Ground Transportation Systems Research Articles

Comparing micro-level and macro-level models for epidemic diffusion in the metro system

ABSTRACT Few studies focus on how the ground transport system has increased COVID-19 transmission; the details of its spread remain unclear. The absence of station-level data obstructs healthcare professionals from effectively targeting anti-epidemic measures. This study employs agent-based modeling through GAMA software to identify Taipei metro stations implicated in initial transmission. In addition, a macro-level estimator is applied as a baseline model to compare COVID-19 arrival sequences at each station. Utilizing electronic metro ticket data, passenger travel patterns are discerned. We found (1) the average infection order of all stations, according to both models were not significantly different; (2) however, this difference between two model results became significant when the sample size was decreased. (3) Of all the stations, Taipei Main Station was the first because it has the highest passenger volume and the most connections. These early infected stations are near Taipei Main station and commercial or hub stations.

Analysis of post-processing methods of IMU MEMS cluster of autonomous navigation of ground transport systems

The work is devoted to the description of algorithms and schemes of blocks of sensitive elements (IMU MEMS cluster), applicable for navigation of ground autonomous systems. The work contains the principal description of schemes and methods applicable to a cluster consisting of 32 inertial navigation systems of rough accuracy and the study of the effectiveness of each method and each scheme by simulation mathematical modeling. 3 schematic diagrams of building an INS MEMS cluster consisting of 32 sensors are described. 3 methods of post-processing of excessive inertial information are described: the method of linear averaging, quadratic averaging and the method of interpolation. The mathematical regularities underlying each of the methods are described. A mathematical model is described that allows evaluating the effectiveness of postprocessing schemes and methods. Based on the mathematical model, conclusions are drawn about the operation of methods and schemes of the INS MEMS cluster of 32 sensors. Recommendations are given for choosing the scheme and methods of postprocessing redundant information when building a cluster solution.

Innovative technologies in the development of high-speed ground transport

Aim: is a comparative analysis of the technical and economic characteristics of various types of land rail transport.
 Methods: comparative analysis, structuring of high-speed traffic processes, logical analysis of the cause-and-effect organization of the high-speed highways, made it possible to formalize the technical advantages of maglev transport technology in comparison with the construction of high-speed highways.
 Results: A key trend has been identified to increase traffic speeds, requiring the convergence of various transport systems. The main criteria for innovative high-speed ground transport systems are classified. It is substantiated that increasing the level of technical characteristics of innovative technologies in the development of high-speed ground transport will allow maglev transport to become a key link in multimodal transport corridors. A comparison of the technical and economic characteristics of various types of land railway transport confirms that the introduction of MLTT into the transport complex will be able to significantly influence the matrix of the transport industry and accumulate both the passenger flow of air and rail traffic, as well as part of the containerized cargo, and become a key link in the multimodal transport corridors of the Russian Federation.
 Conclusion: The conclusions are based on a representative sample of data on the innovative, technological and economic parameters of two high-speed rail construction technologies: wheel-rail and magnetic levitation.

Влияние космической погоды на надежность функционирования транспортных систем на высоких широтах

The review offered for the first time in the Russian scientific literature is devoted to various aspects of the problem of the impact of space weather on ground transport systems. An analysis of available information indicates that space weather disturbances can affect rail infrastructure through both direct and indirect effects on system components. One of the main hazards is geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in grounded extended structures excited by the geomagnetic field disturbances. The telluric electric fields and currents associated with them can cause power outages and malfunctions in the railway automation track circuits. Indirect impact is possible through disturbances in the stable supply of electricity, disturbances in communication systems and in the appearance of positioning errors in global navigation satellite systems. The review provides information necessary for engineers of transport and energy systems about the main factors of space weather that could pose a threat to such systems. Examples of the influence of geomagnetic disturbances on the automatic signaling of the northern sections of Russian Railways are given. The prospects for monitoring space weather and the aurora oval for the needs of Russian Railways are discussed.

