to determine the pathways of groundwater inflow into the fracture system and, accordingly, it is not easy to justify the exploitable groundwater reserves. In this paper, using the groundwater flow model of the Zhashkiv groundwater deposit, it is considered an increase of the productivity of water intake wells in the water-bearing crystalline rocks due to the increasing degree of their fracturing by an explosion. Thus, in hydrogeology, this technique is known when trying to increase the permeability in the near-borehole space, but as a method of artificial recharge of aquiferous crystalline rocks is used very rarely. The paper also examines typical water intakes conditions in fractured crystalline water-bearing rocks, which can be recommended for increasing their productivity by the blasting method. The results indicate that an artificial increase in fracturing degree can have a significant effect on increasing the productivity of water intakes. The basic methods of using explosives, as an example of an artificial increase in fracturing degree, in solving hydrogeological problems and the mechanisms of fractures’ formation during the action of blasting are considered.

Original article Neotectonic formation and localization conditions of groundwater reserves in over-deepened sections of the Kitoy River valley

The purpose of the study is to identify the main neotectonic formation features of over-deepened valleys where fresh groundwater is localized. The object and the subject of the study is the Kitoy deposit of drinking groundwater located in the U-shape valley of the Kitoy river, which is composed of constratal alluvium, as well as hydrogeological and hydrogeochemical conditions of the deposit. The study of the over-deepened alluvial dislocation is carried out based on the analysis of the works performed at the Kitoy fresh groundwater deposit for the period from 1956 to 2020. The deposit is located at the southern margin of the Siberian platform within the Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo plain. The article studies the origin of the dislocation formed by the intersection of waves of pitching and subsidence of the Baikal and Sayan directions accompanied by the groundwater localization. The described over-deepened valley is 9-39 m thick. It is represented by boulder-gravelpebble material with sandy aggregate. The average filtration coefficient for the deposit is 122 m/day, the average water permeability coefficient is 3400 m2 /day, whereas beyond its limits the indicators decrease. The qualitative composition of groundwater meets the standards, but some areas feature increased mineralization, high content of iron and manganese due to the inflow of groundwater from the underlying Jurassic aquifers. The authors made a generalization on the variations of the effective thickness of the aquifer and analyzed the favorable conditions for the formation of fresh groundwater within the depression structure for the purpose of water supply for drinking and household uses.

Provision of Population with Drinking Water in OSH

The underground waters of the Ak-Buura valleys located among the mountains and the Mady underground water deposit located on the southern out skirts of the Mady village are of great value in providing clean drinking water to the city of Osh. The water horizons of the alluvial-proluvial plains in the Ak-Buura river valley and the Mady ground water deposit are of great importance to the use of ground water to provide the population with clean drinking water.

MODELLING OF ARTIFICIAL INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY OF WATER INTAKE WELLS IN CRYSTALLINE ROCKS (on the example OF ZHASHKIV GROUNDWATER DEPOSIT, UKRAINE)

Global warming, as well as contamination of surface and ground water are currently the main factors that make the search for alternative sources of drinking water extremely pressing. The majority of aquifers commonly exploited for drinking water supply are contained in sedimentary deposits. Utilization of groundwater in fractured crystalline waterbearing rocks may be an alternative source of drinking water. However, experience in effective use of fractured rocks aquifer for water supply is very poor due to the lack of data on the crystalline rocks fracturing and, accordingly, their water-bearing capacity. Improving the effectiveness of using such geological environments is a very challenging task, yet possible with artificial recharge of crystalline rocks aquifers. Computation modeling is a widespread and proven way to study groundwater behavior in sedimentary deposits, unlike in fractured crystalline rocks. The present study focuses on the groundwater flow model to consider the method of improving the productivity of water intake wells in fractured crystalline rocks aquifer through artificially increase of the rocks’ fracturing. On the groundwater flow model for the Zhashkiv groundwater deposit, several scenarios with increase of the crystalline rocks fracturing were simulated and the effect on changing the well pumping rate was evaluated for one of the wells.

Features of ground inflow testing in the areas of double porosity aquifer development

The purpose of the study is optimization of geological exploration at the groundwater deposits of the upper hydrodynamic zone formed in the fault-block structure conditions in Eastern Siberia. The authors analyze the structural and tectonic features of the areas under investigation, the results of areal geophysics studies, exploration drilling and the use of the author's methodology in carrying out of the ground inflow testing. The objects of research are groundwater deposits located in various tectonic structures of Eastern Siberia. The analysis of field study results involving researches of groundwater deposits located in various tectonic structures of Eastern Siberia made it possible to identify the double porosity in the aquifers of free water exchange in the region, which is due to the stresses arising during the inland Baikal rift system formation. As a result, the optimization of geological exploration work, methodology and processing methods of ground inflow testing in the areas of fault-block structures development were introduced on the basis of the features of structural-tectonic and hydrogeological conditions.

Experimental studies of the efficiency of a solar system, including a passive water heater and an active seawater distiller

In the hot climate of the Mangistau region, located on the eastern coast of the Caspian, there are no sources of freshwater. Of the available groundwater deposits, only three are suitable for drinking water supply. The scarcity is felt in remote areas and coastal areas, where the population uses groundwater.The provision of the population is carried out by a seawater desalination plant. In the hot summer period, due to high temperatures, the productivity of desalination plants decreases (the water in the channels reaches 30 °C, and the plants are designed for 20 °C). This factor provides opportunities for the development of desalination plants using this heliopotential.Easy to manufacture, environmentally and economically viable solar desalination plants are essential for coastal areas where water is scarce.The article presents the results of experimental studies of the heliosystem, which consists of a passive solar water heater (SWH) and an active solar desalination plant (SW). Water is heated in the SWH pool and supplied to the lower SW pool-1, in which the desalination process is achieved by cooling the water pool-2.By reducing the temperature in the SW volume, the condensation temperature is reached. The coating of 2 layers of glass with an air gap reduces heat losses and raises the temperature in the installations by 10–12 °C and keeps it at night. Horizontal glass coverings provide a large area for solar radiation to enter the pool surface. Heat transfer by convection, in the volume between the "cold" and "hot" basins, is determined using the convection coefficient, which depends on the product of the numbers Gr and Pr. According to the results of experiments, the daily productivity of the desalter was 1.97, 1.83 and 2.31 l/m2 on the day of July 20, 21 and 22, 2019. The maximum value of the total heat transfer coefficient for SVN was 32.9 W/m2 °C, for SW 49.4 W/m2 °C.