Ground Zero Research Articles

Backlist: People's Poet

BackliSt! People's Poet KVItW Laurel Blossom New York Poems D. H. Melhem Syracuse University Press http://www.syracuseuniversitypress.syr.edu/ 184 pages; paper $14.95 my place to praise the moral station this street my muse raising rag banners to the general will fierce land of desperate saints. These words from D. H. Melhem's New York Poems neatly and passionately express the central themes of the whole project published here: the moral obligation of the poet to witness wrong and to praise human courage and grace. There is plenty of both in these pages. Revised and reprinted from two volumes, Notes on 94th Street (1972) and Children ofthe HouseAfire/ More Notes on 94th Street (1976), most ofthese poems were originally published in the 1970s; but a couple of additional pieces, "Requiescant 9/11" and "Prospect," bring the collection into the twenty-first century. It is remarkable how little the city's sights and sounds, scenes and characters and issues, have changed in the thirty years encompassed by these poems. They give us glimpses of our own Dickensian New Yorkers: the "window woman" who never leaves her apartment and dies unwanted and unmissed ; the doorman whose job it is "to keep deadi out"; the movie patrons; workers on strike; cops and robbers; the cleaning lady; the SRO occupant ; the immigrant kid who doesn't want to go to school wearing "the shoes ofmy sister" because he knows he will get picked on; roaches ; the mugging victim ; the dog walker; neighbors who are strangers, yet bonded by theircommon experience like friends. They're all here, vividly rendered, as alive in Melhem's short poetic sketches as they ever were in life. Observant and engaged, Melhem is a "people 's poet." Born of Lebanese immigrant parents and raised in Brooklyn, Melhem considers herself "quintessentially American": she is sympathetic to the multiethnic and multicultural continuities and discontinuities of urban life, at once poetically detached and passionately political, and imaginatively immersed in the emblematic lives she watches out of her Upper West Side apartment window. She speaks confidently for her characters, as* in "Tough Babe doesn't beg": No, please. It isn't a favor. You're not absolved by giving. Something in your pocket belongs to her, she believes. And in their voices ("supermarket"): mister manager, last week this little can of peas was twenty cents today it's two for forty-five think I think that's cheaper? D. H. Melhem is thefirst Arab American woman ever to have published a book ofpoetry in English. As her work matures in More Notes, she allows herself more into the poems, as if with increasing confidence in her own presence within them. There is ajournai ofpoetic shards from a love affair ("Love Notes") and a series of poems on the death of a beloved aunt ("Rose Poems"). But it is especially in the deeply felt "Requiescant 9/11" that Melhem takes up her own act of witnessing, sharing her experience and grief, offering, if not hope, then a wide and ever-widening empathy: I pray for the smoke of Ground Zero and the smoke over Afghanistan and every cinder of human history, I pray that my own breath embrace die blame and the connections to wounded and wounding animals who die, fall, and rise into the furnace of living. In the end, however, Melhem seems less comfortable in the ego than she is in the power of obserDetailfrom cover vation and empathy. In "Epilogue, Earth Speaks," Earth proclaims that "|_a]ll life deserves respect"; Melhem, in her own voice, invokes poetry's ability to "take up the things themselves," to "respect/life." She believes that the poem can grapple with the live space around the self can grip the air and hold light, and fly as the earth flies[,] taking the self—and all our selves—with it. It is the purpose of the poet to make that happen. Several of the late poems bow to William Wordsworth, John Milton, and Rainer Maria Rilke in their blank verse structure and visionary gleam. In the aftermath of September 1 1th, Melhem expresses a highly rhetorical final sentiment: we meant to take some wisdom with...

Confirmatory factor analysis of the PTSD Checklist and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale in disaster workers exposed to the World Trade Center Ground Zero.