Permanent Magnet Electrodynamic Suspensions Applied to MAGLEV Transportation Systems: A Review

This article reviews permanent magnet electrodynamic suspensions (PM-EDSs) used in ground transportation systems, such as Magnetic Levitation (MAGLEV) trains. The different suspension topologies are first presented, considering separately their two main components, namely the track and the magnetic field source. Beyond that, a phenomenological explanation of the evolution with the speed of the drag and levitation forces is provided, depending on the track topology. The models aimed at predicting the behavior and performance of the suspension are then detailed, classifying them according to whether they are global or local. Finally, the main experimental setups developed to validate PM-EDSs are described.

Numerical Investigation of Aerodynamic Characteristics of Hyperloop System Using Optimized Capsule Design

As a consequence of research on developing a speedy transportation system, Hyperloop is one of the best solutions now as smaller resistant forces are developed on the capsule body compared to conventional ground transportation systems due to movement in a vacuum and no contact with the ground. In this study, a capsule of an elliptical-shaped head and semicircular-shaped rear was chosen for analysis. Aerodynamic drags were calculated at different evacuated tunnel pressures. The computational regime was a 360 meters long tunnel. The inlet and outlet were pressure far-field boundaries while the wall was moving, with a Blockage Ratio (BR) of 0.36. Characteristics of different regions were identified in choked conditions. The drag was found to be lesser than the capsule of semicircular ends at different speeds. The pressure drag and friction drag were increased with the increase in velocity in the same tunnel pressure. By investigating different flow regions, it was found that a series of rhomboidal-shaped shock waves appear at high speeds. The formation and nature of this shock wave were also investigated, and found that it is caused due to shock wave and expansion wave interaction that results in the fall of pressure and temperature in the wake region.

Problems and Prospects for the Development of Urban Airmobility on the Basis of Unmanned Transport Systems

The growth of urbanization, the environmental and economic damage caused by all types of transport to agglomerations require the search and implementation of modern high-tech solutions to combat these problems. One possible way is to add a third dimension to the urban transport matrix. This can be realized through the development of two mutually non-exclusive concepts: moving part of the automobile passenger and cargo traffic underground, or developing an affordable air urban transport program. The emergence of new technologies and materials in the aviation industry, the development of electric transport revived the idea of urban air mobility and led to the creation of a new industry. The integration of the urban air mobility system with existing ground transport systems and its scaling will make this mode of transport affordable for many, with a long downward trend in cost. The new concept of the airmobile industry assumes that this type of transport in the long term will not be elite, as helicopters are now considered, and can become completely autonomous. The winners in this image race will be cities and countries that will be the first to solve complex interdisciplinary challenges in close cooperation with aircraft manufacturers, infrastructure developers, service providers, legislators, executive authorities, as well as environmentalists and society.

Battery Health Retention from Thermal Runaway Suspension

With growing applications of Li-ion batteries in ground transportation and energy storage systems, thermal runaway of Li-ion batteries has become a major concern for energy and public safety. In this work, we come up with a strategy to suspend thermal runaway and meanwhile retain the electrochemical performance of the battery. We first analyzed the temperature and voltage evolution of commercial LFP 18650 cells during thermal runaway test following the standard heat-wait-seek strategy in an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC). It is found that the voltage signal has a sudden drop corresponding to a similar temperature of 135 ℃, before the occurrence of thermal runaway. Thermal runaway suspension experiment is conducted by activating cooling when desired voltage and/or temperature signal is reached. It is observed that thermal runaway suspension from the voltage signal fails to prevent the battery from further damage. For thermal runaway suspension at the temperature signal 130 ℃, batteries are successfully saved regardless of fast liquid N2 cooling, or slow cooling using N2 gas. Further EIS testing shows that the batteries retained from thermal runaway suspension have increased bulk resistance while polarization resistance remains unchanged. The cycling performance of the saved batteries has demonstrated identical voltage but reduced capacity by around 20%. This research can provide useful guidance on thermal runaway prevention and health retention of Li-ion batteries.