Although posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) factor analytic research has yielded little support for the DSM-IV 3-factor model of reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms, no clear consensus regarding alternative models has emerged. One possible explanation is differential instrumentation across studies. In the present study, the authors used confirmatory factor analysis to compare a self-report measure, the PTSD Checklist (PCL), and a structured clinical interview, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), in 2,960 utility workers exposed to the World Trade Center Ground Zero site. Although two 4-factor models fit adequately for each measure, the latent structure of the PCL was slightly better represented by correlated reexperiencing, avoidance, dysphoria, and hyperarousal factors, whereas that of the CAPS was slightly better represented by correlated reexperiencing, avoidance, emotional numbing, and hyperarousal factors. After accounting for method variance, the model specifying dysphoria as a distinct factor achieved slightly better fit. Patterns of correlations with external variables provided additional support for the dysphoria model. Implications regarding the underlying structure of PTSD are discussed.

Second Thoughts at Ground Zero

Second Thoughts at Ground Zero

Responder Communication Networks in the World Trade Center Disaster: Implications for Modeling of Communication Within Emergency Settings

Using archival materials obtained from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, we analyze networks of communication and interaction among responders to the World Trade Center disaster. Our findings indicate substantial variability in individual radio communication system usage, with both communication volume and number of partners exhibiting distributions with long upper tails. Responder communication patterns are well-described by a fairly simple four-role structure and exhibit substantial similarity across responder groups (both specialist and non-specialist). Occupancy of coordinating roles is influenced by formal institutional status, but the vast majority of hub role occupancy appears to be emergent in character. Examination of both radio transcripts and police reports suggests that much of the communication among WTC responders is centered on problems of spatial reasoning and peer location, possibly providing an explanation for the importance of improvised coordination at the event site. Although these problems appear to have posed substantial challenges for responders at Ground Zero, we find the global communication/interaction network among Port Authority officers to be fairly well-connected, with little evidence of large-scale fragmentation (despite perceptions to the contrary). Implications of these findings for the modeling of communication networks in emergency settings are discussed.

Physics, mind, society: Back and forth

The life course of the physicist and biologist George Feher may be seen as an epitome of science of the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Feher, a native of Slovakia, barely escaped Nazism and communism and became a scientist in the USA. The Nazi concentration camps and the communist gulags have become a symbol of the 20th century. This symbol stands here to pose a question: How the two totalitarian systems, fraught with irrationality, may have arisen and thrived in parallel with an unprecedented expansion of science, the paragon of rationalism? The question has become even more urgent in the 21st century. The Ground Zero, an empty spot left after the collapse of the twin towers of the World Trade Center on 11 September 2001, has become the symbol of the entrance of humankind into the new millennium. We can do much, but we understand too little about who we are and what we are doing — this is a message that the two symbols convey about the precarious stage of our evolution. The second message concerns the role of artifacts, specifically scientific instruments, in the advancement of science. Human cultural evolution has been steadily progressing, in a form of a ratchet, only because artifacts have been continually evolving. Contrary to the common Popperian wisdom, the demarcation in science may not consist in the amenability to theoretical falsification, but rather in the amenability to instrumental grasping. Scientific instruments have empowered humans for impressive feats of manipulation with Nature and themselves. Knowledge arising in the course of autonomous evolution of artifacts may surpass the horizon of human understanding and grasping. New knowledge may still be power, but no longer the power of humans. We may need a revision of some fundamental ideas of European thought. Our understanding of the human mind may entirely reshape our comprehension of the nature of physical knowledge, and vice versa.

Terror, Culture, Politics: Rethinking 9/11 by Daniel J. Sherman and Terry Nardin, Editors