Developing a Disaster Chain Method to Evaluate Transportation Systems: A Pilot Study of Predicting Debris Blockages in Disaster-Response Road Systems

Suitable transportation systems are vital for the functioning of urban areas. Such systems connect all major locations, including residential and commercial locations, in these areas. The effectiveness of the response of an urban area to an earthquake depends on the road system in the area. A feasible and efficient approach to evaluating the capacity of road systems to allow safe and efficient emergency transportation for affected residents in the aftermath of an earthquake should be developed. Ground transportation systems are vulnerable to earthquakes. For example, ground motion in the 1994 Northridge, 1995 Kobe, 1999 Chi-Chi, and 2018 Hokkaido earthquakes caused severe damage to urban roads and bridges. Moreover, for areas with a high building density that are prone to high-intensity earthquakes, it is important to be able to estimate the risk of road blockage caused by collapsed buildings. In the present study, a disaster impact chain was established to evaluate the probability and effects of buildings collapsing in an earthquake. This chain was used as the basis for a road blockage model and for the formulation of suitable procedures and methods for earthquake response. The results of this study indicate that buildings in strong-motion zones are severely damaged by high-intensity earthquakes. Falling debris from these buildings can lead to the blockage of rescue roads, delaying the transport of injured individuals to hospital after an earthquake. The results of this study can aid authorities in making decisions related to transportation system management during earthquake disasters.

THE IMPACT OF THE METRO SYSTEM ON THE SPREAD OF COVID-19

Abstract. At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, most scholars focused on how international transportation (such as airlines) spread the virus to different countries. At this point, scholars have begun to pay more attentions on how COVID-19 locally transmission via ground transportation systems. Because many people use these ground services to commute in urban areas, a high passenger volume may lead to a domestic large outbreak. Without detailed disease spreading path, healthcare professionals are still not sure where and how to apply these anti-epidemic measures. Therefore, this study chose the Taipei metro system as our study area to investigate the relationship between metro station passenger volume and COVID-19 transmission. By using the electric metro ticket data, we know the movement of metro passengers in Taipei, and this OD movement dataset was used to estimate the spreading path of the COVID-19. In order to simulate possible Covid-19 spreading cases in the real world, two different methods (the agent-based model (a microlevel simulation) and the effective distance method (a macro-level estimator)) were applied. Then, we compared the COVID-19 arrival order for each station. In our result, the average infectious order of stations of agent based model and shortest path effective distance is similar. Among all stations, Taipei Main Station is the first infectious station, and the top 15 infectious stations are similar according to result of the two method. Our result may help the authority choose proper methods to simulate the epidemic local transmission and then allocate resources effectively in the future.

Development of a futuristic technology programme: How the aerospace industry (almost) transformed ground transportation in the United States (1960–1972)

After a long policy development process under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson, the High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 was enacted. Section One of the Act called for developing futuristic ground transport systems with, for example, high-speed vehicles floating on cushions of air over specialised guideways and inside vacuum tubes. These unconventional technologies were conceived and promoted by aerospace companies and military agencies that exercised increasing influence within the federal government after World War II. During the implementation of the 1965 Act, contractors such as Grumman Aerospace made tangible progress towards a prototype air-cushion system. However, just when it was ready for testing, President Nixon changed course and terminated the Section One programme in 1972. An important lesson derived from this generally unknown chapter in American transport history is that the promotion of futuristic technologies by powerful corporations creates seductive, but often perilous choices for governments.