Terror, Culture, Politics: Rethinking 9/11 Daniel J. Sherman and Terry Nardin, Editors. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006. This volume is a collection of twelve essays on psychological, cultural, and political consequences of terrorist attack on September 11, 2001. The contributors are from both humanities and social sciences, reflecting complexities and multiple realities of public responses to traumatic event. The collection includes both nomothetic and idiographic analyses. As is usually case with collections of this type, there is a great deal of unevenness in quality of contributions. The book originated from a conference held at Center for 21st-century Studies at University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Reflecting diverse interests of participants, book is divided into two parts: Part I deals with Image/Memory, while Part II is focused on Ethics/Politics. The essays in image and memory section range from study of photography to sculpture and from comic books to landscape architecture. Several essays concern a series of controversies surrounding process of commemoration. An essay by Patricia A. Morton focuses on symbolism of World Trade Center as both a document of civilization and a document of barbarism. Perspectives from Walter Benjamin and others are drawn upon to provide insights into architectural significance of twin towers for New York City and for world. Laura Kurgan's essay draws on satellite photographs of New York at ground zero on 9/11 and four days later, while essay by Susan Lurie explores psychological and cultural significance of falling persons as a part of photographic record of 9/11. Henry Jenkins made an analysis of treatment of terrorist attack in comic books. The themes of Captain America sheds his Mighty Tears and Around Ground Zero develop plot lines that require readers to think about reflective violence and tendency to blame foreigners for feelings of insecurity. Kirk Savage focuses on disaster monument as a fairly recent development. In previous centuries, public monuments were not designed to commemorate victims. Today, therapeutic monuments are designed to embrace reality of individual suffering and to provide concrete evidence of social continuity of nation. In Part II of book, on ethics and politics, two of articles deal with the Jihad Tradition. The article by Sohail H. Hashmi is important for showing diversity within Islamic tradition. Most Muslims do not agree with interpretation and use of concept of Jihad by Al-Qaida. …

“To What Shall I Compare You?”: Jerusalem as Ground Zero of the Hebrew Imagination

In September 1995, corresponding in the hebrew calendar to the month of ELuL 5755, Jerusalem celebrated its three-thousandth anniversary, dating from King David's conquest of the Jebusite city. Of those three millennia of recorded history, the Israelites dominated the region for only six centuries; although many physical and textual reminders of ancient Jerusalem attest to its status as the center of the Hebrew political and religious imagination, the city remains the most contested site on the global map.

Putting Mourning to Work

This article investigates the work of mourning following the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11, 2001. Combining discussions of mourning, kitsch and sentimentality, I examine the perverse transformation of grief into patriotic nationalism. Linking Freud’s description of mourning as work with Derrida’s articulation of grief as ‘a work working at its own unproductivity’, I explore how grief has been paired with icons of American nostalgia, such as Norman Rockwell, as well as kitschy souvenirs from Ground Zero vendors, and, through this pairing, been transformed into a motive force for war. A central part of this operation, I argue, is the process of identification with the traumatic event. Identification, what Freud describes as a ‘binding force’, takes place across diverse fields - from White House speeches, to kitsch memorabilia made available immediately following the attacks. Identification with the event enables identification with the nation - an operation immediately reifying the official rhetoric of ‘Us against Them’ propounded by President Bush and his advisers. As grief over 9/11 is transformed into a perpetual rationale for war, that day becomes a new origin conveniently obliterating all that came before regarding the history of US nation-building and its own brand of terrorism.