Urgency-Based color coding to support visual search in displays for supervisory control of multiple unmanned aircraft systems

This study derives and validates a color-coding concept for system states in icon-based displays for supervisory control of multiple unmanned aircraft systems. In aviation, safe indications are typically coded with green, caution indications with amber and warnings with red. This study proposes to adjust the salience of indications according to their intended urgency. For this purpose, a numerical measure for target salience was developed based on findings from the visual search literature. The measure uses differences in color space between target, distractor and background colors to estimate target salience. The measure is computed by dividing the color difference between target and distractor by the color difference between distractor and background and multiplying the result by the division of the target-distractor and distractor-background color differences. The resulting target salience value increases when decreasing the difference between distractor and background color as well as increasing differences between target and distractor and target and background colors. The results from applying the target salience measure suggest to code safe indications with grey instead of green, caution indications with yellow and warning and advisory indications with red and cyan, respectively. Two visual search experiments were conducted to validate the target salience measure and the proposed color-coding concept. Experiment one (n = 32) was a within-subject design comparing reaction time differences between yellow and amber targets among green and grey distractors for four set size conditions. Experiment two (n = 62) was a mixed-subject design comparing reaction time differences between red, yellow and cyan targets among grey and green distractors for four set size and 18 eccentricity conditions. The results show that target saliences diminish with increasing distractor salience, which could particularly be observed for yellow targets among green distractors. Red and yellow targets among less salient, grey distractors allow for a fast, parallel search. Further, the results show that cyan targets among grey distractors facilitate parallel search, although the reaction times are longer than for red and yellow targets. The findings support the proposed numerical measure for target salience and favor the color-coding concept thus suggesting to use grey for safe, and yellow and red for safety critical indications. Cyan is suited for coding advisory indications that are less critical. The results are transferable to the design of icon-based displays in similar domains, such as highly automated ground and maritime transport systems.

Enhancing turbulence: a potential strategy for drag reduction based on ground transportation systems (GTS) model

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the mechanism and performance of a potential strategy, which is to enhance turbulence to carry out drag reduction for heavy trucks.Design/methodology/approachEnhancing turbulence deflector (ETD) was placed on the roof surface of an ground transportation system (GTS) to investigate the drag reduction mechanism of enhancing turbulence. Transition shear-stress transport improved delay detach eddy simulation model was adopted to simulate the unsteady small-scale flow around the ETD.FindingsBy optimizing the three influencing factors, diameter, streamwise length and streamwise position, the optimized ETD has achieved a maximum drag reduction of 7.04%. The analysis of flow field results shows that enhancing turbulence can effectively suppress flow separation and reduce the negative pressure intensity in the wake region of GTS.Originality/valueThe present work provides another potential possibility for the improvement of the aerodynamic performance of heavy trucks.

Comparison of conventional high speed railway, maglev and hyperloop transportation systems

Increasing the speed of transportation has been a subject that human beings have been working on for many years. Because of insufficient traffic corridors, the interest of more passenger in limited time and the advancement of railway technology, the high-speed ground transportation systems have developed. Nowadays, these time-saving transportation systems are becoming important increasingly and systems that will ensure these are implemented and new ones are being researched. High speed ground transportation systems can be divided into three categories: Conventional high-speed railway, Maglev and Hyperloop transportation system. Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to investigate the advantages and disadvantages aspects of high speed transportation systems by comparing in terms of speed, capacity, energy consumption, cost and environmental effects. Conventional high-speed railways can provide high capacity, comfort and safety and reliability thanks to enormous operational experience as regards other systems. The Maglev technology can offer more remarkable travel times, energy efficient and better operational performance. However, high investment cost and incompatibility with other modes are seen the disadvantage features of this technology. The Hyperloop technology is a considerable innovative transportation system which is popularized with publishing design document by Elon Musk in 2013. Projected high-speed and appealing travel times can be evaluated as the advantages of the Hyperloop transportation system. However, there are safety, reliability, comfort and engineering design challenges to overcome in this technology. Taking everything into consideration, the Hyperloop transportation system has potential to be an alternative mode to other systems.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ЛИНЕЙНЫХ АСИНХРОННЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЕЙ ДЛЯ ВЫСОКОСКОРОСТНОГО НАЗЕМНОГО ТРАНСПОРТА