The Good Life

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewFull AccessThe Good LifeJaak Rakfeldt Ph.D.Jaak Rakfeldt Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Dec 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.12.1824aAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail In his latest novel, Jay McInerney details the impact of September 11, 2001, by portraying the overwhelming tragedy while showing its effects upon people who survived and must in some way get on with their lives. The Good Life focuses on two couples: Corrine and Russell, and Luke and Sasha, who are wealthy, privileged members of the Manhattan demographic, whom McInerney has described in other novels. As the story begins, both marriages are emotionally empty and strained by past affairs, mistrust, and indifference. Corrine and Russell lead distant lives. She focuses on the children and he on his work as a literary editor. Luke's feelings for his exmodel, socialite wife have devolved into viewing her as a vapid courtesan. But the tragic events of September 11, 2001, move these couples toward reassessing their situations and seeking more meaning in their lives. For Corrine and Luke, this means volunteering in a soup kitchen for rescue workers at Ground Zero, where they slowly come together in a torrid adulterous affair.The Good Life provides horrific descriptions of the events of September 11 itself, particularly about the people who jumped from the World Trade Center. It also captures the atmosphere of New York following the attacks, describing the sidewalk picture galleries and the firefighters working at Ground Zero. The book is not, however, about the terrorist attacks. It is about yearning for intimacy and finding life-affirming human contact, even in the midst of such a horrific calamity. While making love to Luke, Corrine relinquishes herself: "She thought she had lost this desire—no, it was more that she'd never even found it until now. She'd never felt such craving, such desire to be possessed and filled, never known she had so much desire inside of her, so urgent a need."Corrine and Luke aren't just looking for emotional and physical catharses but seek deep, almost spiritual, communion in their lovemaking. And although much has undoubtedly changed because of the attacks, their lives return to normal. Ultimately, Corrine and Luke are drawn back into their commitments to their families, particularly to their children, and to the routines of their largely empty domestic lives. In Civilization and Its Discontents , Freud described our core conflict as one between our innate yearnings and our desire for pleasure with the demands of society and our responsibilities toward others. This is the central theme of Jay McInerney's The Good Life . Because the book peels back the multilayered ambiguities, lays bare the contradictions and complexities of intimate human relationships, and serves as a compelling case study for Freud's assertion that civilization itself leads to our discontents, it would be of interest to the readers of Psychiatric Services . It also thwarts our deepest, most intimate, aspirations for joy and fulfillment. Dr. Rakfeldt is professor in the Department of Social Work, Southern Connecticut State University, and a clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByNone Volume 57Issue 12 December, 2006Pages 1824-1825PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES December 2006 Volume 57 Number 12 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 December 2006 Published in print 1 December 2006

The Good Life

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book ReviewFull AccessThe Good LifeJaak Rakfeldt Ph.D.Jaak Rakfeldt Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorPublished Online:1 Dec 2006https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2006.57.12.1824aAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail In his latest novel, Jay McInerney details the impact of September 11, 2001, by portraying the overwhelming tragedy while showing its effects upon people who survived and must in some way get on with their lives. The Good Life focuses on two couples: Corrine and Russell, and Luke and Sasha, who are wealthy, privileged members of the Manhattan demographic, whom McInerney has described in other novels. As the story begins, both marriages are emotionally empty and strained by past affairs, mistrust, and indifference. Corrine and Russell lead distant lives. She focuses on the children and he on his work as a literary editor. Luke's feelings for his exmodel, socialite wife have devolved into viewing her as a vapid courtesan. But the tragic events of September 11, 2001, move these couples toward reassessing their situations and seeking more meaning in their lives. For Corrine and Luke, this means volunteering in a soup kitchen for rescue workers at Ground Zero, where they slowly come together in a torrid adulterous affair.The Good Life provides horrific descriptions of the events of September 11 itself, particularly about the people who jumped from the World Trade Center. It also captures the atmosphere of New York following the attacks, describing the sidewalk picture galleries and the firefighters working at Ground Zero. The book is not, however, about the terrorist attacks. It is about yearning for intimacy and finding life-affirming human contact, even in the midst of such a horrific calamity. While making love to Luke, Corrine relinquishes herself: "She thought she had lost this desire—no, it was more that she'd never even found it until now. She'd never felt such craving, such desire to be possessed and filled, never known she had so much desire inside of her, so urgent a need."Corrine and Luke aren't just looking for emotional and physical catharses but seek deep, almost spiritual, communion in their lovemaking. And although much has undoubtedly changed because of the attacks, their lives return to normal. Ultimately, Corrine and Luke are drawn back into their commitments to their families, particularly to their children, and to the routines of their largely empty domestic lives. In Civilization and Its Discontents , Freud described our core conflict as one between our innate yearnings and our desire for pleasure with the demands of society and our responsibilities toward others. This is the central theme of Jay McInerney's The Good Life . Because the book peels back the multilayered ambiguities, lays bare the contradictions and complexities of intimate human relationships, and serves as a compelling case study for Freud's assertion that civilization itself leads to our discontents, it would be of interest to the readers of Psychiatric Services . It also thwarts our deepest, most intimate, aspirations for joy and fulfillment. Dr. Rakfeldt is professor in the Department of Social Work, Southern Connecticut State University, and a clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 57Issue 12 December, 2006Pages 1824-1825PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES December 2006 Volume 57 Number 12 Metrics PDF download History Published online 1 December 2006 Published in print 1 December 2006

Sleep Disorders

<P>This issue on sleep disorders began in the late 1990s when Paul Casola, MD, PhD, FRCPC, and I began to look at sleeping problems in the dual diagnosis population as part of a small study group. At that time, it seemed that such problems were ubiquitous and not talked about. The combination made it the perfect focus. We were not trained in sleep pathology and began from ground zero in knowledge.</P> <H4>ABOUT THE GUEST EDITOR</H4> <P>R. Jeffrey Goldsmith, MD, has been on the faculty of the Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, since 1981. He is board certified in psychiatry, has a CAQ in addiction psychiatry, and was certified by the American Society of Addiction Medicine in 1986.</P> <P>Dr. Goldsmith serves as Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Director of Addiction Fellowships, and staff psychiatrist at the VA Medical Center Dual Diagnosis Clinic. He has been at the VAMC since 1983, and recently finished 11 years with the Cincinnati Addiction Research Center as part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse’s Clinical Trials Network, Medication Development Research Unit, and Clinical Trials Organization. He worked as co-investigator and principal investigator for a number of their clinical trials, including the buprenorphine/naloxone study, the pivotal study for Food and Drug Administration approval of buprenorphine for opiate dependence. </P><P>For 13 years, he was clinical director for Crossroads Center, a freestanding outpatient program that included culturally-specific treatment programs for African Americans with substance dependence problems. He supervised staff, worked with probation and other community organizations, ran the dual diagnosis division, worked with high-risk teen projects, and consulted with their African American women’s residential project. </P><P>Dr. Goldsmith has published more than 50 chapters and papers. He also developed an ACGME-accredited Addiction Psychiatry fellowship and a VA-funded Addiction Medicine Fellowship. </P><P>Dr. Goldsmith has been chair of the ASAM Continuing Medical Education Committee for the past 6 years. He was also program chair for the past two Nicotine Dependence Conferences and served on the Med-Sci Program Committee for the past 4 years. He is on the current Publications Task Force, and was recently appointed to the Editorial Board of the <cite>Journal of Addictive Diseases</cite>. </P><P>Dr. Goldsmith is a founding member of American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, and is on the board of the Cincinnati Psychoanalytic Institute in Ohio.</P>

After 9/11 at Ground Zero: The Anxiety-Buffering Effects of Worldview Support on the First Anniversary of 9/11

A field experiment adjacent to the former World Trade Center in New York City on the anniversary of the 9/11 terrorist attacks examined the prediction of terror management theory (TMT; Greenberg, Pyszcznyski, & Solomon, 1986) that individuals validate their cultural beliefs when exposed to subtle rather than overt death reminders. Participants (N = 410) who were exposed to a subtle reminder of 9/11 perceived more social consensus for their belief than those who were exposed to an overt one. Consistent with TMT, the pattern was especially strong for participants with the minority belief. The effect abated once the anniversary ended. The implications of this research and future directions are discussed.

Speaking My Mind: Student Teaching at Ground Zero: One Muslim Woman's Challenge

Speaking My Mind: Student Teaching at Ground Zero: One Muslim Woman's Challenge

Speaking My Mind: Student Teaching at Ground Zero: One Muslim Woman’s Challenge

Speaking My Mind: Student Teaching at Ground Zero: One Muslim Woman’s Challenge

A Space/Time Particulate Matter Mass Fraction Framework for the Assessment of Outdoor Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons After 9/11 in New York City