Magnetic suspension in high-speed ground transport systems is an alternative to the rail wheel. The successful solution to the development of high-speed ground transport is largely determined by the creation of operationally efficient linear motors, the main task of which is to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and create tractive force to ensure the movement of the crew according to a given program in the range of operating speeds. The article investigates linear asynchronous motors with longitudinal closure of magnetic flux of single-ended design. As a result of investigation of physical processes in linear motors caused by edge problems it was found that the cause of the transverse edge effect is the finite width dimensions of the reactive bus, the change of which causes closure of eddy currents within the active area of inductor, leads to weakening of magnetic field in the central zone and to reduction of tractive force. The discrepancy between the calculated and experimental indicators of physical processes in linear asynchro- nous motors due to significant idealization of mathematical models led to the development of a three-dimensional theory, brought to the calculation programs. The developed calculation program of electromechanical characteristics of linear induction motors with inductor and reactive bus layout, as well as their geometrical and physical parameters allows to determine the necessary integral motor characteristics in the form of a levitation function.

Challenges and New Trends in Power Electronic Devices Reliability

Power electronic devices are expected to play an ever more fundamental role in unlocking the potentialities of smart power systems and in developing more electric ground and air transportation systems [...]

Increasing Learning Efficiency Using Adaptive Testing Technology

Purpose: The article describes a set of software developed for adaptive testing technology in the implementation of an objective assessment of students' knowledge. There is also information about the possibility of computerizing education, reducing the unproductive live work of teachers, preserving the methodological potential of experienced professors, installing computer software for management. Methods: It is noted that the experiments were carried out by 2nd year students of the Andijan Machine-Building Institute in the direction of "Ground transport systems and their operation." Results: The research results are presented in the form of some data by means of mathematical statistical processing. The Pearson, Kolmagorov and Romanovsky criteria were also used to check the accuracy of the study results. Conclusion: it is stated that a software package aimed at creating a technology for remote and adaptive testing without the participation of the human factor will allow processing the results of experiments in educational and research centers and achieving them in practice.

TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT OF EVTOL AIR TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM; THE POSITIVE IMPACTS (POTENTIAL BENEFITS)

This paper intended to provide a vision on the potential consequences of the introduction of emerging air transportation system which was based on a section of the thesis to contribute to the forming of public and policy opinion.Especially this paper tried to understand whether there were enough positive social and environmental impacts in terms of potential benefits to continue the efforts.The negative impacts are beyond the scope of this paper. Limitations of the current ground and airline transportation systems, increasing congestion, poor block speed, combined with expanding population and demand for affordable on-demand mobility are driving the development of future transportation technology and policy. The third wave of aeronautic,e VTOL (Vertical Takeoff and landing) Air Transportation System, is envisioned as the next logical step in the natural progression and could bring about great new capabilities for society that would bring aviation into a new age of being relevant in daily lives. Considering door to door block time, e VTOL Air Transportation System has the potential to achieve anotherfive-fold increase over the auto today as the auto provided ten-fold increase over the horse, and a daily mobility reach of 125 to 250 miles.The main benefits will be on-demand, point-to-point,safe travel, further and anywhere in less travel time with almost zero environmental impact for general people. Besides, a successful implementation and sustainable transition will depend on overcoming technological hurdles, regulatory frameworks, operational safety, cost competitiveness, and sensibilities of the affected communities.

Ultra high-speed ground transportation systems: Current Status and a vision for the future

Ultra high-speed ground transportation systems: Current Status and a vision for the future

The hyperloop challenge for tunnelling: higher productivity and lower costs

Triggered by the potential challenges of providing supporting infrastructure for future very-fast ground-transport systems such as hyperloop, the British Tunnelling Society carried out a year-long research and thought-leadership project into ways of increasing productivity and reducing costs of tunnelling. This paper describes the research and its findings. It also lists tunnel projects that might become technically viable with greater productivity and lower costs. Proposals are made for the direction of future work, noting that a broader commitment from all stakeholders in tunnelling projects will be needed to achieve significant improvements.