P-061 Introduction: Recent papers indicate that Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) may have adverse effects on birth outcomes. A recently developed method is available for analyzing the concentration of PAHs in archived PM2.5 samples. Using the expansive PM2.5 monitoring network available, this work proposes a space/time estimation method for the exposure assessment of atmospheric PAH where PM2.5 data are available, with a few re-analyzed for PAHs. This method is tested and implemented using data collected after 9/11 around the World Trade Center site. Methods: Nine particle-bound PAHs: benz(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and benzo(e)pyrene were measured in archived PM2.5 samples at four locations around Ground Zero from September 22, 2001 until March 27, 2002. The EPA AIRS monitoring system regularly collected PM2.5 data during this time period across the entire New York/New Jersey area. Using the small subset of archived PM2.5 samples that were re-analysed for PAHs, we developed a non-parametric, probabilistic model predicting the PAH mass fraction in the neighbourhood of the WTC. This model is used at remaining PM2.5 samples to obtain soft PAH data. Bayesian Maximum Entropy data integration of the few directly measured PAH data with the more numerous soft data was performed to obtain an assessment of the population exposure to PAHs after 9/11. Results: Even with the limited spatial domain of available PAH data and a mass fraction created only as a function of time, a spatial validation showed the addition of PAH data derived from PM2.5 reduced the mean squared error from 7–22%. Since the maximum spatial distance available for validation was small, the MSE reduction should only improve at greater distances. Temporally, there was an exponential improvement in MSE positively associated with the number of days of PAH data removed. Discussion/Conclusions: PAH compounds were elevated in New York after 9/11 due to burning jet fuel, the towers' collapse and ensuing fires, diesel equipment used in the clean-up process, and the background concentrations already present. Our results provide the first maps using a mass fraction approach to obtain an assessment of the space/time exposure of the population to atmospheric PAHs after 9/11. These maps show the highest cumulated PAH exposure to be southwest of the WTC site, but with its high population density, the largest effect should be in eastern lower Manhattan. The mass fraction approach combined with optimal PAH sampling looks promising as an exposure index for future PAH research.

Are Male Disaster Workers With Vietnam Military Service at Greater Risk for PTSD Than Peers Without Combat History?

This study examined whether male disaster workers with Vietnam service histories were at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder when compared with colleagues following duties at Ground Zero. The study compared participants from ongoing psychiatric screening of disaster workers: those with Vietnam service (Vietnam veteran; N = 125), those without trauma history (no trauma; N = 116); and those with childhood physical abuse but no combat history (physical abuse; N = 57). ANOVA indicated the trauma groups differed significantly in clinician-rated posttraumatic stress disorder severity (p < 0.005). However, post hoc analyses revealed the Vietnam veteran group did not differ significantly from the no trauma group; both had significantly lower severity compared with the physical abuse group. It should be noted that veterans in this sample, unlike in many studies, were in the workforce. Research with different veteran groups is warranted to clarify further the relation of combat experience and symptoms in disaster workers.

Starting Over

The completion of 7 World Trade Center—the first structure to be rebuilt on the site of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks in New York City—marks the rebirth of the site known as Ground Zero. Fittingly, the towering structure employs many of the structural redundancy and life safety measures that have been called for with respect to tall buildings since that fateful day.

Looking, Listening, and Remembering: Ways to Walk New York after 9/11

De Certeau's essay "Walking in the City," with its view from atop the World Trade Center, frames this discussion of the ways in which three walks in New York City trigger acts of remembrance and imagination. Paying particular attention to the difference between visual and auditory fictions, the article first compares Deborah Warner's silent and wholly scopic The Angel Project to sound artist Janet Cardiff's Her Long Black Hair, and then uses insights borne of this comparison to analyze the Ground Zero Sonic Memorial Soundwalk. Taken in the aftermath of 9/11, these walks exploit a push and pull between art and environment, between the past remembered and the present becoming memory. They also counter the tidy messages provided by mainstream media, both of uncomplicated patriotic unity and also of the unbridgeable gaps between positions.

Cancer Watch at Ground Zero

Public health researchers in New York will begin a long-term surveillance program next month of workers exposed to dust during rescue and recovery efforts after the 2001 World Trade Center attacks. Some 40,000 workers combed through the rubble, breathing dust laced with toxics such as dioxin or

A Mental Health Program for Ground Zero Rescue and Recovery Workers: Cases and Observations

A Mental Health Program for Ground Zero Rescue and Recovery Workers: Cases and Observations